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PartTwoInterculturalSkillsUnit6TimeandCultureWhatYouCanLearnfromThisUnit1.Understanddifferencesinattitudestowardtimeheldbypeoplefromdifferentcultures;2.Understanddifferentwordsandactionsmanifestedbydifferenttimesystems;3.Identifyproblemsandmisunderstandingscausedbydifferenttimesystemsandapplythisknowledgetotheglobalworkingenvironment;4.Definevariouscriteriaforpunctualityacrossdifferentcultures.TimeandCultureUnit

6QuestionsforInterculturalAwareness1.Canyouidentifysomeexamplesrelatedtotheconceptanduseoftimeinyourlife?2.Howdoyoupersonallyviewandhandletime?3.Doyouagreethatthereisalwaysanappropriatetimeforacertainthing?(Forinstance,goingoutonadate,makingaphonecall,etc.)Whyorwhynot?4.Howiscommunicationinfluencedbydifferentattitudestowardtime?Explain.TimeandCultureUnit

6Project-basedLearningInterculturalLensReading2Reading1Warm-upScenarioCaseStudyWarm-upScenarioTeachingtips:First,havestudentsstudyReading1andReading2togainabetterunderstandingofthebasicconceptsofpolychronicandmonochronictime.Next,askthemtoapplytheseconceptstoanalyzewhathappensinthewarm-upscenario.Then,askstudentstopresentvariousculturalpointsandinterculturalperspectives.Finally,askstudentstodiscusshowtheywouldhandlesituationswherepolychronicandmonochronicindividualsworktogetherinfutureworkplaces.ExperiencingDifferentCulturesatShanghaiWorldExpoWarm-upScenarioDiscussionExperiencingDifferentCulturesatShanghaiWorldExpoMonochronicCultures

(e.g.,USA,Germany,Japan)PolychronicCultures

(e.g.,Mexico,SaudiArabia,India)Timeislinear,segmented,andschedule-driven.Timeisfluid,flexible,andrelationship-focused."Onethingatatime"

–tasksaresequential.Multipletaskssimultaneously

–interruptionsarenormal.Punctuality=professionalism.Deadlinesareflexible;relationships>schedules.Example:

AGermanmanagerendsmeetingsabruptlywhenthescheduleends.Example:

AnArabexecutivemayextendameetingifavaluedguestarriveslate.anthropologyn.人類學Bedouinn.貝都因人(在阿拉伯半島、敘利亞和北非沙漠中游牧的阿拉伯人)contingencyn.(可能發生的)意外事件,不測事件continuumn.統一體,連續體demarcationn.劃分,劃定,界定digressionn.偏離主題enculturatev.使適應所處社會的文化方式Heraclitusn.赫拉克利特(古希臘唯物主義哲學家)Reading1DynamicsofInterculturalCommunicationVocabularyinvokev.(在腦海中)喚起,引起,產生monochronicadj.單元時間制的Navajon.納瓦霍人(散居于美國新墨西哥州、亞利桑那州及猶他州的北美印第安人)passagen.(時間的)流逝Plutarchn.普魯塔克(古希臘傳記作家、散文家)polychronicadj.多元時間制的seamlessadj.渾然一體的,無縫的variablen.(數學中的)變量,變元NotesReading11.Subsequentresearchfromavarietyofsourcesindicatedthatsomecultureswithapastorientationviewthetraditionsofwhatcamebeforeasbeingmoreimportantinmanywaysthanthepresent.pastorientation意為“過去時間取向”,即注重傳統、過去。大部分亞洲國家以過去時間取向文化為主。本句大意為:后來的種種研究表明,在一些以過去時間取向文化為主的人們眼里,傳統比起當下的事物,在許多方面都更為重要。2.Thesearemostlylinearthinkerswhoseetimeasscarce,valuable,somethingtobesaved(orlost),andhavingamonetaryequivalent:“Timeismoney.”本句大意為:這些大部分都是線性思維的人,他們認為時間是稀少的、寶貴的,是需要節約(或會被浪費)的,而且可以與金錢對等,即“時間就是金錢”。具有這種時間觀念的人討厭浪費時間,比較守時。NotesReading13.Theyalsoprefertofocusononetaskatatime.本句大意為:他們也更偏向于在一段時間內把注意力集中在一件事情上。即在每一時間段中做一件事,不會在同一時間段中安排兩件或三件事。4.…youcanexpecttostartoffwithafewminutesofsmalltalkandthenproceedinalinearfashionfromitemnumberonetothelastitemontheagendawithnomajordigressions.本句大意為:你會發現人們通常在開始時寒暄幾分鐘,然后就進入議程,將議程上的問題逐個進行討論,其間不再有過多的題外話。持這種時間觀念的人不會花過多時間閑聊,見面寒暄之后就會直接進入主題。NotesReading15.Hurryinganypropositionisconsideredsuperficialanddeadlinesarenevermissed(theyaresimplyadjusted)…本句大意為:匆忙達成一項提議被認為是膚淺的,人們從不會超過截止日期(因為人們會一直調整日期)。這說明多元時間制的人們對已作出的時間安排會不斷地改變與調整,不像單元時間制的人們那樣按計劃、按時間安排處事。6.Still,nationssuchasIndia,Brazil,Mexico,andVietnamarelearningtolivewithbothoftheseconcepts…本句大意為:不過,印度、巴西、墨西哥、越南等國家正在試著接受這兩個概念,允許它們并存。當單元時間制與多元時間制的人們在談判時,由于他們對時間概念理解不同,在談判中必然會產生誤解,所以只有雙方相互理解,相互調整,交流才會順利進行,才能取得預期的效果。DiscussionfromInterculturalPerspectives1.Theconceptoftimeis

culturallyspecific,notuniversal.Whileallhumansexperiencetimebiologically(e.g.,aging,circadianrhythms),its

socialperception,organization,andvalue

varydramaticallyacrosscultures.

Globalization’sImpact:Hybridization,NotHomogenizationWhiletechnology(e.g.,globalZoommeetings)imposessuperficialalignment:Deepculturalvaluespersist:

AJapaneseteammay

formally

adoptWesterndeadlinesbutstillprioritizeconsensus-buildingoverspeed."Corporatetime"vs."Localtime":

Multinationalsenforcestandardizedschedules,butlocalofficesadaptinternally(e.g.,strictclientdeadlinesbutflexibleinternalmeetingsinBrazil).Reading1DiscussionfromInterculturalPerspectives2.

Punctualityisa

highlyvaluedsocialnorminmostWesterncultures,deeplytiedtoconceptsofprofessionalism,respect,andefficiency.However,itsdefinitionandstrictnessvaryacrossWesternsocieties.

CoreWesternAttitudesTowardPunctuality"TimeisMoney"Mentality

Rootedinindustrialization,timeisseenasafiniteresource.Latenessequalswastedtimeandlostproductivity.

Example:

U.S.businesscultureoftenquantifiesmeetingdelaysinliteraldollars(e.g.,"This30-mindelaycostus$5,000inbillablehours").Punctuality=Respect

Arrivingontimesignalsyouvalueothers’time;latenessimpliesdisrespect.

Example:

InGermany,beinglateforajobinterviewcandisqualifyacandidate.ReliabilityMarker

Consistentlybeingontimebuildstrust;chroniclatenessdamagescredibility.Reading1DiscussionfromInterculturalPerspectives3.

ThenotionthatmanyAsianandLatinculturesemphasizetraditionandhistoricalcontinuity

doesoftenreflectprideinpastachievements,butit'smorenuancedthansimplenostalgia—it'sabout

drawingidentity,wisdom,andsocialcohesionfromhistory.Crucially,

yes,theirculturalvaluescanbeperceivedthroughobservablepractices,astraditionsareactivelywovenintomodernlife.

Thepastisn’tamuseuminthesecultures—it’sa

toolkitfornavigatingmodernity.Observing

howtraditionsarepracticed,debated,orcommercialized

revealscorevalues:Continuity

(e.g.,ancestralrites),Adaptation

(e.g.,ancientcraftsinglobalmarkets),Resilience

(e.g.,historicalnarrativesfuellingdevelopment).Reading1intervaln.間隔,間歇meticulouslyadv.一絲不茍地posethechallengeanew重新提出提議presagev.預示,預兆(尤指壞事)reputedlyadv.據說slackn.富余部分,閑置部分ManagingChangeinaPast-orientedCultureVocabularyReading2caucusv.召開核心會議demeanorn.舉止,風度episoden.片段Ethiopian.埃塞俄比亞gotogreatpains煞費苦心(做某事)harkback回想,談論往事,追憶過去inthelastdeparture“slot”在最后一個可以離開的“契機”NotesReading21.Synchronicculturescarrytheirpaststhroughthepresentintothefutureandwillrefusetoconsiderchangingunlessconvincedthattheirheritageissafe.synchronicculture意為“共時性文化”,在共時性文化中,人們往往將過去、現在和將來聯系在一起,并認為過去和將來都會對現在產生影響。本句大意為:在共時性文化中,人們認為過去貫穿于現在和將來,除非確保他們的文化遺產是安全的,否則不愿意改變。2.…theMexicanteamthrewofftheschedulerightawaybyarrivingonehourlate.墨西哥團隊沒有按照美方的要求準時到場參加會議,使美國團隊等了一個小時,這是因為二者的時間觀念不同。美國屬于單元時間制文化(monochronicculture),認為時間是線性的,每個事件之間不會有時間上的重疊,因此人們注重守時,按時完成每一件事;而墨西哥屬于多元時間制文化(polychronicculture),認為時間是可循環的,許多事情可以同時發生,并不強調守時。NotesReading23.Hereturnedawhilelatertofindthatthemeetinghadgoneonwithouthim.墨西哥部長因有急事離開會議,回到會議室后發現會議在按原計劃繼續進行,因此感到吃驚與失望。這是因為美國屬于單元時間制文化,活動與會議需要按計劃進行,不會因某人(即使是領導)延遲。在墨西哥的多元時間制文化中,時間并不會被嚴格地規劃和管理,時間的安排往往很靈活,而且又會因人而隨時改變。在本案例中部長以為人們會等他回來再繼續會議。4.…thepresentationfocusedonlyonthefirsttwoyearsafterinstallationratherthanthelonger-termfuturetogether.美國人在報告中只作了兩年的規劃,而墨西哥人認為應該作長遠規劃。這是因為墨西哥文化為長期取向文化(long-termorientationculture),傾向于制定長遠目標,而美國文化為短期取向文化(short-termorientationculture),更習慣制定許多短期目標。NotesReading25.AlongpresentationonthehistoricalbackgroundoftheFrenchstate-ownedcompanywaspreparedfortheministerandhisteam.IthaddonebusinesswithMexico’stelephonesystemasearlyas1930andwantedtore-establishahistoricpartnership.法國代表在報告中沒有為將來制定清晰的目標,而是反復重申過去的歷史以及與墨西哥以往的合作,這是因為法國文化屬于過去時間取向文化(past-orientedculture)。在這種文化中,人們傾向于在當下的生活中保護和維持過去的歷史與傳統。本句大意為:法國國有公司為墨西哥部長和他的團隊準備了一段很長的報告,來講述雙方合作的歷史背景。早在1930年他們就與墨西哥電信系統有過合作,他們希望以此為契機再次合作。NotesReading26.TheMexicanswereinterestedintheproductonlyaspartofanongoingrelationship,anissuewhichthesynchronicFrenchwerealsocarefultostress.墨西哥和法國文化都屬于共時性文化(synchronicculture),也可稱為多元時間制文化,在這種文化中,目標的達成往往與人與人之間的關系密切相關,因此在與他們合作之前,需要先與他們建立良好的關系;而序列文化(sequentialculture),也稱為單元時間制文化的人們往往對事不對人,將工作與個人情感分開,因此在工作或談判中不會涉及太多社交活動。DiscussionfromInterculturalPerspectivesKeyInsight:

“TheAmericansoptimizedforspeed;theFrenchoptimizedfortrust.”

Synchronicculturesrejectrushed,segmentedapproaches—theyseekpartnerswhohonorsharedhistoryandinvestinlimitlessfutures.Reading2ManagingChangeinaPast-orientedCultureDiscussionfromInterculturalPerspectivesReading2AmericanMistakeswithTightSchedulesMonochronicvs.PolychronicTime:Americans(monochronic):Viewtimelinearly,prioritizeschedules,efficiency,andtasksegmentation.Mexicans(polychronic):Valuerelationships,flexibility,andsimultaneousagendas.Timeisfluid.KeyErrors:RigidScheduling:TheAmericans’minute-by-minuteagenda(video→VPpresentation→lunch→Q&A)ignoredMexicanculturalnorms.Mexicansarrivedlate,tookurgentcalls,andexpectedsocialflexibility.DisrespectingRelationship-Building:TheAmericanstreatedlunchasa"battle"tacticratherthanorganicrelationship-building.Mexicanssawthisastransactional.IgnoringSynchronicity:Separatingsalesfromafter-salesservice(as"later"tasks)clashedwiththeMexicanviewofbusinessasacontinuousrelationship.PoorWaitingEtiquette:WhenMexicanswerelate,theAmericanscaucusedprivatelyinsteadofwaitingrespectfully.Thissignalledunavailabilityandimpatience.Result:ThetightschedulefeltaggressiveanddismissiveofMexicanpriorities(relationships,flexibility).DiscussionfromInterculturalPerspectivesReading2FrenchSuccessFactorsCulturalSynergywithMexicans:FlexibleApproach:LooseagendaallowedadjustmentsbasedonMexicanneeds(e.g.,timing,topics).EmphasisonHistory:Highlightedlong-termties(businesssince1930),framingthedealasrenewingapartnership—aligningwithMexico’spast-oriented,synchronicculture.IntegratedRelationships:Treatedafter-salesserviceaspartofthe

ongoing

relationship,notaseparate"future"contract.TimeInvestment:Dedicated2weekstobuildtrust,lettingMexicanscontrolthepace.KeyCulturalAlignment:SynchronicTimePerception:BothFrenchandMexicansviewedtimeholistically(past-present-futureinterconnected).RelationshipoverEfficiency:Prioritizedlong-termpartnershipoverquickwins.RespectfulDemeanor:Waitedpatiently,avoidedpressuringdeadlines,andhonoredMexicansocialcues(e.g.,flexibility,hospitality).Result:TheFrenchdemonstratedcommitmenttomutualgoalsandculturalrespect,winningtrustdespiteaninferiorproduct.InterculturalLensTeachingtips:Encouragestudentsto

explorebodylanguageofspecificcountries/regions

through

AI-assistedresearch

basedontheirinterests.ThefollowingareexamplesprovidedbyDeepSeek.“OK”sign(??):InBrazilandsomeothercountries,thisgesture(thumbandindexfingerformingacircle)canbeoffensive(similartogivingsomeonethemiddlefingerintheU.S.).“Thumbsup”(??):Generallypositive,butinpartsofBrazil,itcanmean"thankyou"or"goodjob."Usecautiously.Pointingwiththeindexfinger:Consideredrudeinmanycountries(e.g.,Argentina,Chile).Instead,gesturewithanopenhandornodyourhead.GuesturesTeachingTips:Beforestudentsstarttoanswerquestions,teacherscanaskstudentsfirsttodiscusswhathappened,analyzethereasonsbehind,andthenaskstudentstodiscusstwopiecesofadvice:adaptationandcommunicationAskstudentstodiscussthefirstadvice:adaptationWhoshouldadapttotheother?Andwhy?IftheChinesestudentadaptsherselftotheAmericanwaybytakingshowerinthemorning,doyouthinktheywillbecomefriends?Whyorwhynot?AdaptationorCommunicationCaseStudyThendiscussthesecondpieceofadvice:communicationDiscusshowtocommunicateandwhattosaytotheAmericanroommate.(Studentsmaydiscussitingroups.Askeachgrouptoperformarole-playbasedontheirdiscussions.Afteralltherole-plays,theclasscanevaluateanddeterminewhichapproachworksbest.AdaptationorCommunicationCaseStudy??

Interculturalconflictsthriveincommunicationvacuums.

Talkearly,talkkindly

–smalladjustments+mutualunderstandingpreventbigclashes.KeyCulturalInsightsOutcome:Whenbothpartiesvoiceneedsrespectfully,theyhonoreachother’svalues→conflictbecomes

bonding.AnalyzingtheIssuesintheCaseCaseStudyAdaptationorCommunicationProject-basedLearningLearningChineseculture:SeekingcommongroundwhilereservingdifferencesTeachingtips:Askstudentstoidentifywhereandonwhichoccasionthesedifferentsayingsarequoted.Then,havethemdiscussthesignificanceofthesesayingsthatconveythesamevalues.StudentscanalsoseekassistancefromAItodiscoveradditionalexpressionsthatreflectsimilarvaluessharedbetweenChinaandothercountries.Project-basedLearningLearningChineseculture:Seekingcommongroundwhilereservingdifferences出處——“習”語原文:中國有句古話:“千里之行,始于足下?!庇《扔芯渲V語:“水滴匯成溪,稻穗集成束?!本挼槿顺Uf:“想,要凌云壯志;干,要腳踏實地?!敝袊鴮⒗^續做弘揚和平共處五項原則的表率,同印度、緬甸和國際社會一道,推動建設持久和平、共同繁榮的和諧世界。AnoldChineseadagesays,"Ajourneyofonethousandmilesbeginswiththefirststep."AnIndianproverbgoes,"Dropsofwaterjointomakeastream,andearscombinetomakeacrop."AndpeopleinMyanmaroftensay,"Beambitiousinthinkingbutdown-to-earthinaction."ChinawillstrivetobeapacesetterinobservingtheFivePrinciplesofPeacefulCoexistence.WewillworkwithIndia,Myanmarandtherestoftheinternationalcommunitytobuildaharmoniousworldofdurablepeaceandcommonprosperity.2014年6月在和平共處五項原則發表60周年紀念大會上的講話LearningculturethroughproverbsWorkinpairsandexchangeviewsonthemeaningsofthefollowingproverbs,thentrytofindouttheirChinese

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