高考英語知識點之時態1. 一般現在時 表示客觀事實或普通真理（不受時態限制）The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.Water boils at 100oC.表示現狀、性質、狀態時多用系動詞或狀態動詞；表示經常或習慣性的動作，多用動作動詞，且常與表頻率的時間狀語連用。Ice feels cold.We always care for each other and help each other.表示知覺、態度、感情、某種抽象的關系或概念的詞常用一般現在時：see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如：I know what you mean.Smith owns a car and a house.All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.在時間、條件狀語從句中常用一般現在時代替將來時。但要注意由if 引導的條件狀語從句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示時態。If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并參加我們的舞會，我的家人會非常高興。少數用于表示起止的動詞如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般現在時代替將來時，表示一個按規定、計劃或安排要發生的動作。當be表示根據時間或事先安排，肯定會出現的狀態，只用一般現在時。The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.Tomorrow is Wednesday.2. 一般過去時一般過去時的基本用法：表示過去的事情、動作或狀態常與表示過去具體的時間狀語連用（或有上下文語境暗示）；用于表達過去的習慣；表示說話人原來沒有料到、想到或希望的事通常用過去式。如：I met her in the street yesterday.I once saw the famous star here.They never drank wine.I thought the film would be interesting,but it isnt.如果從句中有一個過去的時間狀語，盡管從句中的動作先于主句發生，但從句中的謂語動詞連用過去式。如：He told me he read an interesting novel last night. 表示兩個緊接著發生的動作，常由以下詞語連接，用一般過去時。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.He bought a watch but lost it.常用一般過去時的句型：Why didnt you / I think of that?I didnt notice it.I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.I didnt recognize him.3. 一般將來時表示未來的動作或狀態常用will / shall + 動詞（常與表示將來的時間狀語邊用如tomorrow、next week等）。表示一種趨向或習慣動作。Well die without air or water.表示趨向行為的動詞如come、go、start、begin、leave等詞常用進行時的形式表示將來時。be going to與will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及區別：be going to 表示現在打算在最近或將來要做某事，這種打算往往經過事先考慮，甚至已做了某種準備；shall / will do表示未事先考慮過，即說話時臨時作出的決定。be going to 表將來，不能用在條件狀語從句的主句中；而will則能，表意愿。如：If it is fine, well go fishing.(正確)If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(錯誤)be to do sth.表按計劃、安排即將發生的動作，還可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。A meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock this afternoon.be about to do sth.表示“即可，就要”，后面不能接時間狀語或狀語從句。Autumn harvest is about to start.4. 現在進行時表示說話時正在發生著的一個動作；表示現階段但不一定是發生在講話時；表近期特定的安排或計劃；go、come等起止動作可用進行時代替將來時。如：It is raining now.He is teaching English and learning Chinese.I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.We are leaving on Friday.At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)The girl is always talking loud in public.(與always、often等頻度副詞連用，表經常反復的行動或某種感情色彩)下面四類動詞不宜用現在進行時。（A）表示心理狀態、情感的動作：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。（B）表存在的狀態的動詞：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。（C）表示一時性動作的動詞：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。（D）表示感官的動詞：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。5. 過去完成時常用過去完成時的幾種情況：（A）在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示過去某一時間的短語或從句以前發生的動作。如：By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. (B)表示曾實現的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/though / wanted / expected等或用上述動詞過去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped / planned + to have done。（C）“時間名詞 + before”在句子中作狀語，謂語動詞用過去完成時；“時間名詞 + ago”在句中作狀語，謂語動詞用一般過去式。如：He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.（D）表示“一就”的幾個句型：Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主語 + 過去分詞 + when / than / before + 一般過去時。如：We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.在before或after引導的時間狀語從句中用一般過去時態代替過去完成時。After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.We arrived home before it snowed.6. 過去將來時參照一般將來時對比：用would do、was / were going to do sth.表過去將來；come、go、leave等過去進行時表過去將來時；was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表過去將來。7. 過去進行時過去某一時刻正在進行的動作或某一階段內發生或頻繁發生。某一動作發生時另一動作正在發生，其中一個在由when或while引導的時間狀語從句中。8. 現在完成時現在完成時除可以和for、since引導的狀語連用外，還可以和下面的介詞短語連用：during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。下列句型中常用現在完成時It is (has been) + 一段時間 + since從句This(That / It)is the first(second)time that + 完成時This(That / It)is the only + that + 完成時This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting + that 從句 + 完成時在時間或條件狀語從句中，現在完成時可以代替一般將來時。如：I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.9. 時態區別一般過去時與現在完成時：時間上有差異：凡有過去時間的均用過去時態，不能用完成時態，如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。結果上有差異：現在完成時強調的是對“現在”的影響和結果，動作到現在剛完成或還在繼續；一般過去時強調的是動作發生在“過去”，和現在毫無關系。過去完成時與一般過去時：過去完成時強調的是“過去的過去”；如出現同一主語連續幾個動作（“連謂”）形式則只用一般過去時即可。2、被動語態考查要點簡述被動語態的構成方式：be + 過去分詞，口語只也有用get / become + 過去分詞表示。被動語態的基本用法：不知道或沒必要提到動作的執行者是誰時用被動語態。強調或突出動作的承受者常用被動語態（by短語有時可以省略）。（1）使用被動語態時應注意的幾個問題。主動變化被動時雙賓語的變化?？聪铝欣?。My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.主動變被動時，賓補成主補（位置不變）；（作補語的）不定式前需加to。The boss made him work all day long.He was made to work all day long(by the boss)短語動詞變被動語態時，勿要掉“尾巴”。The children were taken good care of (by her).Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.情態動詞和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等結構變被動語態，只需將它們后面的動詞原形變為be +過去分詞。當句子的謂語為say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等時，被動語態有兩種形式：（A）謂語動詞用被動語態，動詞不定式作主補。（B）用it作形式主語，真正的主語在后面用主語在后面用主語從句來表示。如：People say he is a smart boy.It is said that he is a smart boy.He is said to be a smart boy.People know paper was made in China first.It is known that paper was made in China first.Paper was known to be made in China first.類似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that （2）不能用被動語態的幾種情況。所有的不及物動詞或不及物動詞詞組不能用于被動語態之中。表示狀態的謂語動詞，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、last、look like、consist to等。表示歸屬的動詞，如have、own、belong to等。表示“希望、意圖”的動詞，如：wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時謂語動詞用主動語態，不能用被動語態。賓語是同源賓語，不定式、動名詞等謂語動詞不用被動語態。有些動詞以其主動形式表示被動意義，特別是當主語是物時，常見的動詞有sell、write、wash、open、lock等。（3）主動形式表被動意義。當feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容詞時；當cut、read、sell、wear、write等詞帶狀語修飾語時；當動詞表示“開始、結束、關、停、轉、啟動”等意義時。This kind of cloth washes easily.這種布易洗。These novels wont sell well.這些小說不暢銷。My pen writes smoothly.我的鋼筆寫起來很流暢。The door wont lock.門鎖不上。The fish smells good.魚聞起來香。當break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等動詞表示“發生、關閉、制定”等意思時。The plan worked out successfully.The lamps on the wall turn off.want, require, need后面的動名詞用主動表示被動含義。be worth doing用主動形式表示被動含義。在“be + 形容詞 + to do”中，不定式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語，用主動代被動。This kind of water isnt fit to drink.The girl isnt easy to get along with.另外：be to blame(受譴責)，be to rent（出租）也用主動形式表被動。（4）被動形式表示主動意義的幾種情況。be seated坐著He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）坐在凳子上。be hidden躲藏He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在門后。be lost迷路be drunk喝醉be dressed穿著The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.（5）被動語態與系表結構的區別被動語態強調動作；系表結構表主語的特點或狀態。如：The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被動語態)The book is well sold.(系表結構)二、精典名題導解選擇填空1. Visitors _not to touch the exhibits.(NMET 2001)A.will request B.are requested C.are requesting D.request解析：答案為B。此題的時態是不難判斷的，因為說的是一條規定，所以用一般現在時，而visitor與request之間是動賓關系，即request visitors not to touch the exhibits,究竟是誰要求他們這樣做呢？不清楚，也不必知道，因此需要用被動語態。分析visitors與request之間的關系是此題的解題關鍵。2. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _ so rapidly.(NMET 2001)A.is changing B.has changed C.will have changed D.will change解析：答案為A。此題考查現在進行時態的用法。句意為“選擇一部移動電話不是一件容易的事，因為科技發展得十分迅速?！北揪涞闹骶湟话悻F在時表達的是目前的情況，而“科技發展迅速”也是現階段正存在的一種狀態，不是在過去，也不是在將來，因此只能用現在進行時表達。3. All the preparations for the task _, and were ready to start.（2000年春季高考）A.completed B.completeC.had been completed D.have been completed解析：答案為D?，F在完成時表示過去年做的事對現在的影響。從and were ready to start句意可知，一切準備工作已經就緒，可以開始工作了。complete是及物動詞，與句子的主語是被動關系，所以需要用被動語態表達。注意分清complete與主語之間的關系；結合語境選擇正確時態。10. 動詞的時態與語態習題 1We could have walked to the stationIt was so near YesA taxi at all necessary Awasnt Bhadnt been Cwouldnt be Dwont be2When I got to the cinema，the film for the minutes Ahas begun Bhad begun Chad been on Dwas on3If city noises from increasing，people shout to be heard even at the dinner tableA are not kept；will have to Bare not kept；have toCdo not keep；will have to Ddo not keep；have to4In some parts of the world，tea with milk and sugar. Ais serving Bis severed Cserves Dserved5Do you like the material? Yes，it vety soft Ais feeling Bfelt Cfeels Dis felt6I dont really work hereI until the new secretary arrives Ajust help out Bhave just helped out Cam just helping out Dwill just help out7You havent been to Beijing，have you? How I wish to go there! AYesI have BYes，I havent CNoI have DNo，I havent8It is reported that by the end of this year，another school will Abe built Bhave built Chave been built Dhave be built9Hey，look where you are going! 0h，Im terribly sorry AIm not noticing B1 wasnt noticing CI havent noticed DI dont notice10How are you today? Oh，I as ill as I do now for a long timeAdidnt feel Bwasnt feeling Cdont fee Dhavent feltl1Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while，but soon to his old ways Areturned Breturns Cwas returning Dhad returned12All the preparations for the task ，and were ready to start Acompleted Bcomplete Chad been completed Dhave been completed13He to the lab than he set out to do the experiment Ahas no sooner got Bwas supposed to Cwill no sooner get Dhave no sooner got14The train arrive at 11：30 but it was an hour late Awould suppose Bwas supposed to Cis supposed to Dsupposed to15He stepped into the office， down and began to fill in the forms Asitting Bto sit Csat Dhaving sat16The little girl her heart out because she her toy bear and believed she wasnt ever going to find itAhad cried；1ost Bcried；had loseChas cried；has lost Dcries；has 1ost17Both my brothers work at the power station that at my home town Ahas set up Bhas been set up Cwas set up Dis set up18Linda has 1ost her passport againIts the second time this Ahas happened Bhas been happened Chappened Dhappens19Sorry，I forgot to post the letter for you. Never mind， it myself tonight AIm going to post BId better to post CIll post DId rather post20He his leg when he in a football match against another schoo1 Abroke；played Bwas breaking；was playing Cbroke；was playing Dwas breaking；played21Where the recorder? I Cant see it anywhere I it right hereBut now its gone Adid you put；have put Bhave you put put Chad you put；was putting Dwere you putting；have put22Hello! I you in LondonHow long have you been here? Adont know；were Bhadnt known；are Chave known；are Ddidnt know；were23Come on，PeterI want to show you something Oh，how nice of you! I you to bring me a gift. Anever think；are going Bnever thought；were going Cdidnt think；were going Dhadnt thought；were going24All the teachers in this schoo1 are Aclean dressing Bcleanly dressing Cclean dressed Dcleanly dressed25When I was at college I three foreign languages，but I all except a few words of each Aspoke；had forgotten Bspoke；have forgotten Chad spoken；had forgotten Dhad spoken；have forgotten26Have you moved into the new house? Not yetThe rooms Aare being painted Bare painting Care painted Dare being painting27Excuse me，sirWould you do me a favor? of courseWhat is it? I if you could tell me how to fill out this form Ahad wondered Bwas wondering Cwould wonder D