1、糠AVLAVL 415濾紙式煙度計內部綜合培訓周淵/AVL中國27.10.2012顆粒（及煙度）組成和測量設備Originator, location of data storage, date of creation#黑碳，c “通過415s濾紙煙度計測量439不透光煙度計用于測量的煙度包括：黑煙=碳1藍煙=可見的“碳氫蒸汽”白煙=可見的“水蒸氣”（取決于溫度和濃度）稀釋顆粒由SPC472或者CEC全流稀釋通道測量121 DI/TCI Diesel Engine1000 rpm - 80% Load1700 rpm -16% LoadSulphur21%Water 28%Lube Oil 5

2、2%Fuel 4%Fuel 13%Water 10%Carbon+ Metal 41%Lube Oil 6%Carbon+Metal 18%Sulphur?%k/i lyiiidiui, luudiiun ui ucxict dye, udic ui ui vaiiuii在發動機試驗臺架上柴油排放測量系統的應用范圍測量儀器檢測的成分測量方法應用濾第瓣房計黑煙累積測量磁巍短驗不啜厚計煙密度實時在線ECE R 24H驟蝴（麗爨矗）累積測量ECE R 49. ESC, ETC EEC 1542, 法規舟區強盛。研發全流系統AVL CEC Series CFV CVStoECE rW；ESC, ETC

3、EEC1542, ISO 16183, ECE R 86, EEC 70720, 毓雅瞿微碳煙測量的基本概念和基本原理1.2.3.碳煙顆粒(Soot Particle)是在碳氫化合物高溫下裂解或燃燒產生的(直徑1nm)。碳煙顆粒測量是通過光學方法確定與被采集煙度大小成比例的濾紙黑度濾紙黑度PB(Paper Blackening) PB= 10*(1- Rb / Rw)Rb為采過煙度的濾紙反射值，Rw為干凈濾紙反射值碳煙可用三種結果表征：濾紙煙度數FSN (Filter Smoke Number),無量綱，010,由ISO 10054定義FSN = PB在405mm有效煙柱采樣長度，100kpa

4、, 25度條件下(BOSCH煙度數SZ = PB,)碳煙濃度(mg/M3) 污染級()僅日本用10 *.*. .*. .一 .*. .1一 .,唯808103456FAN (An 41Relationship between FSN and PL with an offset of -6 %Rr =*.100% rfRp . reflectometer value of sampleRf . reflectometer value of the unblackened paperRr . relative brightness of the sample (relative radiance

5、factor)1 Reflectometer2 Light source3 Detector4 Clean filter5 Blackened filterFig. 4The paper blackening is:PB = mi-也1 UWUB#Gaa nrnhAexhaust pipe)SootSootFilterpaperSmallerFilterpapere.g. 409, Bosch Pump, PR1Piston pumpp = 1 barT =20Smoke Meter 415Aaq nrnhp 7rrorn exhaust pipe)V = 11 (or preselected

6、)BiggerDiaphragm pumpOriginator, location of data storage, date of creation9Comparison FSN / Bosch NumberBosch Number:Sampling Volume: Filter Area: Effective Length:330 cm38,14 cm2 (d=32 mm)40,5 cmFSN:40,5 cm25 C 1 barEffective Length: Temp, at Filter Area: Press, at Filter Area:MOLZspoIsrlecx 山 Int

7、ernal temperature, pressure and flow sensors secure high reliability and comparibility of the measurement results High accuracy and best reproducibility also for lowest smoke values Variable sampling volumeContinues sampling (constant sampling velocity) Flexible power supply for different test appli

8、cations automatic calibration, convenient operation9Filter Method - Effective Length6UJ0)_1。0)二山2Effective length = （ISO DP10054規定）Sample volume - Dead volume - Leak volumeFilter areaOriginator, location of data storage, date of creationEffective Length11Recognizable withSmoke limitOriginator, locat

9、ion of data storage, date of creation13o501234567o o o o o o o o4 3 2 1 ZE 一 6e I 6.EP& Jaded3niz0246810Paper blackening - PsAVLRelation between Paper Blackening -Soot Concentration -Left - FSNPBnul/u)Eu。二 Eluaou。a = 2.015p = 0.4264啜=aFSNe FSN.k orn/ Lr“蟲I = -J-.a.PB ep PB km3 LeffParameters for unh

10、eated measurements:a = 4.95p = 0.38k = 1 for PB 8Parameters fiir heated measurements:for PB W 8.08:a = 5.32B = 0.3062k = 1for PB 8.08:Originator, location of data storage, date of creationPB . Paper blackeningLe(f. Effective suction length (in m, at 100 kPa, 25 )Lpef. Reference suction length (0.405

11、 m, at 100 kPa, 25 ) FSN . Filter Smoke Number(二 Paper blackening PB at Lefr = LRef = 0,405 m)If V part is more than 15%, can quick calculate as following: C (mg/m3) =-4.95- FSN - exp(0.38 - FSN)Originator, location of data storage, date of creation15AVLOpacity (AVL 439) versus black smoke FSNRelati

12、on at low smoke FSN0123 FSN 4Opacimeter values at low soot emission010Time - minutesNote: This is why so many 415S were used in R&DHigh sensitivity by variable sample volume (resolution 0.01 FSN, repeatability better 0.05 FSN )Big filter paper roll with 1200 measurements per rollIntegrated paper spo

13、ol device as standardOptional heating (instrument and sampling hose)Conform to newest CE level and Protectionclass IP 3417FilterValveIxFrAhA/ValveP 9 PFlow MeterFilterClamping DeviceValveFilter PaperSteadying VesselCamshaftOrificeDiaphragm Type PumpOpt Meas. HeadOriginator, location of data storage,

14、 date of creation23NEW DESIGNELECTRICAL ENCLOSURE3=mN 至llll3EtlllJ室a2 對親 二-.二二 :二*MECHANICAL ENCLOSURE211 ,Ag 6160231 3.1.5 Gas PathAVLrdDN0812一 SS027272SS0272DNOeilMV3DN1469SS0271DN0813SS0272DN1469EW0013EW0013DN0816MF0251 I MF0478PRTAO-CHAKSfL.REMtN* OFTQMOFTON ZAt尸.TrMF0251 /MF0478SS0272 三二SS0272

15、DN0815DN0811SS0272DNQ816DNU48DN0811MV3DN14692.5 Sequence of a Measurement CycleTime1 s1 s2 s6 %1 s1 s1 s0.60 s extended purge timeSolenoid valvesactiveMV1,MV2pass EXHAUST EMISSION FLOW DIRECTION EXHAUST EMISSION FLOW OIRECTION EXHAUST EMISS工ON PARTICLE TOWEROPTION STRATEGYSMOKE METER 415S G002In Scr

16、een部分流排放直采系統采樣點布局圖1AVL排放柜J崔化轉換器前5AVL 415 s濾紙式煙度計2AVL排放柜_催化轉換器后6發動機3AVL 472顆粒取樣器7催化轉換器4AVL 439透光式煙度計0,40200400600800Back pressure up-stream of DPF mbar8 7 6 59 9 9 f o o o O sqEnN 0ES-9-lL415s安裝要點1 .從排氣管到稀釋通道須上斜方式安裝（以避免冷凝水留 在設備中）。采樣軟管下方應有支架。2 . 220V供電3 .允許排氣背壓范圍：-100 mbar. . . +400 mbar(special sampl

17、ing option can be up to 800 mbar/3000 mbar)4 .采樣探頭：位置及前后直管段(見上圖)AVL409 3 415 (1995) 3 4158(2001)夕 415S G02 (2006) 3 415A (2010?)415S control and operating methods1. CDH integration in PUMA Open2. By 4210 or In Screen3. (standalone PC software)4. Hyper terminal: 9600,8,1,none,xon/xoff; Windows key; C

18、TL_B SPACE then CTL_CPractice CALIBRATION:(to see 415S Calibration procedure or Application note)1.415S volume calibration & adjustment by 408S tester5. 2. Optical heat calibration check via FSN standards: +/- 1.5% (2% max)Special service ( Only AVL staff):DONGLE:COM1 PIN6/7 bridged Firmware download mode (plug in and switched on 415S,then removed)COM1 PIN4/5 bridged service mode (or hold press paper feed and switched on)FSN0.5時的精確測量 環境空氣干凈（v10ug/m3 0.001 FSN） 用壓縮空氣反吹后做零點檢查 測量時間長一些（如15秒或2, 5升） 取多次測量的平均值/使用