1、Grammar,Attributive clause,一、定語從句的三個(gè)概念: 1. 定語從句：用來做定語的句子叫定語從句。 2. 關(guān)系詞：引出定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。 3. 先行詞：被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞叫先行詞,二、關(guān)系詞在從句中的作用： 1. 引導(dǎo)定語從句； 2. 關(guān)系詞本身沒有詞義，代替先行詞 的詞義； 3. 必須充當(dāng)定語從句中的一個(gè)成分. *根據(jù)在定語從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞謱⒁?導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞分為： 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,三. 關(guān)系詞的用法： （一）引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有: who, whom, whose, that, which, as。 在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語、定

2、語(whose)等成分,1先行詞是人時(shí)的情況： 1)先行詞是人, 從句中缺少主語時(shí), 用who或that作從句的主語。 e.g. I have a friend who/that likes listening to classic music. 我有一個(gè)喜歡聽古典音樂的朋友,注意定語從句的翻譯,2）先行詞是人，從句中缺動詞賓語或介詞賓語時(shí)，用whom,who或that。 e.g. She is the girl whom/who/that I met at the meeting. 她是那個(gè)我在會議上遇到的女孩。 e.g. He wants to return the book to the

3、 girl whom/who/that he cares for. 他想把書還給那個(gè)他喜歡的女孩子,可以把從句中的for提前嗎？那么第二個(gè)句子中的介詞呢,e.g. He wants to return the book to the girl whom/who/that he cares for. He wants to return the book to the girl whom/who/that you know well about. He wants to return the book to the girl about whom you know well,I. 當(dāng)先行詞是on

4、e, ones, anybody, anyone, all, none, those 等, 指人時(shí) 一般用who，不用that。 e.g. Those who want to go to the cinema will have to wait at the gate of the school. (教材U6 reading里還有一句作為例證,2. 先行詞是物時(shí)的情況： 1）先行詞是物, 從句中缺少主語時(shí), 用that, which。 e.g. Youd better not drink water which /that has not been boiled. 你最好不要喝沒開的水,2）先

5、行詞是物, 從句中缺少動詞賓語或介詞賓語時(shí), 用which或 that。 e.g. Finally the thief handed the money which /that he stole to the police. 最后小偷把他偷的錢交給了警察。 e.g. This is the house which/that once Lu Xun lived in. 這是魯迅曾經(jīng)居住過的房子,II. 在以疑問詞who開頭的句子中, 或關(guān)系代詞在從句中作表語時(shí), 用that, 不用who。 e.g. Who is the man that is shouting there? 正在那邊叫喊的那個(gè)

6、人是誰？ e.g. She is not the girl that she used to be. 她已經(jīng)不是過去的她了,3.下列情況下, 最好用that引導(dǎo)定語從句: 1）先行詞是不定代詞, 如all, little, few, much, anything, everything, nothing, none, some 等。 e.g. Is there anything that you want,2）先行詞被all, every, no, some, little, few, much, one of , the only, the very, the right 等所修飾時(shí)。 e.

7、g. The only thing that he remembered was her name. 他唯一記得的東西是她的名字,3）先行詞前有序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)。 e.g. This is the first film that Ive seen since I came here. 這是我來到這里以來看的第一部電影,4）先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)。 e.g. They talked about the teachers and the things that they remembered in the school. 他們談?wù)摿怂麄兯浀玫膶W(xué)校里的老師和一些事情,4關(guān)系代詞作賓語時(shí)的

8、特別情況： 關(guān)系代詞作賓語時(shí)通常可省略。但是當(dāng)作介詞的賓語且介詞提前到定語從句句首時(shí)，不能省略，要根據(jù)先行詞的內(nèi)容選擇whom和which，即構(gòu)成介詞+whom/which的結(jié)構(gòu)。 *介詞后面不可用that ! *介詞可提前的情況: 非不可拆分的短語動詞,The artist _ the judge gave a prize is the teacher _ I have been taught painting for two years. from whom; by whom to whom; who from; who to whom; by whom,D,2. The journey

9、around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which,B,3. -Why does she always ask you for help? -Ther is no one else _, is there? who to turn to she can turn to for whom to turn D. for she to turn,B,5.whose的用法： 1) 先行詞

10、是人，從句中缺少定語時(shí)，用 whose。 e.g. Do you know the boy whose parents are on holiday? 2）先行詞是物，且從句中缺少定語時(shí)， 也可用whose或the+名詞+of which 的結(jié)構(gòu)。 e.g. We study in the classroom whose door /the door of which faces south. 我們在那個(gè)門朝南開的教室里學(xué)習(xí),6. 關(guān)系代詞as的用法： 引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句, as用作關(guān)系代詞, 既可指人, 也可指物。在定語從句中可做主語, 賓語和表語。它常用在the sameas, such

11、as, asas, soas 句型中，as不可省略。 e.g. Such girls as he knew were teachers. 他認(rèn)識的女孩都是老師。 e.g. I will buy the same bike as you ride. 我要買和你騎的一樣的自行車,若與the same連用指同一物時(shí), 關(guān)系代詞只能用that。 e.g. This is the same museum that you once visited. 這就是你曾經(jīng)參觀過的那個(gè)博物館,What a beautiful place! - This is the park _the best. A. where

12、 I like B. that I like C. what I like D. I like it,B,Exercises,2. _ hold the special card will be free of charge for this book. A. People B. Those people C. Those ones D. Those who,D,3. The days _ I spent in the countryside in my childhood were the happiest time _I had ever had in my life. A. when;

13、when B. where; that C. that ; which D. that ; that,D,4. He is the same teacher _ spoke at the meeting on the opening ceremony. A. as B. whom C. that D. who,C,5. The second book _ I want to read is Travels in China by Rewi Alley. A. which B. what C. that D. as,C,6.This is all_I know about the matter.

14、 A.that B.what C.who D. whether,7.The last place _we visited was the Great Wall. A.which B.that C.where D.it,8.He talked happily about the men and books _ interested him greatly in the school. A.which B.that C.it D.whom,A,B,B,9.This is one of the best books_ by Hai Yan. A.that have ever been written

15、 C. that has written B.that has ever been written D.that have written,10.Which of the books_were borrowed from him is the best? A.which B.what C.that D.whose,A,C,11.The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which,12. I

16、 bought an ancient Chinese vase _ was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of it,C,B,13.He built a telescope_he could study the skies. A.in which B.with that C.through which D. by it,14.This is the very knife_I used to cut apples yesterday. A.that B.by whic

17、h C.which D.with which,C,A,15.A.Mr Smith is one of those foreigners who _ working in China. B. Mr. Smith is the only one of those foreigners who_working in China. A.is B.has C.have D. are,D,A,三）引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系副詞有： where, when,why等。 關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中也有三個(gè)作用,1. 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句,2.在從句中部分代替先行詞,3.在從句中充當(dāng)?shù)攸c(diǎn),時(shí)間或是原因狀語,1. 關(guān)系副詞wher

18、e引導(dǎo)的定語從句,1) 當(dāng)先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，如place， room， mountain， airport等，同時(shí)又在 從句中作狀語時(shí)，定語從句需要用關(guān)系 副詞where引導(dǎo),e.g. The two lost boys happened to come into a cave where they discovered some very valuable pre-historical rock paintings by chance,那兩個(gè)迷路的男孩碰巧進(jìn)入了一個(gè)山洞，在那里 他們意外地發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些非常有價(jià)值的史前巖畫,在上述例句中，where代表in the cave，作 地點(diǎn)狀語,

19、2) 通常，引導(dǎo)定語從句的where大都可以轉(zhuǎn)換成 “介詞which”的形式,e.g. The American soldiers rushed into the President Mansion where in which they found those gold bars,美國士兵沖進(jìn)總統(tǒng)官邸，在那里他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了 那些金條,3)當(dāng)表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞在從句中不是作狀語， 而是作主語、賓語或表語時(shí)，必須用關(guān)系代詞 that或which引導(dǎo)定語從句，而不是用where,e.g. The Yangtze Gorges is a beautiful place _ people all over

20、the world look forward to visiting,e.g. The Yangtze River is our mother river _ the Chinese people have created the brilliant Chinese civilization,that which,where,在第一句的定語從句中，visiting是一個(gè) 及物動詞，必須帶賓語，而關(guān)系副詞where 不能作賓語，所以只能用which或that引導(dǎo)， 而且二者可以省略；在第二句的定語從句中， 不缺主語、賓語、表語，所以用where作狀語,2.關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)的定語從句,1)當(dāng)先

21、行詞是表示時(shí)間的名詞，如time， day， year， month， week等，同時(shí)又在 從句中作狀語時(shí)，定語從句需要用關(guān)系副 詞when引導(dǎo),e.g. Galileo lived at a time when the human spirit was waking after a thousand year of sleep,伽利略生活的時(shí)代是人類靈魂經(jīng)過了 千年沉睡之后正在蘇醒的時(shí)代,2)與where一樣，引導(dǎo)定語從句的when也可以 轉(zhuǎn)換成“介詞which”的形式,e.g. All the Chinese， at home and abroad， will forever remem

22、ber the date when on which the Red Five Star Flag was raised in Hong Kong,海內(nèi)外的所有華人都不會忘記五星紅旗 在香港的土地上升起時(shí)的日子,3)當(dāng)表示時(shí)間的先行詞在從句中不是作狀語， 而是作主語、賓語或表語時(shí)，必須用關(guān)系代詞 that或which引導(dǎo)定語從句，而不是用when,e.g. The film reminded me of those miserable days _ I spent in my childhood,這部電影使我想起了我童年時(shí)代度過的 那些苦難日子,that which,3.關(guān)系副詞why引導(dǎo)的定

23、語從句,1)當(dāng)先行詞是表示原因的名詞reason，引導(dǎo)詞不 在從句中作主、賓、表語時(shí)，定語從句需要用 關(guān)系副詞why引導(dǎo),e.g.Do you know the reason why there are heat losses in a steam engine,你知道蒸汽機(jī)中存在熱損耗的原因嗎,2)我們也可以用for which來替代why,e.g. The reason why for which you failed， I think，was that you had turned a deaf ear to your mothers advice,我認(rèn)為你失敗的原因是你不聽你母親的忠告

24、,注：在“The reason why sb. does sthis that 從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，that不能換成because,1. 關(guān)系副詞?？蓳Q成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”， 但先行詞前已有介詞時(shí)，一般不換,2. situation, point, case, stage, scene等名詞后也常接where 引導(dǎo)的從句,e.g. It gets to the point where communication is simply not possible,這使得交流達(dá)到了難以成為可能的地步,3. from where/ since when為“介詞+關(guān)系副詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，也可以引導(dǎo)定語從句,e.g.

25、 He left school in 1983, since when he has been working in a bank,非限制性定語從句,1.非限制性定語從句與限制性定語從句的區(qū)別,限制性定語從句，顧名思義，是對先行詞從 本質(zhì)或特征上進(jìn)行限制的一種定語從句，它 所修飾的詞代表一個(gè)（些）或一類特定的人 或事、物,e.g. A man who doesnt want to learn from others cant achieve much,一個(gè)不向別人學(xué)習(xí)的人是不能指望有多大成就的,a man被限定后，指一類特定的人,限制性定語從句是不能去掉的，否則剩下的部分就失去意義而不能成立,

26、非限制性定語從句則不然，它只對所修飾的詞 作進(jìn)一步的說明，去掉之后并不影響整個(gè)句子 的含義。在形式上，非限制性定語從句與主句 之間通常必須有逗號隔開,e.g. Finally we visited the Giant Yangtze Gorges Dam，which is the greatest key water control project in the world at present,最后我們參觀了長江三峽大壩，它是目前 世界上最大的水利樞紐工程,本句若去掉定語從句，主句部分的含義仍然完整。 歷年的高考題中，非限制性定語從句是出現(xiàn)頻率 最高的考點(diǎn)之一，因此值得我們注意,He has

27、 three sons who are working in the city,He has three sons, who are working in the city,比較,2.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的which可以指代 前面的先行詞，也可以指代前面整個(gè)句子,e.g. That Peter will marry Alice， which has not been announced yet， has spread around,彼特要娶愛麗斯這件事還沒宣布，卻已被傳 得沸沸揚(yáng)揚(yáng),3.除which外，還可用when， where， who，whom等關(guān)系副詞或關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,e

28、.g. After graduation， I decided to stay in Chongqing, where I spent my childhood and four years of college life,畢業(yè)后，我決定留在重慶，在那里我度過了我的童年和四年大學(xué)生活,e.g. Albert Einstein left Germany for the United States during World War II， when Jews were badly treated in Germany,第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，愛因斯坦離開德國去 了美國，那時(shí)猶太人在德國受到極大的歧視,

29、注意：that不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,4.在限制性定語從句中，如果關(guān)系代詞作賓語時(shí)，引導(dǎo)詞可以省略；但引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞不能省，同時(shí)關(guān)系代詞whom不能用who替換,e.g.The American journalist (whom who） the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters,播音員在新聞廣播中提到的那位美國記者 據(jù)說已經(jīng)被匪徒殺害了,e.g. He was eager to go to the hospital to see his

30、stepmother, whom he loved and respected as his own mother,他急于想去醫(yī)院看望他的繼母，他像對親生 母親一樣愛戴和尊敬她,5.as 作為關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，其先行詞必須是整個(gè)句子，而which作為關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句， 其先行詞既可以是整個(gè)句子也可以是名詞.通常意思翻譯為“正如,e.g.The moon travels around the earth once every month, as is known to everybody,眾所周之,當(dāng)as和which都指代整個(gè)句子時(shí)，as可以置于主句 的前、中,位置較

31、靈活；但which 不能引導(dǎo)定語從 句置于句首,e.g.As is known to everybody, the moon travels around the earth once every month,高考中的特殊考點(diǎn)，務(wù)必要有經(jīng)驗(yàn)應(yīng)對,1. 定語從句的主謂一致 e.g. The recorder that has been thrown away is Japanmade. I, who am your classmate, will share the work with you. 2. one of the 復(fù)數(shù) / the only one of the 復(fù)數(shù) e.g. He

32、is one of the students who have made great progress. Mr. Wang is the only one of my friends who has been invited to have dinner with us,3. 定語從句的插入 e.g. I suggest you choose someone who you think is kind and friendly. I went to Xiao Wang, who I knew was ready to help me at any time. 4. 定語從句中的倒裝 e.g. That is our school, in front of which lies a large wheat field. We got to a farmhouse, where lived an old farmer and his son,5. 分隔定語從句 e.g. The days are gone when we suffered so much. The boss of the company, whose name is Mr. Little, told the story. 6. 注意way 和time 后定語從句的情況 e.