ContentsPartIIntroductiontotheNervousSystem

PartIIDiseasesRelatedtotheNervousSystemPartIIICelebrityandDiseasePartIVMedicalTerminologyRelatedtotheNervousSystem1PartVFurtherThinkingPartIVideo:IntroductiontotheNervousSystem2ThinkandTalk

Thenervoussystemiscomposedofthebrain,spinalcordandcountlessnervecellsspreadingalloverthebody.Thissystemplaysaveryimportantroleinthebodyfunctions.Thebrainisthemassagingcenterofthenervoussystem.Itismadeupofcerebrum,cerebellumandthebrainstemorthemedulla.Thecerebrumcontrolsdifferentpartsofthebody.Thecerebellumcontrolsmotorfunctionsandmuscularactivity,andregulatesvoluntarymovements.Themedullaisresponsibleforautomaticfunctionsandtransmitsthemessagesbetweenthebrainandtherestpartsofthebody.Whenstimulated,neuronstransmitnerveimpulsesandsendmessagesfromthesenseorganstothenervoussystemaboutthesurroundingenvironment.Forexample,sensoryneuronsareresponsibleforphysicalstimuli.Intermsofsuchdiverseroles,itisobviousthatthenervoussystemgreatlyhelpscontrolandmaintainthenormalfunctionsofdifferentpartsofourbody.Reference3TaskOne:BlankFilling

Automatically

(2)nervous (3)spinalcord (4)functions (5)messaging WatchandDo(6)Controls(7)

vision(8)voluntary(9)medulla(10)transmits4TaskTwo:ErrorCorrectionEverysingleactionthatyouperformisbecauseofthecoordinationofthenervoussystem,whichismadeupofthebrain,spinalcordandalargenetworkofnervesthatarespreadthroughoutthebody.2.Thehumanbrainisthemessagingcenterofthenervoussystem.Itis

protectedbytheskull.Itconsistsofcerebrum,cerebellumandthebrain

stemorthemedulla.WatchandDo5TaskTwo:ErrorCorrection3.Thecerebellumlocatedbelowthecerebrumcoordinatesvoluntary

movementslikebalance,movementandspeech.Itcontrolsmotorfunctionsandmuscularactivity.Thebrainisconnectedtothespinalcordthroughthemedulla.Ittransmits

themessagesorimpulsesthatthebrainandtherestofthebodysendbackandforth.4.Thebrainhasmorethan10billionnervecells.Whenyouseeamosquitosittingonyourhandorfeelitsbite,neuronsarestimulatedbythesensationandanimpulseisgenerated.5.weareabletomovebecausethebrainsignalsthemotornervestoexpandorcontractthemuscles.Spinalnervesperformthefunctionsofbothsensory

nervesandmotornerves.WatchandDo6TaskThree:Description

Ournervoussystemconsistsofthebrain,spinalcordandalargenetworkofnervesspreadingalloverthebody.Thissystemplaysaveryimportantroleinthebodyfunctions,andevenasingleactionweperformowestothecoordinationofthenervoussystem.Thebrainmadeupofcerebrum,cerebellumandthebrainstemormedullaworksasthemassagingcenterofthenervoussystem.Thecerebrum,dividedintofourareas,controlsdifferentpartsofthebody.Thecerebellumcontrolsmotorfunctionsandmuscularactivity,aswellascoordinatesvoluntarymovementslikebalanceandspeech.Themedullaisresponsibleforalltheautomaticfunctionslikerespiration,andtransmitsthemessagesbetweenthebrainandtherestpartsofthebody.WatchandDo7TaskThree:DescriptionThereare3typesofneurons,sensoryneurons,motornervesandspinalnervesormixednerves.Whenstimulated,neuronstransmitnerveimpulsesandcarrymessagesfromthesenseorganstothenervoussystemaboutsurroundingenvironment.Forexample,sensoryneuronsareresponsibleforphysicalstimulilikelight,soundandtouch.Asforsuchdiverserolesthenervoussystemplays,wecanclearlyseeitallowsthebraintocontrolourbodyandhelpsdifferentpartsofthebodycommunicateandfulfillrespectivefunctionssuccessfully.WatchandDo8PartIIDiseasesRelatedtotheNervousSystem9PartIIDiseasesRelatedtotheNervousSystemVideoOneVideoTwoDepressionAudioStudySuggestsManyPeopleMayNotUnderstandTheirRiskforDementia10WhatIsAutism？VideoOneWhatIsAutism？11ThinkandTalkSymptomsofchildautismmayinclude:1.Socialrelationshipsandinteractions.Forexample,itmaybedifficultforachildtomakeeyecontact.Italsomaybedifficultforthemtounderstandotherpeople’sfeelings,suchassorroworpain.2.Verbalandnonverbalcommunication.Forexample,achildmayhavedifficultyinspeaking.,orheorsheisnotevenabletospeak,orheorshemayjustrepeatsomewordstimeandtimeagain.3.Limitedinterestinplayoractivities.Forexample,littlekidsmayonlyfocusonpartsofatoy,notthewholeone.Olderchildrenandadultsmaybefascinatedbycertaintopics.Reference12PartII-VideoOneWatchandDoTaskOne:BlankFillingspectrum(2)facialexpressions(3)evident,speechdelays(4)18-24months(5)geneticmutation13PartII-VideoOneTaskTwo:TrueorFalse1.F(1850s1950s）2.T3.F(easy

difficult)4.T5.F(not)WatchandDoWatchandDo14PartII-VideoOneTaskThree:QuestionsandAnswers1.Ourbasicunderstandingofautismisawholespectrumofbehavior.Butonethingthisspectrumhasincommonisthedifficultyorcompletefailureinunderstandingthatotherpeoplehaveemotions,feelings,andthoughts,thesameasthechildwhoisstrickenwithautism.2.Achildwithautismmaylookatsomebody’sface,forexample,asjustanotherobject,whichmeansallthenuances(slightdifference)offacialexpressionsweusetocommunicatewitheachotherarelostonthatchild.Likewise,hemayhaveaverydifficulttimelearningwords,becausewordsarejustrandomsoundsasfarasheisconcerned.WatchandDoWatchandDo15PartII-VideoOneTaskThree:QuestionsandAnswers3.Upto40percentofautisticchildrenarenowknowntohavesomesortofgeneticmutationthatmaycontributetotheirautisticbehavior.Butwedon’treallyknowthecauseexactlyasto60percentofcases.However,wearelearningmoreandmorethatautismiscausedbythingsthathappenedbeforebirthintheuterus.WatchandDoWatchandDo16PartII-VideoOneVideoTwoDepression17ThinkandTalkDepressionisamedicaldiseasethatcancauseafeelingofsorrowandlackofinterest.Itmayaffectpeople’sfeelings,behaviors,andthoughts,andresultinemotionalandphysicalproblems.Thesymptomsofdepressionmaynotbethesamefordifferentsufferers.Somepeoplemaybehopeless,othersmaygothroughirritability,andstillothersmayloseinterestineatingoreattoomuch.Somemayevenhavethethoughtofcommittingsuicide.Depressionmayalsoleadtootherillnesses.Althoughscientistsarestillnotsureaboutwhatcausesdepression,alotoffactorscombinetocontributetotheoccurrenceofdepression,suchasgenes,personalexperience,andpsychologicalfactorsetc.Inanycase,thereishopethatevenpeoplewhogetseveredepressioncanbetreatedtotheextentofsymptom-free.Reference18PartII-VideoTwoTaskOne:MultipleChoices1.B2.A

3.D

4.C

5.BWatchandDo19PartII-VideoTwoTaskTwo:BlankFilling1.(1)mooddisorder(2)prolongedanddeepsadness(3)persistentthoughts2.(4)allinformationtransfer(5)allinformationstorage3.(6)decision-making,personalityexpressionandsocialbehavior4.(7)controlsemotionalreactions5.(8)treatableillnessWatchandDo20PartII-VideoTwoTaskThree:RearrangetheOrder2-1-3-4-6-5WatchandDo21PartII-VideoTwoAudioStudySuggestsManyPeopleMayNotUnderstandTheirRiskforDementia22ThinkandTalk

Dementiaisabrain-destroyingdisease,whichgivesrisetothementaldeteriorationoforganicorfunctionalorigin.Apatientwithdementiamayexperienceaseriesofpainfulsufferings.Alzheimer’sisthemostcommonkindofit.Accordingtomedicalstudies,about50millionpeopleworldwidearesufferingfromdementia.Suchrelevantfactorsasgeneticriskandlivinghabitsmayincreasetheriskofdevelopingdementia.Thereisnocurenow,andcurrentmedicinesjusttemporarilyeaseitsharmfuleffects.Reference23PartII-AudioThinkandTalkThen,howtoidentifythisdisease?Well,theearlysignsofdementiaincludethedecreaseinmemoryandlearningability,unstableemotions,somechangesinpersonality,etc.,anditmaybecomeworseandworseuntilthepatientlosesself-controlindailylifeandfinallydies.Facedwiththisincurabledisease,expertshaveputforwardhelpfulsuggestionsfortheprecautionsofdementia,suchasphysicalexercise,ahealthydiet,playingchess,readingbooks,limitingalcoholandsmokingandsoon.Aneffectivecontroloverhighbloodpressureanddiabetes,twoconditionsoftenlinkedwithdementiarisk,isanotherrecommendedpreventivemeasureagainstdementia.Reference24PartII-AudioTaskOne:BlankFillingListenandDo25PartII-Audio

chances

(2)memoryloss (3)dementiarisk

(4)questionnaire (5)dietary

supplements(6)crosswordpuzzles(7)regular(8)

psychiatrist(9)survey(10)diabetesTaskTwo:TopicIdentificationThetopicsmentionedare:1,2,4and7.ListenandDo26PartII-AudioTaskThree:QuestionsandAnswers1.Signsoftheconditionincludechangesinpersonalityandmemoryloss.Alzheimer'sdiseaseisoneformofdementia.2.Theresearchsuggestsmanypeopledidnotunderstandthelinkbetweenphysicalhealthandbrainhealthorhowracialdifferencescouldaffectone'sdementiarisk.3.InOctober2018,nethousandadultsattheageof50to64fromacrosstheUnitedStateswereincludedintheUniversityofMichiganNationalPollonHealthyAging,andtheywereaskedtocompleteanonlinequestionnaireListenandDo27PartII-AudioTaskThree:QuestionsandAnswers4.Themostpopularmethodmentionedbymanysubjectsforkeepingthemindactivewasdoingcrosswordpuzzles.5.TheAlzheimer’sAssociationreportsthatoneinthreeolderAmericansdiewithAlzheimer’sorotherdementias.ListenandDo28PartII-AudioTaskFour:CrosswordPuzzleListenandDo29PartII-Audio1.nervoussystem

2.memory3.dementia4.autism5.diabetes

6.spinalcord7.neuron8.Alzheimer’s9.amygdala10.cerebellum11.nerve12.depressionPartIIICelebrityandDiseaseVideoOneStephenHawkingVideoTwoVanGogh–Challengingthe“TorturedGenius”MythVideoOneVideoTwo30VideoOneStephenHawking31ThinkandTalk

StephenHawking,theworld-famoustheoreticalphysicist,hasdiedattheageof76.HestandsaniconicstatusthatnoonecanchallengeafterEinsteininphysics.Thoughanastrophysicist,heneverlackedsenseofhumour.Hetriedtoputwhatheknewintosimplelanguagesothatlaymencouldalsoread.HisdisabilitywithA.L.S.neverbeathim,insteadhemadegreatbreakthroughwithhisblackholetheory.Heisaguyinfluentialnotonlyinhiscontributiontophysicsbutalsointheinspirationandencouragementbroughttopeople.Reference32PartIII-VideoOneTaskOne:MultipleChoice1.B2.C3.C4.D5.AWatchandDo33PartIII-VideoOneVideoTwoVanGogh–Challengingthe“TorturedGenius”Myth34ThinkandTalk

Theworld-famouspainterVincentVanGoghwasbornonMarch30,1853inHollandandcommittedsuicideattheageof37.VanGoghshouldowehislatersuccessinpaintingtohisyoungerbrotherTheowhohelpedhimtomaintainhislivingandrecommendedthathestartpaintinginthefirstplace.Althoughhehadsufferedfromdepressiveandmanicmoodswhichhadaffectedthestyleofhispaintingsinhislifetime,VanGoghisbestknownasapaintinggenius,andhehasleftmanyworld-famouspaintingworks,suchasTheStarryNight,VasewithFifteenSunflowers,VanGoghself-portrait,BedroominArles,etc.Reference35PartIII-VideoTwoTaskOne:BlankFillingWatchandDo36PartIII-VideoTwoAfterhissuicideattheageof37VanGogh’sunconventionalstylewasseenasa(1)symptomofillness.FromtheSecondWorldWarVanGoghhasbeenseenmoresympatheticallyasaherowho(2)struggledagainstalloddstocreatehisart.TodayWeknowthatthisisa(3)myth.VanGoghdescribedexperiencing‘lowspirits’and‘passions’throughouthislife.Bytheageof26Alienatedfromhisparents,unemployedandlivinginpoverty,VanGoghchosetodedicatehislifetoart,resistinghisfamily’seffortstoenterhimintoan(4)asylum.NearlyfiveyearslaterVanGoghmovedtothequiettownofArles.Thesun,peopleandscenerywere(5)inspirationalandhepaintedsomeofhisbest-knownworkthere.In1888VanGoghexperiencedthefirstofeightepisodesor“crises”.Heexperienced(6)extremeanxiety,memoryloss,partialparalysis,andstartedhearingandseeingthings.Duringthe1stepisodeVanGogh(7)severedhisearandwashospitalised.Afterhis3rdepisode,headmittedhimselftoanasylum.In1890hedecidedtoleavetheasylumtoliveinavillageclosertohisbrotherTheo.Atthistime,he(8)createdanewpaintingalmosteveryday.InJulyofthatyearVanGoghshothimselfanddiedtwodayslater.(9)Suicidewasthenacrime,andso,hewasburiedquietly.Today1in4peopleexperiencea(10)mentalhealthproblemeveryyear.Halfofthemsaytheassociatedshameandisolationisworsethantheconditionitself.TaskTwo:MultipleChoice1.A2.D3.B4.C5.CWatchandDo37PartIII-VideoTwoTaskThree:SummaryAfterhissuicideattheageof37,VanGogh’sunconventionalstylewasseenasasymptomofillness.ButVanGoghhasbeenseenmoresympatheticallyasaherowhostruggledagainstalloddstocreatehisartfromtheSecondWorldWar,andweknowthisisamythtoday.VanGoghdescribedexperiencing‘lowspirits’and‘passions’throughouthislife.Alienatedfromhisparents,unemployedandlivinginpoverty,VanGoghchosetodedicatehislifetoart,resistinghisfamily’seffortstoenterhimintoanasylumbytheageof26.Nearlyfiveyearslater,hemovedtothequiettownofArles,wherethesun,peopleandscenerywereinspirationalandhepaintedsomeofhisbest-knownworks.In1888,heexperiencedthefirstofeightepisodes—extremeanxiety,memoryloss,partialparalysis,andstartedhearingandseeingthings.

WatchandDo38PartIII-VideoTwoTaskThree:SummaryDuringthe1stepisode,heseveredhisearandwashospitalised,andheadmittedhimselftoanasylumafterthe3rdone.In1890,hedecidedtoleavetheasylumtoliveinavillageclosertohisbrotherTheo.Atthistime,hecreatedanewpaintingalmosteveryday.ButinJuly,VanGoghshothimselfanddiedtwodayslater.Suicidewasthenacrime,andso,hewasburiedquietly.Today,1in4peopleexperienceamentalhealthproblemeveryyear.Halfofthemsaytheassociatedshameandisolationisworsethantheconditionitself.Gogh’sstoryshows,mentalhealthdoesnotandshouldnotdefinehereweare.WatchandDo39PartIII-VideoTwoPartIVMedicalTerminology40PartIVMedicalTerminologyRoot1cerebrum/oRoot2neur/o41Root1cerebrum/42ThinkandTalkcerebrospinalfluidcortexmeninxamygdalabrainstembraindamagebrainstormReference43PartIV-Root1TaskOne:Matching1.b2.d

3.e

4.a

5.cPracticeandProduce44PartIV-Root1TaskTwo:Explanation-algia:pain

-plegia:paralysis-osis:condition-ia:situationencephala/o:brainpsych/o:mindPracticeandProduce45PartIV-Root1TaskThree:Review1.-scope:toexaminebronchoscope,cardioscope,endoscope,gastroscope2.nephr/o:kidney

nephritis,nephradenoma,nephralgia,nephrotoxic,renovascular3.gest/o: