1、專業(yè)好文檔一、完全競爭市場廠商均衡（一） 完全競爭含義和形成條件完全競爭是指競爭不受任何阻礙和干擾的市場結(jié)構(gòu)，這種市場結(jié)構(gòu)形成的條件主要有：1市場上有無數(shù)個購買者和生產(chǎn)者，每個人和每個廠商所面對的都是一個既定的市場價格，都是市場價格的接受者；2市場上的產(chǎn)品都是無差異的，任何一個廠商都不能通過生產(chǎn)有差別性的產(chǎn)品來控制市場價格；3廠商和生產(chǎn)要素可以自由流動，使資源能得到充分利用；4購買者和生產(chǎn)者對市場信息完全了解，可以確定最佳購買量和銷售量，以一個確定的價格來出售產(chǎn)品，不致于造成多個價格并存現(xiàn)象。（二） 完全競爭需求曲線和收益曲線 完全競爭市場中，單個廠商面對的是一條具有完全彈性的水平的需求曲線d

2、 ，并且廠商的平均收益曲線ar、邊際收益曲線mr和需求曲線d 是重疊的，即parmrd，都是水平形的。（三）完全競爭廠商短期均衡 完全競爭市場上，廠商短期均衡條件是邊際收益等于短期邊際成本，即mrsmc；廠商達(dá)到短期均衡時的盈虧狀況取決于均衡時價格p與短期平均成本曲線sac之間的關(guān)系：若psac則可獲超額利潤(圖a)，若psac則虧損(圖b)，若psac則有正常利潤(圖c)；虧損狀態(tài)下，廠商繼續(xù)生產(chǎn)的條件是：價格大于或等于短期平均可變成本，即psavc (圖d) (圖e)。 (圖a)psac(圖b) psac(圖c)p=sac (圖d)(圖e) psavc（四）完全競爭長期均衡 完全競爭行業(yè)長

3、期均衡有一個調(diào)整過程，至短期均衡的超額利潤或虧損為零，才實現(xiàn)長期均衡，故長期均衡條件是：mrlmclacsmcsac。完全競爭廠商的長期供給曲線是大于長期平均成本曲線lac最低點的那一段長期邊際成本曲線lmc，是一條向右上方傾斜的曲線。完全競爭行業(yè)的長期供給曲線不是將行業(yè)內(nèi)各廠商的長期供給曲線簡單相加，而是根據(jù)廠商進(jìn)入或退出某一行業(yè)時，行業(yè)產(chǎn)量變化對生產(chǎn)要素價格所可能產(chǎn)生的影響，分三種情況：成本不變行業(yè)的長期供給曲線是一條水平曲線，表明行業(yè)可根據(jù)市場需求變化而調(diào)整其產(chǎn)量供給，但市場價格保持在原來lac曲線最低點水平；成本遞增行業(yè)的長期供給曲線是斜率為正的曲線，表明行業(yè)根據(jù)市場供求調(diào)整其產(chǎn)量水平

4、時，市場價格會隨之同方向變動；成本遞減行業(yè)的長期供給曲線是一條斜率為負(fù)的曲線，表明行業(yè)根據(jù)市場供求調(diào)整其產(chǎn)量時，市場價格會隨之成反方向變動。（五）完全競爭供給曲線 完全競爭條件下，廠商短期供給曲線就是其邊際成本曲線，是一條向右上方傾斜的曲線，即短期邊際成本曲線smc上大于或等于平均可變成本曲線最低點以上的部分。當(dāng)一個行業(yè)中的所有廠商的供給量之和等于市場的需求量時，這一行業(yè)便達(dá)到短期均衡。完全競爭行業(yè)中，行業(yè)需求曲線即為市場需求曲線，是一條向右下方傾斜的曲線；行業(yè)供給曲線是行業(yè)中所有廠商短期供給曲線之和，是一條向右上方傾斜的曲線。二、完全壟斷市場廠商均衡（一）完全壟斷含義和形成條件完全壟斷是指整

5、個行業(yè)中只有一個生產(chǎn)者的市場結(jié)構(gòu)。這種市場結(jié)構(gòu)形成的主要條件：1廠商即行業(yè)，整個行業(yè)中只有一個廠商提供全行業(yè)所需要的全部產(chǎn)品；2廠商所生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品沒有任何替代品，不受任何競爭者的威脅；3其他廠商幾乎不可能進(jìn)入該行業(yè)。在這些條件下，市場中完全沒有競爭的因素存在，廠商可以控制和操縱價格。這與完全競爭的含義和形成條件是不同的。（二）完全壟斷需求曲線和收益曲線完全壟斷廠商所面臨的需求曲線就是整個市場的需求曲線，是一條向右下方傾斜的曲線。廠商的平均收益曲線ar與其面臨的需求曲線d重疊，即pard；邊際收益曲線mr在平均收益曲線ar的下方，即mrar。平均收益曲線ar和需求曲線d（d）重疊，完全壟斷與完全競

6、爭是相同的。所不同的是需求曲線d（d）的形狀，完全壟斷是向右下方傾斜線，完全競爭是水平線。邊際收益曲線mr和平均收益曲線ar的關(guān)系也不同，完全壟斷mrar，完全競爭mrar。（三）完全壟斷廠商短期均衡 完全壟斷市場上，廠商短期均衡條件為邊際收益等于短期邊際成本，即mrsmc，這與完全競爭短期均衡條件相同。在實現(xiàn)均衡時，廠商大多數(shù)情況下能獲得超額利潤，但也可能遭受虧損或不盈不虧，這取決于平均收益曲線ar與平均變動成本曲線savd的關(guān)系，如arsavc，則廠商有超額利潤或不盈不虧，如arsavc，則有虧損。這與完全競爭廠商實現(xiàn)均衡后的狀況比較是不同的，完全競爭是用價格p和平均成本sac來比較判斷的

7、。（四）完全壟斷長期均衡 完全壟斷行業(yè)的長期均衡是以擁有超額利潤為特征的，這與完全競爭行業(yè)以超額利潤或虧損為零是不同的。完全壟斷廠商長期均衡的條件是：mrlmcsmc，這與完全競爭廠商長期均衡條件相比，沒有mrlacsac。（五）完全壟斷供給曲線 完全壟斷條件下，由于廠商即行業(yè)，它提供了整個行業(yè)所需要的全部產(chǎn)品，廠商可以控制和操縱市場價格，所以不存在有規(guī)律性的供給曲線，也無行業(yè)需求曲線和行業(yè)供給曲線，這些與完全競爭條件下是不相同的。三完全競爭市場的含義：純粹競爭，指廠商不受任何阻礙和干擾的市場。完全競爭市場形成條件：1.市場中有許多廠商和消費者 2.各種資源可以自由流通 3.商品是不存在差異

8、4.信息暢通 需求曲線和收益曲線：廠商的需求曲線是一條平行與橫軸的平行線 廠商短期均衡和長期均衡：短期mr=mc 長期：mr=mc=ar=ac完全壟斷市場的含義：整個行業(yè)在一家廠商控制之下完全壟斷市場形成條件：1.政府利用政權(quán)對某行業(yè)管制 2.廠商對某資源進(jìn)行控制 3.廠商對某技術(shù)進(jìn)行控制需求曲線和收益曲線：需求曲線是一條向右下方傾斜的曲線，邊際收益在平均收益下方廠商短期均衡和長期均衡：短期mr=mc 長期：mr=lmc=smcwinger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over en

9、gland, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first po

10、ol match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest

11、in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend

12、, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i

13、 have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of europe

14、an footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission abor

15、ted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move thr

16、ough the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere.

17、as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught

18、cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh charnley in the opening game of the tournament.that could be

19、 classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often go