1、專題一 名詞講義學生：劉天宇 日期：7、27目標定位1理解并區別所學的可數名詞和不可數名詞。尤其是集合名詞有兩種用法的，比如：family表示“家人”時，既可做可數名詞，也可做不可數名詞。在不可數名詞中重點把握對物質名詞和抽象名詞的理解和區分。這是重點也是難點，學生不易理解。2熟練掌握所學可數名詞復數的構成。尤其是一些名詞的不規則變化，比如：Negroes黑人；heroes英雄：tomatoes西紅柿；potatoes土豆；還有一些沒有規則的變化更要注意，比如：tooth的復數是teeth；mouse的復數是mice等等3掌握名詞所有格的表達方法，特別注意雙重所有格的用法。特別是當代詞與所有格

2、同時修飾一個名詞時，要用雙重所有格，比如：any friend of Toms湯姆的任何一位朋友; some houses of my fathers我父親的一些房子，等等。4理解專有名詞的概念和一些用法。注意通常不與冠詞連用但若表示某姓的一家人，可以加 冠詞，比如：The Smiths are coming to our party tonight.史密斯一家來參加我們的聚會。表示“一個叫的人”，“一”可以加冠詞a/an比如：a Smith可以表示“一個叫史密斯的人”，等等。5掌握名詞的語法功能。尤其是名詞作定語的用法，比如：dress shop服裝店；war story戰爭故事，等等。 語

3、法梳理一、名詞的分類名詞：表示人、事物或抽象概念的名稱的詞。名詞可以分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩大類。（一）普通名詞指一類人或事物的共有名稱，義可分為可數名詞和不可數名詞。普通名詞包括可數名詞和不可數名詞，可數名詞又分為個體名詞：表示個別人或事物的名詞，如：table桌子，lawyer律師；集合名詞表示一群人或許多東西的總稱。不可數名詞又分為物質名詞:表示物質或材料的總稱，如：water水，snow雪；抽象名詞：表示動作、狀態、品質、情感等抽象名詞。（二）專有名詞 專有名詞：表示具體的人、事物、國家、地方、機構、組織等，其實詞的首字母必須大寫。如：Beijing, the WTO, SARS, M

4、r. Green等。二、名詞的數 可數名詞有單復數形式，而不可數名詞通常沒有復數形式。表示一個人或一件事物用單數，表示一個以上的人或事物用復數。（一）可數名詞有單數和復數兩種形式。復數構成如下：規則變化：1. 一般情況，在名詞詞尾加-s。2. 以輔音字母s, x, ch, sh結尾的名詞，在詞尾加-es。3. 以o結尾的名詞，一般在詞尾加-s。特例巧記：英雄喜歡吃土豆、西紅柿。4. 以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞，一般先將y變為i，再加-es.5. 以f/fe結尾的名詞，先將f/fe變為v，再加-es。6. 以輔音字母加y結尾的專有名詞，加-s。圖表解讀： l.清輔音后發/s/，如：cats; 濁輔

5、音后發z，如：bags。2讀作/iz/如：buses，boxes，watches，fishes。3如：zoos，radios，只有negro，hero，potato，tomato四個單詞后加-es，都讀作/z/。4讀作/z/，如：cities, babies。5讀vz/，這類詞有：thief小偷，self自身，knife刀，shelf架子，loaf 一條面包，wolf狼sheaf捆，calf小牛，half半wife妻子，life生命.leaf葉子等。這類詞都把f或fe變成-ves。【記憶口訣】小偷自己都有刀，站在架后旁邊切面包，狼捆著小牛搶一半，妻子的生命靠樹葉保。 但也有直接在詞尾加-s的情

6、況，讀/fs/。如：beliefsproofs等。 6以輔音字母加y結尾的專有名詞直接加一s如：Marys。不規則變化：1）“某國人”的單復數變化：中日友好是一致，英法聯盟a變e。其他一律加s。2）單復數同形。3）元音發生變化。4）詞尾加-en或-ren。5）復合名詞單復數變化。6）字母數字、引語或縮略詞變復數。圖表解讀：1“某國人”的單復數變化：中日不變( Chinese-Chinese；Japanese -Japanese)，英法變(Englishman-Englishmen；Frenchman-Frenchmen)其余在后邊加-s。如：American -Americans；German

7、-Ger-mans; Australian - Australians.2單復數同形。如：fish- fish; sheep -sheep; deer-deer。3元音發生變化。如：man- men；foot- feet。4詞尾加-cn或-ren。如：child-children, ox-oxen(牛)。5復合名詞單復數變化: (l)主要詞改為復數。如：boy student-boy students；father-in-law-fathers-in-law(2)含man或woman的復合名詞，前后兩詞都要改為復數形式。如：man doctor-men doctors, woman teach

8、er -women teachers.6.字母、數字、引語或縮略詞變復數一般在詞后加 s也可以加-s。如：three as(三個a) 1990s/1990s（20世紀90.年代）。7其他情況。如：medium- media媒體。（二）不可數名詞的數 不可數名詞的特殊復數形式：1物質名詞和抽象名詞一般是借助“數間十量詞+of+不可數名詞”結構來表示一定的數量。 量詞可以是單數也可以是復數，但of后的不可數名詞只能用原形。如：a glass of water 兩杯水，two glasses of water兩杯水。2當物質名詞轉化為個體名詞時，視為可數名詞，有復數形式。如：water（水）-wat

9、ers（大水，洪水）3當物質名詞表示該物質的種類時，視為可數名詞有復數形式，如fish，作魚的“條數”講時，復數形式為fish;作魚的“種類”講時復數為fishes。4當物質名詞表示份數時，視為可數名詞有復數形式。如a coffee一杯咖啡，two coffees兩杯咖啡。 5. 抽象名詞在-些固定詞組中可用做可數名詞。如：catch a cold感冒have a rest休息。三、名詞所有格 名詞所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關系的語法形式叫做名詞所有格有三種形式：（一）-s所有格表示有生命的名詞的所有格。l. 一般在名詞詞尾加-s。如：Lilys bag。2若名詞以s結尾，直接在詞尾加。如：T

10、eachers Day。（二）of所有格表示無生命的名詞的所有格，結構為“the+名詞+of+ the 物主代詞十名詞”。如：the window of the room房間的窗戶。（三）雙重所有格：-s所有格和of所有格結合在一起表示的所有關系。1of+名詞所有格。如：a friend of Lucys露西的一位朋友。2of+名詞性物主代詞。如：a friend, of mine我的一位朋友。四、名詞的句法功能1. 作主語 如：the car will sit six people.這車可以坐六個人。2. 作賓語 如：we love our country. 我們熱愛我們的祖國。3. 作表語

11、 如：he is a good doctor. 他是位好醫生。4. 作賓語補足語 如：Mike is considered a good monitor. 邁克被認為是一個好班長。5. 作定語 如：blood type血型； dress shop服裝店6. 作狀語 如：The meeting lasted two hours. 回憶持續了兩個小時。7. 作同位語 如： Mr. Chen, our manager, has gone to Beijing. 陳先生，我們的經理，已經去了北京。五、記憶口訣1. 名詞單數變復數規則單數變復數，規則要記住；一般加s，特殊有幾處；/ t/, /,/s/結

12、尾，es不離后；末位字母o, 大多加s；兩人（negro, hero）有兩菜(potato, tomato), es不離口；詞尾f, fe, s,前有v和e;沒有規則，必須單獨記。1. 名詞所有格名詞所有格，表示是“誰的”；若為生命詞，加“s”即可行；詞尾有s, 僅把逗號擇；并列名詞后，各自和共有；前者分別加，后者最后加；若為無生命，of所有格；前后需倒置，此是應規則。基礎訓練1. 寫出下列名詞的復數形式。1. pencil-box_ 2.leaf_ 3.Sunday_ 4city_5. dress_6. match_ 7zoo_ 8exam_9.German_ 10. foot_11Engl

13、ishman_12.Japanese_翻譯下列短語或句子。1八杯水_ 2.三筐橘子_3房問的三扇窗戶_ 4.一個小男孩的名字_5十分鐘的步行路程 _6四名美國女教師_7吉姆和凱特的媽媽_ 8五份咖啡_9桌上有一條褲子_10湯姆叔叔是我爸爸的朋友。_根據括號內所提供的詞或首字母提示，在空白處填入正確的詞。 l. I have a lot of_ (homework) to do every day. 2. Some_(child) are flying _ ( kite) near the river. 3. It is the best one of the_ (photo) in my fa

14、mily. 4. Are they building any_ (library) in the city? 5. Can you cut this big pear into two _(half)? 6. After three_(month) study, the scientists worked out the physics problem. 7._ (tree) are planted in most of the mountain villages 8.1 like a_. Its neither hot nor cold. 9. T_ comes after Monday.

15、10. Here is a card for you with our best_ (wish). 11. Therere different_ (fish) in the sea. 12. Thousands of people lost their _ (life) in the disaster. 13. Could you tell me how many_ (boy student) were at the party? 14. Jims drawing is much better than any of his _( classmate) 15. This is a _(visi

16、tor) car. Mine is over there.用括號內單詞的適當形式補全短文。 The new term is coming .Jack needs to buy a lot of 1 (thing) for the new school year. First, he needs some 2 (notebook), a few 3 (pencil), some 4 (clip), a 5 (box) of colour pencils, an 6 (eraser), some 7 (tape) for the English class and a 8 (ruler). 13e

17、sides. he has to buy two 9 (dictionary) and two 10 (sharpener). Why does he have to buy two because his twin brother also needs a dictionary and a sharpener.疑難拓展：疑難點一： 專有名詞的第一個字母必須大寫，但其巾的虛詞如冠詞、介詞等的第一個字母一般不大寫。如：the United States of America。疑難點二：集體名詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數。當強調這個集體的成員時謂語動詞則用復數形式。如：My family is ve

18、ry happy.我的家庭很幸福。 My family are watching TV.我的家人在看電視。 疑難點三：某些以-s結尾的學科、書、劇本、報紙、雜志等名詞，雖以-s結尾但它們是單數。如：politics; the United States等。疑難點四： 由兩個部分構成的名詞，若表示具體數日，要借助量詞pair來表示。如：a pair of shoes, two pairs of glasses。疑難點五：fish作“魚”講時，是可數名詞，單復數同形；作“各種魚類”講時，是可數名詞，變復數時在詞尾加-es；作“魚肉”講時，為不可數名詞。如： I ate two fish last

19、night.昨晚我吃了兩條魚。 There are many fishes in the lake.湖里有很多種魚。疑難點六：people是集體名詞，但作“民族”講時，可用復數peoples。如： There are many peoples in the world. 世界上有許多民族.疑難點七：people表示“人們”時，只有復數形式。要表示“一個人”，只能說“a person”。“兩個或兩個以上的人”可以用persons或people表示。疑難點八：有些不可數名詞表達不同含義時是可數名詞，表示具體的人或物。如：danger危險；a danger一個危險的人或一件危險的事。疑難點九：名詞通

20、常用差熬形式作定語：但有些名詞要用復數形式作定語。如：two bookstores; a clothes shop. 疑難點十：“數詞+名詞十形容詞”構成的復合形容詞作定語時，中間的名詞只能用單數形式。如：a five-year-old girl 一個五歲的女孩。疑難點十一：有生命的名詞的-s所有格與of所有格可互換。如： the girls namethe name of the girl疑難點十二：無生命的名詞，一般用of所有格，但表示時間、距離、國家、地點、長度、重量、價格等無生命的名詞，也可以-s所有格。如：five minutes ride；todays newspaper；Beij

21、ings bridges等。疑難點十三：如果兩個名詞并列，并且分別有s，則表示“分別有”；如果只是最后一個名詞后有-s則表示“共有”。如： Lilys and Johns fathers莉莉的父親和約翰的父親。 Mary and Lucys room瑪麗和露西共同的房間。疑難點十四：所有格后面的名詞在下面兩種情況下可省略：1為了避免重復，如果第一個名詞所有格修飾的詞在上文中已經提到過，或兩個名詞所有格所修飾的詞相同，往往可以省略第二個所有格后的名詞。如： Its not Janes mistake，but Jacks2表示店鋪、醫院、診所、學校、住宅、公共建筑時，名詞所有格后常常不出現它所修飾

22、的名詞。如：at the barbers 在理發店。疑難點十五 ： else常用于不定代詞、疑問代詞或疑問副詞后，表示“另外，其他”，所有格為 elses。如：Who elses book is this? 疑難點十六：雙重所有格中帶有一s所有格的名詞必須是明確限定的指人的名詞，of前面的名詞前通常有a，an，this，that，any等詞對名詞進行限定。如：a friend of my fathers；any friend of Li Mings。疑難點十七：of所有格和雙重所有格of所有格：a photo of Jack杰克的一張照片（照片上是杰克）。雙重所有格：a photo of Ja

23、cks杰克所擁有的照片中的一張（照片上不一定是杰克）。能力提升：.單項選擇。 ( )1. Can you imagine what life will be like in _ time? A. 20 years B. 20 years C. 20-years D. 20-years ( )2.-Hurry up, Jane!-Just give me five minutes to put my desk in_. A. time B. line C. order D. shape ( )3. Hey! If you want to know something about new cart

24、oons, have a look at this_. Its great. A. time B. website C. photo D. rock ( )4. I bought_ China Daily from a news stand this morning_. A. a page of B. a piece of C. a copy of D. a book of ( )5. This is_ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much. A. Anne and Jane B. Annes and Janes C. Annes and Ja

25、ne. D. Anne and Janes( )6. Two bags are on the table. Theyre _. A. the twins B. the twin C. twins D. twins . ( )7. -Can I help you? -Id like_ for my twin daughters. A. two pair of shoes B. two pairs of shoe C. two pair of shoe D. two pairs of shoes( )8. Swimming is _in summer. A. a great fun B. grea

26、t fun C. great funs D. great a fun ( )9.-What do you have for breakfast? -I often have _ or_. A. breads; noodles B. bread; noodles C. breads; noodle D. bread; noodle( )10. They got much _ on the Internet. A. photo B. ideas C. message D. information( )11. -Excuse me, is the supermarket far from here?

27、 -No, its about_. A. 7-minutes walk B. 7 minute walk C. 7 minutes walk D. 7 minutes walk( )12. He had something to write down and asked me for _. A. a paper B. some papers C. some pieces of papers D. a piece of paper( )13. There are two _ in the city. A. cars factory B. cars factories C. factories o

28、f cars D. car factories( ) 14. His sisters English is better than _ in her class. A. anyone else B. anyones C. anyones else D. anyone elses( )15-Are those _? -No, they arent. Theyre _. A. sheep; cows B. sheep; cow C. sheeps; cows D. sheeps; cow( )16. Lots of things are made of _. We must protect _.

29、A. woods; woods B. wood wood C. wood; woods D. woods; wood( )17. Im sorry I am late. I hope I didnt cause you_. A. too much trouble B. so many troubles C. much too trouble D. so more troubles( )18. -Would you like _? -Thank you; but Im not thirsty. A. some sandwiches B. some moon cakes C. some bread

30、 D. some orange( )19. He dropped the _ and broke it. A. cup of coffee B. coffees cup C. cup for coffee D. coffee cup( )20._ is nice and clean. A. The air today. B. The today air C. The air of the today D. The today of air( )21. -Whats in the _?-There are some_ and in them. A. photos; potatoes; radio

31、s B. photos; potatoes; radioes C. photoes; potatos; radios D. photos; potatos; radios( )22. -Where do you come from? .-I come from _. Im an _. A. Japan; Japanese B. America; American C. England; English D. Australian; Australian( )23. This computer is_. A. my brother B. my brothers C. my brothers D.

32、 my( )24. Put on your _ quickly. A. a cloth B. the clothes C. cloth D. clothes( )25. Our teacher gave me . A. many advices B. much advices C. many advice D. much advice( )26. At the end of the match, our school_ won by 3 : 2. A. members B. group C. team D. fans( ) 27. -Jim is ill. Do you know whats

33、wrong with him? -Poor boy. His illness is the_ of eating unhealthy food.A. result B. cause C. reason D. end( ) 28: The music made me think of the _ of a running stream. A. shout B. noise C. voice D. sound( )29. As there were not enough chairs in the park,- they had to sit on the A. ground B. earth C

34、. land D. field ( )30.-Is it an animal -Right, its a _ of the cat family. A. kind B. number C. member D. piece ( )31. There was _ on show in the museum. A. a quite nice cup B. quite nice a cup C. quite nice cup D. quite nice cup( )32. The now is that I have lots of to ask. A. problem; questions B. q

35、uestion; problems C. question; problem D. problem; question( ) 33. Youd better do morning_ every day. Its good to have lots of A. exercise；exercise B. exercises; exercise C. exercise; exercises. D. exercises; exercises( )34. He told me_ would come to his birthday party. A. many Jack friends BJack s

36、many friends Cmany Jacks friend D. many friends of Jacks ( )35. _ is an industrious nation（勤勞的民族） A. The Chinese B. The Chineses C. Chinese D. ChinesesIII .用所給詞的正確形式填空 。l. These are five_ (pencil-box) on the desk.2. Three _ (German) are walking on the Peoples Square.3. We will have several (exam) th

37、is term.4. These workers are going abroad to work for three years. Their (wife) will have to stay at home alone.5. Our city has been built a few_(zoo)6. The tigers _ (tooth) are bigger than the monkeys.7. There are two new (shelf) in my reading room.8. Jim and Mike are good friends of _.9. Quite a f

38、ew (foreigner) have visited Guangzhou the year before last.10. -Are there (animal) on the hill? -Yes, there are some.疑難突破： I.單項選擇。 ( )1. The restaurant is so popular here. Look, there are so many_ here. A. food B. dish C. people D. waiter( )2. I dont think looking after children is just _ work. A. w

39、oman B. womans C. women D. womens( )3.-Would you like some drinks, boys? -Yes, _, please. , A. some oranges B. two boxes of chocolate C. some cakes D. two boxes of-cola( )4. I saw many _ eating grass on the hill. A. horse B. cow C. rabbit D. sheep( )5. _ mothers cant come to the meeting because they have gone to Dalian. A. Sallys and Jane B. Sally and Janes C