Translation Techniques (4),Division and Combination,Unit Eight,一、分譯法 （一）單詞的分譯 （二）短語的分譯 （三）句子的分譯 二、合譯法 （一）單句的合譯 （二）主從復合句的合譯 （三）并列復合句的合譯,Teaching Contents:,分譯法和合譯法,英譯漢中，一般是把一個英語句子譯成一個漢語句子。但是，由于英漢兩種語言的句子結構、修辭手段和表達習慣不同，翻譯時不能一律把每一個英文句子都譯成一個漢語句子，否則就可能出現句子臃腫，層次不清或語氣不暢等弊病。 因此必要時可以把一個英語簡單句譯成一個漢語的復合句或兩個甚至兩個以上的漢語簡單句；有時又可以把一個英語復合句或兩個甚至兩個以上的英語簡單句譯成一個漢語簡單句。這種增減句量的翻譯方法稱為分譯法和合譯法。,分譯法,由于漢語習慣上一般不使用長句，因此在英譯漢時，往往要把原句中較長的句子成分或不易安排的句子成分拆開來，譯成漢語的分句或從句，以使譯文通順流暢，層次分明，更加合乎漢語的習慣。,一.單詞的分譯,有的英文句子雖不長，但照譯時譯文很別扭，尤其是原文中個別單詞很難處置，不拆開來譯便不通順或容易發生誤解，這時往往可把這種單詞譯成一個分句或單句。,（一）副詞的分譯,1. The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.,中國人似乎為他們經濟建設上取得的巨大成就感到自豪，這是合乎情理的。,2. Jerry quickly ordered everyone to put on life jackets, and tried unsuccessfully to put out the fire.,杰里立即叫大家穿上救生衣，并且奮力滅火，但卻沒有成功（無濟于事）。,3. The time could have been more profitably spent in making a detailed investigation.,如果當初把時間花在細致的調查研究上，好處就更大了（益處就更多了）。,（二）形容詞的分譯,1. Buckley was in a clear minority.,巴克利屬于少數派，這是明擺著的事實。,2. That region was the most identifiable trouble place.,那地區是個麻煩的地方，這是大家很容易看出來的。,3. He has been pursued, day by day, year by year, by a most phenomenal and astonishing luckiness.,日復一日，年復一年，他始終幸運常伴（吉星高照），這的確令人驚嘆不已。,4. He spoke with understandable pride of the invention of the instrument.,他自豪地談到那種儀器的發明，這是可以理解的。,（三）動詞的分譯,1. Radio waves have been considered radiant energy.,人們已經認識到，無線電波是一種輻射能。,2. The maximum demand for electricity today is expected to double within a decade.,可以預料，目前對電的最大需求量在十年內可望增加一倍。,（四）名詞的分譯,1. The price limits its production.,它價錢昂貴,限制了批量生產。,2. The dust, the uproar and the growing dark threw everything into chaos.,煙塵滾滾,人聲嘈雜,夜色漸深,一切都陷入混亂之中。,二.短語的分譯,短語的分譯是指把原文中一個短語譯成句子,使原文的一個句子分譯成兩個或兩個以上的句子.這種現象在英譯漢中比單詞的分譯更為常見. 英語中能提出來分譯的短語,通常有分詞短語、介詞短語、動詞不定式短語和名詞短語.,(一)分詞短語(包括分詞獨立結構)的分譯,由于使用了電子計算機,復雜問題迅速而精確地得到了解決。,1. Electronic computer being used, the complicated problem was solved quickly and accurately.,2. Known to man for thousands of years, metals are the backbone of our modern world.,金屬是現代世界的支柱; 人類了解金屬已有數千年的歷史了。,(一)分詞短語(包括分詞獨立結構)的分譯,科學技術現代化了,工農業就會迅速發展。,3. Science and technology modernized, industry and agriculture will develop rapidly.,4. Fossils are early plants or animals once buried in earth, now hardened like rock.,化石是早期的植物或動物,過去埋在地下,現在堅如巖石。,(二)介詞短語的分譯,別人勸說也好,懇求也好,他都不為所動（無動于衷）。,1. He was not to be moved either by advice or entreaties.,2. The factory was already spreading a fame for its products.,這個工廠的產品質量優良,這點已遠近聞名了。,(二)介詞短語的分譯,盡管有種種驚人的差別,地球上的生命不過是在單一的化學基干上進行著富有想象力的變化。,3. For all its wonderful differences, life on earth is merely an imaginative variation on a single chemical theme.,4. Copper is an important conductor, both because of its high conductivity and because of its abundance and low cost.,銅是一種重要導體,因為它的導電率高,而且資源豐富,價格低廉。,(三)動詞不定式短語的分譯,為了解決這些問題，需要就不同貨幣之間的相對比值達成一項國際協議。,1. To solve these problems, an international agreement was needed concerning the relative values of the different currencies.,2. Einsteins theory of relativity is too difficult for the average mind to understand.,愛因斯坦的相對論太難，一般人無法理解。,(三)動詞不定式短語的分譯,要使之具有科學性，我們必須用實驗來驗證這些公式和結論。,3. To be scientific, we must test the formulas and the conclusions by experiments.,4. The weight of an object has been found to vary from place to place on the earth.,已經發現，一個物體的重量在地球上因地而異。,(四)名詞短語的分譯,如果把電源接錯，就會損壞電動機。,1. The wrong power-line connections will damage the motor.,2. He pointed out the growing tension.,他指出，緊張局勢日益加劇。,3. But the exigency of the case admitted of no alternatives.,但情況緊急，別無他法（別無其他良策）。,(四)名詞短語的分譯,他感到疲倦，而且天氣愈來愈熱。這使他決定一遇到合適的蔭涼處，就坐下來休息。,4. His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.,5. These pure verbal artifices do not change the essence of the matter.,這些純粹是文詞上的花樣，并不能改變問題的實質。,三.句子的分譯,所謂句子的分譯，指的是把原文的從句譯成分句，或把一個簡單句拆開，譯成兩個或兩個以上的句子，以及在翻譯復句過程中增加分句或句子的數量。,(一)定語從句的分譯,把定語從句與主句分開，譯成后置的并列分句或獨立句，這是定語從句漢譯時的一種重要方法。,1. In the future, robots which can do almost all of our hard work will be seen working everywhere.,在將來，到處都會看到機器人在工作，它們將能替我們擔負起幾乎全部的繁重工作。,(一)定語從句的分譯,我訪問過一些地方，遇到不少人，要談起來，奇妙的事可多著呢。,2. There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.,3. This book treats besides other subjects, which are undoubtedly equally important, of the working principles of a transistor.,除其他問題外，本書討論晶體管的工作原理。其他問題當然也一樣重要。,(二)單句的分譯,捷報傳來，舉國歡騰。,1. The good tidings filled the whole nation with joy.,2. Poor acoustics spoilt the performance.,音響效果不好，演出大為遜色。,3.The fame of Washington stands apart from every other in history shining with a truer luster and a more benignant glory.,華盛頓在歷史人物中獨樹一幟。他的聲望放射出更為純正的異彩和更為慈祥的光輝。,(三)復句的分譯,因為光速是已知的，所以只要能將一束光束送上月球并使它返回地球接收站，就有可能測定從地球到月球的距離。,1. The light speed being known, it would be possible to decide the distance from the earth to the moon provided that a single light beam could be sent to the moon and made to return to the earths receiving station.,合譯法,合譯法是把兩個或兩個以上單句合譯成一個單句，或把主從復合句及并列復合句合譯成一個單句。 合譯法可省掉一些重復的詞語或句子成分，使譯文更加緊湊、明確，更加符合漢語習慣。 但合譯時可能會失去原文的強調意義，容易發生漏譯，因此，翻譯時必須仔細推敲，從譯文的整體上加以考慮，靈活處理。,(一)單句的合譯,1989年4月2日清晨，飛機駕駛員在待命室接受飛行任務。,1. It was on the early morning of April 2, 1989. The pilots were briefed in the ready room.,2. His eyes were triumphantly cold. There was no light in them, no feeling, no interest.,他的目光傲慢冷酷，呆滯無光，淡漠無情。,(一)單句的合譯,空氣中總是有塵埃，染紅了夕陽，也污染了城市的空氣（會使夕陽染上紅色，也使城市空氣受到污染）。,3. There are always particles of dust in the air. Dust tints sunsets and pollutes city air.,(二)主從復合句的合譯,液態水受熱而變成蒸汽。,1. The liquid water is heated so that it becomes steam.,鋼的結構和形成的性質，將視其加熱程度和冷卻快慢而定。,2. The structure of the steel and the resulting properties will depend on how hot the steel gets and how quickly or slowly it is cooled.,(二)主從復合句的合譯,在那種情況下，北極的油礦將永遠沉睡在原地。,3. It is necessary that those machines should be lubricated regularly.,那些機器必須經常上潤滑油。,4. In that case the deposits at the North Pole may rest where they are forever.,(二)主從復合句的合譯,在那種情況下，北極的油礦將永遠沉睡在原地。,3. It is necessary that those machines should be lubricated regularly.,那些機器必須經常上潤滑油。,4. In that case the deposits at the North Pole may rest where they are forever.,(三)并列復合句的合譯,在英國郵局的幫助下，馬可尼于1896年6月申請了世界上第一項無線電專利。,1. It was in mid-August, and the repair section operated under the blazing sun.,八月中旬，修理組人員在驕陽下工作。,2. The Post Office was helpful, and Marconi applied in June 1896 for the worlds first radio patent.,(三)并列復合句的合譯,3. Sulphuric acid enters into the manufacture of explosives, dyestuffs and drugs; it is used in sugar refining and in the preparation of fertilizers.,硫酸被用來制造炸藥、染料、藥物、食糖和化肥等。,Exercises,1. They tried vainly to blame us for the damage of the machine. 2. They, not surprisingly, did not respond. 3. Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking the shadows. 4. For all its size, the machine moves noiselessly. 5. Strange enough they were the same age to the day. 6. One problem in trying to discuss the report is its sheer volume.,Exercises,7. The four men huddled there and said nothing. They dare not smoke. They would not move. 8. His father had a small business in the city of Pisa. This city is in the north of Italy near the sea. 9. Up to now, it is only the rocket which can propel a space vehicle. 10. Up to now, there is no fuel or chemical reaction known that could produce the suns heat and light.,Exercises,11. In 1844 Engels met Marx, and they became friends. 12. Bees and dolphins communicate, but they do not have language.,Exercises,他們沒有答復，這是不足為奇的。,1. They tried vainly to blame us for the damage of the machine.,他們企圖把機器損壞的過失加在我們頭上，但沒有成功。,2. They, not surprisingly, did not respond.,3. Sunrays filtered in wherever they could, driving out darkness and choking the shadows.,陽光射入了它所能透過的所有地方，趕走了黑暗，驅散了陰影。,Exercises,說來也真巧，他倆同齡，而且是同日生的。,4. For all its size, the machine moves noiselessly.,盡管這