句子的種類【名師點(diǎn)睛】一. 陳述句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法1. 陳述句： 陳述句是用來(lái)陳述一個(gè)事實(shí)或表達(dá)說(shuō)話人看法（包括肯定和否定）的句子。通常用降調(diào)，句末用句號(hào)“.”。Tom has a new car. The flower isnt beautiful. 2. 陳述句否定式的構(gòu)成(1) 如果肯定陳述句的謂語(yǔ)部分含有助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或連系動(dòng)詞be，則只需在這些動(dòng)詞后加not即可構(gòu)成否定式。 He is playing the guitar.（肯定） He is not playing the guitar.（否定） We can get there before dark.（肯定） We cant get thee before dark.（否定） (2) 如果陳述句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，而其中又沒(méi)有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或助動(dòng)詞時(shí)，則需根據(jù)人稱和時(shí)態(tài)在該實(shí)義動(dòng)詞前加dont, doesnt或didnt。同時(shí)把該實(shí)義動(dòng)詞變?yōu)樵巍?He plays the violin well.（肯定） He doesnt play the violin well.（否定） She won the game.（肯定） She didnt win the game.（否定） (3) 如果句子是there be結(jié)構(gòu)或謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是have（有），除了be和have之后加not之外，句中如果有some要變?yōu)閍ny。例如：There is some water in the cup. There is not any water in the cup.He has some books. He has not any books.(4) 除not以外，否定詞no, never, nothing, nobody, few等也可構(gòu)成否定句。例如：There is something wrong with his bike. There is nothing wrong with his bike.I have seen the film. I have never seen the film.二. 祈使句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法 祈使句是用來(lái)表示命令、請(qǐng)求、建議、號(hào)召等的句子，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用原形，句末用感嘆號(hào)“！”或句號(hào)“.”。朗讀時(shí)一般用降調(diào)。1. 肯定的祈使句：（1）祈使句主語(yǔ)是you時(shí)，you常省略，但如果要特別強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)方或表達(dá)某種強(qiáng)烈的情緒時(shí)可以有主語(yǔ)或稱呼語(yǔ)。 Be quiet. You be quiet!（2）“Do+祈使句”表示一種強(qiáng)烈的感情或請(qǐng)求，do起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。 Do come back at once! Do be careful.（3）please用在祈使句中可以表示一種客氣的語(yǔ)氣，但please用在句末時(shí)，必須用逗號(hào)與其余部分分開(kāi)。 Open the window, please.（4）Let引導(dǎo)祈使句時(shí)，后面需跟上人稱代詞或稱呼語(yǔ)，人稱代詞一般只用第一、第三人稱。 Let Jack wait a minute. Lets go to school.（5）在祈使句中，Lets和 Let us是有區(qū)別的。Lets包括說(shuō)話者，而Let us不包括聽(tīng)話者在內(nèi)。這點(diǎn)從反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)可明顯看出。 Lets go skating, shall we?（表示內(nèi)部的建議） Let us try again, will you?（表示向別人發(fā)出請(qǐng)求） 2. 否定祈使句通常以Dont或Never開(kāi)頭。其結(jié)構(gòu)通常是：“Dont(Never)+動(dòng)詞原形+其他成分” 例如： Dont do that again! Never leave todays work for tomorrow! Dont be late next time!三. 一般疑問(wèn)句、特殊疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句、反意疑問(wèn)句的構(gòu)成形式及基本用法1. 一般疑問(wèn)句： （1）一般疑問(wèn)句的肯定形式 一般疑問(wèn)句一般是指以助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、be動(dòng)詞或have（有）開(kāi)始，通常要求以yes，或no來(lái)回答的疑問(wèn)句，一般疑問(wèn)句讀時(shí)通常用升調(diào)。 Do you know Mr. Smith? Can you swim? （2）一般疑問(wèn)句的否定結(jié)構(gòu) 在一般疑問(wèn)句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)中，把副詞not放在一般疑問(wèn)句的主語(yǔ)之后。但如果用not的簡(jiǎn)略形式-nt，則須將-nt與一般疑問(wèn)句句首的be, have，助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞寫(xiě)在一起。在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中，一般都采用簡(jiǎn)略式。 Are you not a football fan? Arent you a football fan? Will she not like it? Wont she like it? 與漢語(yǔ)不同的是，英語(yǔ)一般疑問(wèn)句否定結(jié)構(gòu)的答語(yǔ)是否定還是肯定，全由答語(yǔ)的否定或肯定來(lái)決定。若答語(yǔ)是肯定的，則用yes加肯定結(jié)構(gòu)；若答語(yǔ)是否定的，則用no加否定結(jié)構(gòu)。 Arent you a football fan? 你不是足球迷嗎？ Yes, I am.No, I am not. Wont she like it? Yes, she will. No, she wont. 2. 特殊疑問(wèn)句特殊疑問(wèn)句由“疑問(wèn)代詞或疑問(wèn)副詞+一般疑問(wèn)句”構(gòu)成，句子一般用倒裝語(yǔ)序，但如果主語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)代詞或由疑問(wèn)代詞修飾時(shí)，用陳述句的語(yǔ)序。特殊疑問(wèn)句不能用yes或no回答，讀時(shí)用降調(diào)。例如：Who is on duty today? How long have you been in Beijing?What time do you get up every morning?What must I do now?常用的特殊疑問(wèn)句詢問(wèn)內(nèi)容 疑問(wèn)詞或句型 例 句 回 答 職業(yè)，身份 what What is your father? He is a doctor. 姓名或關(guān)系 who Who is that boy? He is Jack.He is my brother 相貌特征 whatlike? What is she like?What does she look like? She is beautiful. 目的 whatfor? What did they come here for? To attend a meeting. 原因 why Why did they come here? Because they have a meeting to attend. 天氣 howwhatlike? How is the weather today?What is the weather like today? Its fine. 顏色 what color？ What dolor is her skirt? Its red. 服裝尺寸 what size What size does he wear? He wars 40. 幾點(diǎn)鐘 what time What time is it? Its 7:30. 星期幾 what day What day is today? Its Tuesday. 幾號(hào)，日期 what is the date? What is the date today? Its May 2. 年齡（多大） how old How old is he? He is 38. 持續(xù)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間（多久） how long How long have you been here? For five months. 長(zhǎng)度（多長(zhǎng)） how long How long is the bridge? Its 500 metres. 距離（多遠(yuǎn)） how far How far is it from here to the zoo? Its 6 kilometres. 頻度（多經(jīng)常） how often How often do you come back? Once a week. 時(shí)間經(jīng)過(guò)（多快） how soon How soon will she arrive? In an week. 數(shù)量（多少） how many（可數(shù)名詞）how much（不可數(shù)名詞） How many jackets do you have?How much coffee do you want? Three.Two cups. 價(jià)格 how much How much is it?How much does it cost? Five dollars. 高度（多高） how tall（人，樹(shù)）how high（山，建筑物） How tall is she?How high is the tower? Shes 1.73 metres.Its 450 metres. 3. 選擇疑問(wèn)句： 選擇疑問(wèn)句是說(shuō)話者提出兩種或兩種以上的不同情況，讓對(duì)方選擇回答的疑問(wèn)句。其結(jié)構(gòu)是“疑問(wèn)句+選擇部分”。選擇部分由or連接，or前面的部分讀升調(diào)，or后面的部分讀降調(diào)。 選擇疑問(wèn)句不能用yes或no回答，而必須具體的選擇答復(fù)。 Is your bag yellow or black? Its black.。 Would you like some tea or coffee? Either will do.。 Which do you like better, singing or dancing? I like dancing better.4. 反意疑問(wèn)句： 反意疑問(wèn)句是指在陳述句之后附加一個(gè)意思與之相反的簡(jiǎn)短問(wèn)句，問(wèn)對(duì)方是否贊同的疑問(wèn)句。附加問(wèn)句的否定式必須縮寫(xiě)。（1）肯定的陳述句后跟否定的附加問(wèn)句，否定的陳述句后跟肯定的附加問(wèn)句。 I am your teacher, arent I? He didnt study hard, did he?（2）如果陳述句中含有否定副詞never（從不，決不），hardly（幾乎不）或其他表示否定代詞或形容詞，如nothing, none no one, nobody, neither, few, little等，則附加問(wèn)句只能用肯定式。如： They hardly write to each other, do they? He has found nothing, has he? Few people knew the secret, did they? （3）當(dāng)反意疑問(wèn)句是“否定陳述句+肯定附加問(wèn)句”時(shí)，英語(yǔ)與漢語(yǔ)的回答習(xí)慣存在差異。英語(yǔ)回答時(shí)只看實(shí)際情況，若答語(yǔ)的具體內(nèi)容是肯定的就用“Yes+肯定結(jié)構(gòu)”，答語(yǔ)的具體內(nèi)容是否定的就用“No+否定結(jié)構(gòu)”，而譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，則必須把yes譯“不是”，把no譯成“是的”。 -You wont be away for long, will you? 你不會(huì)離開(kāi)太久，是嗎？ -Yes, I will.不，我會(huì)離開(kāi)很久。 -No, I wont.是的，我不會(huì)離開(kāi)很久。 -I dont think shell come by bike, will she? 我認(rèn)為她不會(huì)騎自行車，會(huì)嗎？ -Yes, she will.不，她會(huì)騎自行車來(lái)。 -No, she wont.是的，她不會(huì)騎自行車來(lái)。四. 由what, how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句的構(gòu)成形式、用法及區(qū)別感嘆句是表示喜、怒、哀、樂(lè)以及驚異等感情的句子。句末用感嘆號(hào)“！”，讀時(shí)用降調(diào)，感嘆句往往由what或how引導(dǎo)，what修飾名詞，how修飾形容詞，副詞或動(dòng)詞。1. what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句：（1）what + a/an +形容詞+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述句（主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)）What a beautiful city it is!What an interesting story she told! （2）what+形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+陳述句（主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)）What expensive watches they are! What terrible weather it is! 2How引導(dǎo)的感嘆句：（1）How+形容詞/副詞+陳述句（主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)）How cold it is! How hard he works! （2）How+陳述句（主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)）How he loves his son!How I miss you!（3）How+形容詞+a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞+陳述句（主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)）How tall a tree it is!（4）上述兩種感嘆句可以互相轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：What a clever boy he is!How clever the boy is!What a cold day it is!How cold it is!【實(shí)例解析】1. (2004年上海徐匯區(qū)中考試題) _ useful computer it is! A. What B. What a C. What an D. How 答案：B。該題考查的是感嘆句的結(jié)構(gòu)。這個(gè)感嘆句的中心詞是一單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞computer, 所以要用what來(lái)修飾，又因?yàn)閡seful第一個(gè)發(fā)音是輔音，what之后的不定冠詞用a,而不用an。2. (2004年嘉興市中考試題) -_ is it from Jiaxing to Hangzhou? -Im not sure, but it takes about ninety minutes to get there by bus. A. How many B. How often C. How much D. How far 答案：D。該題考查的是特殊疑問(wèn)句疑問(wèn)詞的選擇。問(wèn)話者是在問(wèn)距離，所以應(yīng)用how far來(lái)提問(wèn)。3. (2004年河北省中考試題) -_ will it take us to get there by bus? -About two hours. A. How soon B. How often C. How long D. How quick 答案：C。該題考查的是特殊疑問(wèn)句疑問(wèn)詞的選擇。問(wèn)話者是在問(wèn)時(shí)間，所以應(yīng)用how long來(lái)提問(wèn)。4. (2004年長(zhǎng)沙市中考試題) -Help! There is a snake near the house. -_ afraid. It will go away later. A. Dont B. Not C. Dont be D. Be 答案：C。該題考查的是祈使句的結(jié)構(gòu)。祈使句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)是：“Dont(Never)+動(dòng)詞原形+其他成分” 符合這一要求的只有C。【中考演練】一. 單項(xiàng)填空 1. -Excuse me, _ is the nearest bookshop? -Go down the street and turn left at the second corner. A. how B. what C. where D. who 2. -_ is it from our school to the Bell Tower? -About half an hours bus ride. Shall we go and visit it? A. How long B. How often C. How far D. How much 3. -Linda had nothing for breakfast this morning, _? -No. She got up too late. A. had she B. hadnt she C. did she D. didnt she 4. -The room is so dirty. _ we clean it? -Of course. A. Will B. Would C. Do D. Shall 5. -_, sir? -Size 41, I think A. What size do you need B. What can I do for you C. How do you like this shirt D. Whats the matter with you 6. -_ good weather! Why not go out for a walk? A. What B. How C. What a D. How a 7. -Its a nice car. _ have you been in it? -Just to Shanghai. A. How much B. How long C. How soon D. How far 8. -_ to the United States? -No, never, but I went to Canada a few years ago. A. Have you been B. Have you gone C. Did you go D. Will you go 9. -_ were you away from school last year? -About two weeks. A. How often B. How soon C. How long D. When 10. -_ do you want? -I want a CD of popular songs. A. Which CD B. How many CDs C. What CD D. How much 11. _ is your mother, a teacher or a doctor? A. What B. Which C. Who D. whose 12. -_ is your mother today, Jim? -She is much better. A. How B. What C. Where D. How old 13. -_he _ at this school last term? -Yes, I think so. A. Didstudy B. Doesstudy C. Wasstudy D. Didstudied 14. -_ did you begin to learn English? -Three years ago. A. When B. Why C. Where D. What 15. -_ do you write to your pen-friend? -Once a week. A. How long B. How soon C. How far D. How often 16. _ nice flowers! Where did you pick them? A. How B. What C. What a D. How a 17. The sick mans allowed to take a walk in the garden every day, _? A. is he B. isnt he C. has he D. hasnt he 18. _ cross the road before the traffic lights turn green. A. Not B. Wont C. Dont D. Doesnt 19. He found nothing in the room, _? A. doesnt he B. does he C. didnt he D. did he 20. You havent changed your mind, _? A. do you B. are you C. have you D. did you 二. 句型轉(zhuǎn)換（按要求改寫(xiě)下列句子）1. Bruce bought a dictionary yesterday. (改為否定句) Bruce _ _ a dictionary yesterday.2. Mr. Smith does morning exercises every day. (改為一般疑問(wèn)句) _ Mr. Smith _ morning exercises every day?3. Allan will go back to England by plane next month. (就劃線部分提問(wèn)) _ _ Allan go back to England next month?4. There are some apples on the table. (改為否定句) There _ _ apples on the table.5. When she sees you, she will tell you the news(就劃線部分提問(wèn)) _ _ she tell you the news?6. Uncle Wang likes making things. (改寫(xiě)為否定句) Uncle Wang _ _ making things.7. Ann returned the book to the library yesterday. (改為一般疑問(wèn)句) _ Ann _ the book to the library yesterday?8. Our city is very beautiful. (改為感嘆句) _ _ our city is!9. He has worked in this school for five years. (就劃線部分提問(wèn)) _ _ has he worked in this school?10. Both of them are my best friends. (改為否定句) _ of them _ my best friend.11. They are happy to see each other. (改為感嘆句) _ _ they are to see each other!12. The exam begins at nine. (改為一般疑問(wèn)句) _ the exam _ at nine?13. He was playing basketball at four yesterday afternoon. (就劃線部分提問(wèn)) _ _ he _ at four yesterday afternoon?14. He had nothing for breakfast. (改為反意疑問(wèn)句) He had nothing for breakfast _ _?15. She doesnt think I can surf on the Internet. (改反意疑問(wèn)句) She doesnt think I can surf on