高三英語語法總復習訓練材料動詞不定式

一、不定式構造作主語Toseeonetimeisbetterthantohearahundredtimes.Toperseveremeansvictory!注①：在諸多狀況下，尤其是在口語中，常采用先行it替代主語，而把不定式后置：It’sagreatpleasuretobehere.Itisnotaneasythingtomasteralanguage.注②：這種后置不定式的構造也合用于某些謂語動詞不是系動詞的句子，如：Ittookusfivehourstogetthere.Itmadeusveryangrytohearhimtalklikethat.注③：不定式構造的邏輯主語一般可在特定的上下文或情景中看出，也可以由“for+名詞詞組”來表達，如：Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itwasdifficultformetodothework.注④：某些形容詞在上述構造中作表語時，常在不定式之前加上“of+名詞詞組”來闡明不定式所指的是誰的狀況，如：It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.It’sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.It’sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.Itwascarelessofhertomakesuchamistake.二、不定式構造作表語1．主語和表語都是不定式（其含義往往一是條件，一是成果），如：Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.Todothatwouldbetocutthefoottofittheshoe.2．主語是以aim,duty,hope,idea,intention,mistake,plan,proposal,job,suggestion等為中心詞的名詞詞組，或以what引導的名詞性從句表達，背面的不定式闡明其內容，如：Myideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorth.Yourmistakewasnottowritethatletter.Mysuggestionistostartworkatonce.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.注：在某些句型中，當主語部分有動作動詞do時，作表語的不定式可以省略符號“to”，如：Allwehavetodoispushthebutton.TheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.AllIcoulddowassendhimatelegram.三、不定式構造作動詞賓語1．“動詞+帶to的不定式構造”。此類動詞常見的有：afford,agree,arrange,ask,choose,decide,demand,desire,expect,hope,learn,manage,offer,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,like,hate,prefer,continue,try,start,forget,mean,intend,begin,等，例如：I’vearrangedtomeethimatteno’clock.Ididn’texpecttofindyouhere.2．“動詞+疑問詞+帶to的不定式構造”。（這種不定式構造靠近一種名詞從句）。此類動詞常見的有：tell,advise,show,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn,forget,inquire,know,explain,remember,see,understand,wonder等。疑問詞（也稱連接代/副詞）有：what,where,who(m),when,how,whether,which（why除外），如：Idon’tknowwhattodo/wheretogo/who(m)toask/whentostop/howtogetthere.Ihaven’tdecidedwhethertosellitornot.Wemustfindoutwhattodonext/wheretoputit.注①：假如作賓語的不定式構造有自己的補語，則應使用先行it，把不定式后置，例如：Ifinditdifficulttounderstandhim.Wethoughtitwrongnottohelpher.Theyfounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.注②：不定式構造一般不可作介詞賓語,只有在個別場所,即在具有否認意義的帶有介詞except或but(=except)的構造中才能這樣用，例如：Heseldomcomesexcepttolookatmypictures.Thechilddidnothingexceptweep.Shecandoanythingbutsing.Hewilldoanythingforyouexceptlendyoumoney.Theycoulddonothingbutwaitforthedoctorstoarrive.注意不定式符號的省略問題！四、不定式構造作定語1．不定式作定語一般只能放在被修飾的名詞之后，如：It’stimetogotobed.Heisnotamantobowbeforedifficulties.Haveyouanythingtodeclare?Sheusuallyhasalotofmeetingstoattendintheevening.Iwanttogetsomethingtoreadduringthevocation.2．能帶不定式構造作賓語的動詞，轉化成名詞時往往也能帶不定式構造作定語，如：Idon’twishtoquarrelwithyou.→Ihavenowishtoquarrelwithyou.Theywillattempttocrosstherivertonight.→Theywillmakeanotherattempttocrosstherivertonight.Shepromisednottodothatagain.→Shemadeapromisenottodothatagain.3．某些能帶不定式構造作狀語的形容詞，轉化成名詞時，也能帶不定式構造作定語，如：Hewasobviouslyanxioustogo.→Hisanxietytogowasobvious.4．不定式構造與所修飾的名詞，有時意義上有著主謂關系或動賓關系，如：Hehasalargefamilytosupport(=thathemustsupport).注：處在動賓關系的狀況下，假如不定式是不及物動詞，它背面應加上必要的介詞，如：Shehasalotofthingstoattendto.Thenursehasfivechildrentolookafter.Let’sfirstfindaroomtoputthethingsin.5．有時為了明確不定式構造的邏輯關系，可以在不定式之前加上for+名詞詞組，如：Here’sabookforyoutoread.Hegaveordersforthevisitorstobeshownin.五、不定式構造作狀語不定式構造可以作狀語，修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等，表達目的、原因、成果、條件等。1．表達目的：Theyranovertowelcomethedelegates.Heboughtabicycletogototownmorequickly.Hewenthometoseehismother.注①：不定式構造表達目的時，一般句子的主語就是它的邏輯主語(參見以上三句)，但也有例外的狀況，例如：Istoppedforhimtospeaktome.Heopenedthedoorforthechildrentocomein.Hebroughtaportertocarrytheboxes/bags.Theysentamantomendthewindow.Hestooduptobeseenbetter.注②：為了強調表達目的的不定式構造，尤其是在不定式構造前有否認詞not時，一般可以在不定式符號to之前加上inorder或soas，如：HecamehereinordertoseeCharlie.Heshoutedandwavedsoastobenoticed.Hewentearlyinordernottomissthetrain.Iturnedtheradiodownsoasnottodisturbhim.注③：表達目的的不定式可以置于句首，這也是區別于其他功能的標志之一。不過，置于句首表達目的的不定式之前可以加上inorder，但卻不可以加上soas，如：Todrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.(Inordertodrawmapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.)Togetthebestresults,usecleanwater.2.表到達果：WhathaveIsaidtomakeyousoangry?Hecameroundtofindhimselfinhospital.不定式構造表到達果更常見于下列句型：①

so…asto…Wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle/tellmethetime?②

such(…)asto…I’mnotsuchafoolastobelievethat.③

enoughto…Theboyisoldenoughtogotoschool.④

too…to…Hiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters.注意：下列句子中的不表到達果，也無否認含義：I’monlytoogladtogo.(=I’mverygladtogo.)Ishallbeonlytoopleasedtogethome.(=Ishallbeverypleasedtogethome.)〖onlytoo(adv.)極;非常;太;很〗☆☆有時，不定式構造還能表達一種隨即發生的動作，相稱于一種并列限定動詞詞組，這種不定式構造也表到達果，如：Shewokeearlytofinditwasraining.Hegothometolearnthathisfatherwasill.這種表到達果的不定式構造具有下列幾種特點：①不定式所示的動作是隨即發生的，相稱于一種限定動詞詞組，如：Hearrivedlatetofindtheothershadgonehome.Hearrivedlateandfoundtheothershadgonehome.②

不定式根據與否需要停止而決定與主句與否用逗號隔開。Helefthisnativecountry(,)nevertoreturn.Hereturnedhome(,)tofindhisfatherlyingsickinbed.③不定式所示的成果往往具有“令人意想不到”的意味，其中以“使人不快樂的成果”較為常見。（有時也可以表達令人快樂、驚喜的成果），如：HewenthometofindhisoldfriendGeorgewaitingforhim.④

不定式之前有時可以加上only或butonly，以加強語氣，如：Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.Theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet.注：不定式構造表到達果或表達目的，往往形式相似，這時，須根據詞匯意義認真加以區別，試比較：Hearrivedlatetofindtheothershadgonehome.(=Hearrivedlateandfoundtheothershadgonehome.)HearrivedlatetoavoidmeetingRobert.(=HearrivedlateinordertoavoidmeetingRobert.)Hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone.Hewenttothestationtoinquireaboutthetimesoftrains.(=Hewenttothestationinordertoinquireaboutthetimesoftrains.)3.表達原因：（不定式所示的動作先于謂語動詞的動作）Shewepttohearthenews.Ipretendtobehappytoknowhim.Helaughedtoseesuchfun.Sheseemedsurprisedtomeetus.六、不定式構造作賓語補足語Don’tforceyourselftowritewhenyouhavenothingtosay.Hebelievedtheearthtobeaglobe.Didyouseeayoungmanenterthehouse?1．只能用不定式構造作賓語補足語的動詞：①表達“但愿”“愿望”等心理狀態的動詞，如：wish,desire,expect,love,prefer,encourage,trust等。Whatdoyoudesiremetodo?Thedirectorpreferredhertoacttheoldlady.②具有“讓”“容許”“促使”“致使”等祈使意義的動詞，如：let,allow,permit,decide,mean,lead,bring,put,hurry,cause,等。Wemustn’tletthishappenagain.Hisfatherputhimtomindthesheep.③帶有“祈求”“懇求”等感情色彩的動詞，如：ask,desire,invite,beg,request,worry等。Hebeggedmenottotellhisfatheraboutit.ShewasalwaysworryingherfathertotakehertoParis.④

具有“提議”“勸說”等意義的動詞，如：advise,persuade,callon,urge等。Heurgedustoacceptthecompromise.Thedentistadvisedmetohavethebadtoothpulledout.⑤

具有“命令”“強迫”“嚴禁”等意義的動詞，如：order,command,require,charge,tell,make,oblige,force,drive,forbid,warn等。Herequiredustokeepitasecret.Thedoctororderedhimtostayinbedforafewdays.Iwarnyounottodothatagain.⑥

其他尚有：help,teach,show,assist,report,bear,waitfor,train,dependon等。Hepromisedtoteachmetoswim.Weshouldtrainthemtomakeuseofreferencebooks.Wearewaitingforthetraintostop.2．既能用不定式構造又能用目前分詞作賓語補足語的動詞：△see,watch,notice,lookat,hear,listento,observe,feel,have;△imagine,find,discover,like,want,understand,hate,bring,get,leave,setDidyouseeanyoneenterthehouse?Don’timagineyourselftobealwayscorrect.Wefindhimtobedishonest.Hesettheboystocarrywater.I’llleavehimtosolvetheproblemforhimself.注①：有些動詞用不定式與用目前分詞作賓語補足語，所體現的意義是有差異的。一般說來，用不定式表達一次性動作或動作的完畢（即全過程）；而用目前分詞則表達動作正在進行，即：謂語動詞所示的動作發生時，目前分詞所示的動作正在進行，如：Didyouseeanyoneenterthehouse?Hesawhisfathertalkingwithhisteacher.Ionceheardhimsingthissong.SheheardMr.Whitesinginginthenextroom.注②：使用不定式作賓語補足語時，在有些動詞背面，不定式符號to應當省略。△下列動詞用不定式作賓語補足語時，必須省去不定式符號to：let,make,have,see,watch,notice,lookat,observe,hear,listentoHeobservedsomeoneopenthedoor.Iwatchedthemgetintothecar.Didyounoticehimleavetheroom?△feel一詞在使用todo型不定式作賓語補足語時，不帶to；在使用tobe型不定式時，要帶to，如：Hefeltthemtoberight.Didyoufeeltheearthshake?△help一詞在使用不定式作賓語補足語時，可以帶to，也可以不帶to，如：Doyouoftenhelpyourmother(to)dothehousework?△使用不定式作賓語補足語的句子，改為被動構造后來，賓語補足語就成了主語補足語，這時，“to”不可以省略，如：Thebossmadethemworkfrommorningtillnight.Theyweremadetoworkfrommorningtillnight.不定式的一般式所示的動作，一般與重要謂語所示的動作（或狀態）同步（或幾乎同步）發生，或者是在它之后發生例如：Whoheardhimsaythat?Theyinvitedustogotherethissummer.假如不定式所示的動作在謂語所示的動作之前發生，這個不定式就要用完畢式，如：I’mgladtohaveseenyourmother.(cf.I’mgladtoseeyou.)七、不定式的完畢式有下列使用方法1．構成復合謂語，如：Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.(Itissaidthathehaswrittenanewbookaboutworkers.)Theenemywasreportedtohavesurrendered.(Itwasreportedthattheenemyhadsurrendered.)Sheseemedtohaveheardaboutitalready.(Itseemedthatshehadalreadyheardaboutit.)2．在某些作表語用的形容詞后作狀語，如：Youareluckytohavegotticketstotheconcert.(=Youareluckythatyouhavegotticketstotheconcert.)I’msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble.(=I’msorryIhavegivenyousomuchtrouble.)Shewasverygladtohavedonesomethingforthepeople.3．在某些動詞后作賓語，如：Hepretendednottohaveseenme.Imeanttohavetoldyouaboutit,butIforgottodoso.4．有時還可以作主語、定語或構成復合賓語，如：Itwasagreatsatisfactiontohaverevisitedournativevillage.（主語）Soyouaretheonetohavecleanedalltheserooms.（定語）Theythoughtitapitynottohaveinvitedher.（復合賓語）Shefeltitanhonourtohavetakenpartinthework.（復合賓語）假如重要謂語所示的動作（或狀況）發生時，不定式所示的動作正在進行，這時，不定式就要用進行式。八、不定式的進行式重要有下列幾種使用方法1．構成復合謂語，如：Theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeacrosstheriver.Theyseemtobegettingalongquitewell.Ihappenedtobegoingthatwaytoo.2．在某些動詞后構成復合賓語，如：Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.3．在某些動詞后作賓語，如：H