TheStateof

AITalent2025

乙eki

Contents

ExecutiveSummary

TheStateofAITalent2025

4

DataandMethodology

6

MeasurableROIwithZeki

Companiesthathirehigh-scoringTalentsucceedfaster

7

ZekiDataProducts

8

ZekiPredictions

One

TheUSWillNoLongerBetheDestinationofChoiceofTopAITalentin2025

9

Two

IndiaWillBecomeaConsumer,NotaProvider,ofTopAITalentin2025

13

Three

MajorAIPlayersinEuropeandtheGulfStatesWillRedoubleEffortstoRetainTheirSupplyofTopAITalent

16

Four

Google’sTalentConcentrationWillSettheStageforLLMDominance

20

Five

LondonWillBetheNewEpicenterforResponsibleTechnology

24

Six

BigPharmaWillPlayItSafeandOutsourceHigh-Risk,High-RewardAIDrugDiscovery

27

Seven

Nvidia’sTalentMagnetismWillReinforceItsInnovationLeadership

30

Eight

TheIntersectionBetweenQuantumandAIWillGrowbuttotheDetrimentofPureQuantumCompanies

34

Nine

AICompaniesWillWidenTheirSearchforTalentataCosttoMedicalResearch

36

Ten

TheDefenceSectorWillBucktheTrend39

ZekiMarketObservation

TopAITalentWillIncreasinglyBeHidden

42

ZekiDatasets

45

Index

46

Thereportissubjecttoacustomarydisclaimeronliability,ownershipandlimitationsofuse.

Clickheretoreadthefulldisclaimer

.

AboutZeki

Talentisthemissingalphasignal.

NoamountofcomputepowerorcapitalwillovercomealackofTopTalentinsidecompaniespromisingtodeliverFrontierAIinnovations.ThinkDeepSeekvs.Theranos—onehadlimited

computeandcapitalbutincrediblyhigh-qualityTalent,andtheotherhadrobustcomputeandcapitalbutneverattractedtheTalentneededtodeliverontheirpromises.

Allinnovationbeginswithahumanidea.ZekiDataidentifiesandtrackstheworld’sTopAl

Talent—individualswithproventrackrecordsofsuccessfullytestingtheboundariesofAIscienceandengineering.Wherevertheychoosetowork,groundbreakinginnovationfollows.

Ouruniquemethodologyandproprietaryscoringsystemfocusesonunderstandingand

measuringtheindividualdecisionsTopAITalentmakeandtheimpactofthosedecisionsontheirlevelofperformance,teamwork,careerpath,influence,reputationandevolvingskills.

Thisdataintelligencegenerates(frontieralphasignals’thattrackandanticipatetheinnovationpotentialofindividualsandthecompaniesandcountriestheyworkin.

CompaniesthatselectTalentwithhighZekiscoresachievea100percentincreaseininnovationcomparedtotheircompetitors.RecruitersuseZekitosourcethebestTopAITalentdirectly,

particularlythosewhoarenotactivelyonthemarket.InvestorsuseZekitospotopportunitiesaheadofthemarket.

Learnmoreat

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ExecutiveSummary

TheStateofAITalent2025

1.TopAITalentwillnolongerviewtheUSastheirdestinationofchoice.

TalentfromoverseashasenabledtheUStobuildandmaintainitsdominanceinAI.ThissupplychainisdryinguprapidlyasTopAITalentisnolongerincentivisedtomovetotheUS.We

expectthistrendtoaccelerate,withlong-termnegativeeconomicconsequencesfortheUS.

2.IndiawillpivotfromTalentexportertoconsumer.

AdirectconsequenceofdecliningTalentflowtotheUSwillbeIndia’semergenceasamajorconsumerofitsownAITalent,reversingitshistoricalroleasaglobalexporter.AstheIndiangovernment’sAIMissiongainsmomentum,TopAIgraduatesareincreasinglyexpectedto

pursuetheircareersinIndia.ThistrendwillreshapetheglobalTalentlandscape,challengingtraditionalTalentflowsandcreatingnewopportunitiesforinvestorsinthecountry.

3.MajorAIplayersinEuropeandtheGulfStateswillredoubleTopAITalentretentionefforts.

Asmajoreconomiesreframetheiroverallsupplychainsinlightoftariffs,Talentwillbenoexception.MajornationalplayersinAIwillrapidlyacttoincentiviseTopAITalenttostay

closetohome.CanadaandtheUKarebestplacedtoattractTalentbackfromtheUS,whilstothercountries,suchastheGulfStates,arelikelytomeettheirAIambitionsmuchmore

rapidlyastheycontinuetoattractmoreTopAITalent.

4.GooglewilltakethedominantshareoftopLLMdevelopers.

Google’saggressiveacquisitionoftoplargelanguagemodel(LLM)developershasresultedinthecompanycontrolling35percentofthemarketshare.ThispositionsGoogleforlong-termdominanceinGenAI,allowingittopotentiallyoutpacecompetitorssuchasOpenAIandMeta.

5.LondonwillfortifyitsstandingasthecentreforexcellenceinresponsibleAI.WiththepresenceofGoogleDeepMindandtheAISecurityInstitute,LondonwillstrengthenitsattractiontoTopAITalentinthefieldofresponsibleAI.

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6.BigPharmawillplayitsafewithAIdrugdiscovery.

BigPharmahasnotcompetedwithAIorbiotechcompaniesfortheadvancedexpertisenecessarytobuildin-houseAImodels.Instead,theywillformpartnershipsormake

acquisitionstoaccessnext-generationAIexpertiseseekingtoreinventdrugdiscovery.

7.Nvidiawillstrengthenitsinnovationleadership.

Despiteeconomicpressuresandindustryforecasts,Nvidia’songoingabilitytoattractandretainTopAITalentfromcompetitorspositionsthecompanyforcontinuedleadershipininnovation.

8.PurequantumcompanieswilllosetheraceforTalentastheintersectionwithAIgrows.

BigTechcompanieshavetraditionallyattractedquantumcomputingTalent,butthistrendnowextendstoAIfirmsastheyracetobroadentheirTalentpooltotackleincreasingly

complexalgorithmicandarchitecturalchallenges.Purequantumcompaniesareprovingunabletocompete.

9.AIbraindrainwillthreatenmedicalresearch.

TechnologycompanieswillcontinuetorecruitneuroscienceandDNAnanotechnologyexpertsatanalarmingrate,puttingmedicalresearchinthesefieldsatadistinct

disadvantage.

10.Defencesectorhiringsignalsneweraofautonomouswarfare.

Astechnologycompaniesslowtheirrecruitmentefforts,AIfirmsfocusedondefencewillattractmoreeliteTalent,especiallyinfieldsdirectlyrelatedtoautonomouswarfare.

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DataandMethodology

50ZekiScores

Zekihasidentified800,000TopAITalentglobally(outsideof

PaceofProgression

ExperienceLevel

Initiative

Influence

FlightRisk

Reputation

Mobility

China).TheseindividualshaveaproventrackrecordinproducingnewdiscoveriesinAI,eitherbycontributingtoresearch,data

AreasofExpertise

depositoriesornewmodels.

Impact

Teamwork

Productivity

Theyspecialisein230unique

IntelligenceLayer

DataRepositories

Scholarships

Publications

Funding

CodeRepositories

ProfessionalNetwork

30,000DataSources

Presentations

areasofAIinnovationacrossallaspectsofAIsoftware,hardwareandcompute.

Competitions

Jobs

Awards

Theseindividualsarelocatedinover115countriesand

Internships

workpredominantlyinthe

Patents

privatesectoratover50,000

organisations,wheretheydriveinnovationinAI.

Theyareofparticularvalueinthemarketbecauseoftheiradvancedskillsandabilitytopushtheboundariesofscienceandengineering,creatingnewproductsandintellectualproperty

(IP)fortheiremployersratherthanjustapplyingexistingtechnologyinthemarket.

DemandforthisTopAITalentisdynamic,withthebestmindsinhighdemandandconstantlychangingroles.Theyareincentivisedtoworkoncomplexchallengesthatwillhavethe

greatestimpact.WheretheychoosetoworkisaleadingindicatorofwhereinnovationinAIisheadingandwhoisleadingit.

Zekihasdrawnon30,000sourcesofopen-accessdatatoploteachindividual’slevelsof

performanceandteamwork,careerpath,influence,reputationandevolvingskills.Thesedatapoints,manyuniquetoZeki,contributetoZeki’sproprietaryscoringsystem,enablingZekitoidentifyandtracktheverybestmindsinAI.

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MeasurableROIwithZekiData

Companiesthathirehigh-scoringTalentsucceedfaster

Ourscoringsystemisalsoproventotrackinnovationtrendsandfuturepotential.RegressionmodellingofthisdatasetconfirmsthatcompaniesthatattractindividualswithhighZeki

scoresinnovatefasterwithinmonths.

Achieve100%increaseininnovationwhenyouhireZekiTalent.

PatentsProducedinMonthsAfterHiring

100%

INCREASE

COMPANYB

+Has2ZekiTalents

+Hires3MorewithHighZekiScores

COMPANYA

+Has2ZekiTalents

+Hires3More

Thisanalysisspans11yearsandcovers600companiesthathaveundergoneatleastthree

roundsoffunding.Thesecompanies,locatedacrosstheUSandEurope,represent16deep-techindustries.Theanalysisisbasedonafixedeffectlinearregressionmodel,whichallowsusto

controlforvariousfactors.

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ZekiDataProducts

Usedata-backedinsightstoprioritisewhichhiringorinvestmentopportunitieswilldrivetrue

impactandgrowth.Also,see

here

foralistofZeki’scurrentdatasetsavailablefordirectpurchase.

TALENTRADAR

IdentifyandevaluateindividualR&Dinnovationpotential.

UtiliseZeki’sscoringsystemtosourceandrankcandidateswithadata-driven,objectiveapproach.

Pinpointandtracktopcandidatesusingtailoredsearchcriteria.

ExpandyoursearchestoincludeawiderandmorediverseTalentpool,ensuringabroaderrangeofqualifiedcandidates.

Gainafullunderstandingoftheglobaldeep-techTalentlandscape.

TALENTIQ

TrackandevaluatecompanyinnovationthroughthelensofR&DTalent.

Assessexpertisewithincompaniestosupportsmarterinvestmentdecisions.

Compareandbenchmarkcompaniesusingadvancedhumancapitaldata.

Forecastacompany’spotentialforinnovationwithprecision.

TALENTATLAS

Accessacomprehensivecountry-levelanalysisofTopAITalentglobally.

MonitorthemovementofAITalentacrossregions,industriesandorganisations.

SpotnewAIinnovationandexpertisecentres.

Evaluateandbenchmarkcountries’AIlandscapestostaycompetitive.

IdentifykeyAITalenthubsandmajoremployers.

StayaheadofshiftsinAITalentandindustrydynamics.

TALENTMULTIPLIER

IdentifyandevaluatethewomenshapingAI’snextchapter.

DiscoverwomenexcellingacrosseverysphereofAI.

PinpointwomenleadingAIfromregionsoftenoverlooked,spanningdiverse

geographiesandcultures.

Buildpipelinesofvisionarywomento

enhanceyourorganisation'sperspectiveandinnovationresults.

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ZekiPredictionOne

TheUSWillNoLongerBetheDestinationofChoiceofTopAITalentin2025

TheconsensushaslongbeenthatUSdominanceinAIisagivenbecauseoftheunparalleledstrengthoftheUSAIecosystemmatchingTalenttocomputeandcapitalatascaleand

efficiencyothercountriescannotmatch.

What'softenoverlookedinthisconsensusviewisthattheverybestmindsinthefieldare

highlymobileandingreatdemand.Theyhavethepowertochoosewheretheywork,andanincreasingnumberaredecidingthattheUSisnolongertheirdefaultdestination.Thisshiftcouldhavelong-termconsequencesforinnovationandtheUSeconomy.

HistoricallyamagnetforTopAITalent,theUSispoisedtoloseitsadvantagein2025.

Acombinationofcutsinfederalsciencefunding,reducedhiringbymajorcorporationsandapivottowardshomegrown‘sovereignAI’iscontributingtothedeclineofTopAITalentmovingtotheUS.

12-MonthRollingAverageofNetFlowsofTopAITalentintheUS800

600

400

200

0

201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025

UnderlyingdataanalysisforthisinsightisfromZeki’sdatatool

Talent

IQ.

TheUShasreliedheavilyonattractingandretainingoverseasTalenttomaintainitsAI

advantage.Ofthe322,000TopAITalentinourdata,currentlyintheUS,40percentoriginatedfromothercountries.Additionally,ofthe5,023TopAITalentwhoarefoundersofcompaniesintheUS,1,943,or39percent,cametotheUSfromoverseas.

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InFebruary2025,theUSgovernmentannouncedbudgetcutstotheNationalScience

Foundation(NSF)andNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH),whicharepillarsoffundamentalresearchfundingintheUS.Between2013and2023,theNIHaccountedfor44percentofAI-relatedpublicgrants,whiletheNSFaccountedfor28percent.

CountofRecipientsofNSFandNIHFundingWithintheTopAITalentCohort

80,000

60,000

75,710

40,000

20,000

40,845

0

NationalScienceFoundationNationalInstitutesforHealth

Ourdataindicatesthatover115,000TopAITalenthavebenefitedfromNSForNIHfunding,

allowingthemtodeveloptheirexpertiseandmakebreakthroughs.However,uncertaintyaboutthefutureoffundingishighlylikelytodisincentiviseTopAIresearchersfromseekingpositionsinAIlabsatUSuniversities,erodingtheUS’abilitytomaintainitsglobalresearchadvantage.

Additionally,therapidadoptionofnewagenticAItoolsthatautomateworkprocessesis

decreasingtheneedforlargeteamsofsoftwareengineers.MajorUScompanieshavehiredsoftwareengineersinlargenumbers,relyingonTalentfromoverseastomeetasystemiclackofsupplywithintheUS.

500,000

400,000

300,000

200,000

100,000

0

20112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024

TopUSAICompanies:ServiceNow,Databricks,CrowdStrike,Cloudflare,Fortinet,Salesforce,Microso什,Google,Meta,Amazon,AWS,Apple,Tesla,Anduril,Nvidia

UnderlyingdataanalysisforthisinsightisfromZeki’sdatatool

TalentAtlas

.

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The15TopUSAIcompanieshave,overtime,hiredhalfamillionsoftwareengineersatanaverageannualgrowthrateof24percentbetween2011and2024.However,investorsareincreasinglyrewardingthosecompaniesthatcandemonstratethatAIcandrivedowncosts,especiallyasAIagentsgainfasttractioninthemarket.

So什wareEngineeringMonthlyHiresofTopUSAICompanies

3,000

\-s\

2,000MY

1,000

0

-1000

201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025

TopUSAICompanies:ServiceNow,Databricks,CrowdStrike,Cloudflare,Fortinet,Salesforce,Microso什,Google,Meta,Amazon,AWS,Apple,Tesla,Anduril,Nvidia

UnderlyingdataanalysisforthisinsightisfromZeki’sdatatool

TalentIQ

.

Monthlysoftwareengineerhiresbythese15TopUSAIcompaniesonceexceeded3,000.

Now,thatratehasdroppedtozero.Ataminimum,majorUScompanieswilllikelyhiremid-skilledsoftwareengineersinmuchsmallernumbersin2025.ThereisalsoascenariowheretheystarttoreduceoverallheadcountifAIagentsprovethattheycanreplacesoftware

engineeringskillsandnotjustaugmentthem.

GiventhehighrelianceoftheUSonoverseasTalenttomeetallcapacitygapsinsoftwareengineering,anyfallindemandwillalsolikelyimpacthistoricinflowsofmorehigh-endAIengineeringTalent.

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AreasofExpertiseofTopAITalentMovingtotheUSin

2023/2024ComparedtoThoseofWhoMovedin2017/2018

0%20%40%60%80%100%

AdversarialRobustnessinDeepLearningModels VisualQuestionAnsweringinImagesandVideosAdvancesinTransferLearningandDomainAdaptationNaturalLanguageProcessing

StatisticalMachineTranslationandNaturalLanguageProcessing

DeepLearninginComputerVisionandImageRecognitionPrivacy-PreservingTechniquesforDataAnalysisandMachineLearning

DNANanotechnologyandBioanalyticalApplications

ClusteredRegularlyInterspacedShortPalindromicRepeatsRNAMethylationandModificationinGeneExpression

EpigeneticModificationsandTheirFunctionalImplicationsWearableNanogeneratorTechnology

SiliconPhotonicsTechnology

AtomicLayerDepositionTechnology

-40%-20%0%Percentagegrowthsince2017/2018

OurdatarevealsastarkdifferenceinexpertiseareasamongindividualsmovingtotheUS

between2017–2018and2023–2024—twoperiodschosenasrepresentativeofnormalhiringpatternsunaffectedbytheCOVID-19pandemic.Notably,therehasbeenaninflowofTalentwithcoreAIskillsthatareessentialfordevelopingfoundationalAImodels.Conversely,

therehasbeenasubstantialrelativedeclineindemandforoverseasexpertiseinfields

suchassiliconphotonicsandatomiclayerdepositiontechnology—keyareasvaluedbythesemiconductoranddefencesectors.

Thisnarrowingfocusaffectsonlyhighlyspecialisedareasandwillhavelessimpactonoverallflowsatanationallevel.Itwill,however,beafactorofconcerntomajorsemiconductor

companiesastheydeliverontheircommitmentstolocatemorefacilitiesintheUSandfindthemselvescompetingforamorefinitepoolofTalent.

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ZekiPredictionTwo

IndiaWillBecomeaConsumer,NotaProvider,ofTopAITalentin2025

IndiahasdoubleditsglobalmarketshareofTopAITalentinthelastdecade.

GlobalMarketShareofTopAITalentinIndia

8%

6%

4%

2%

0%

20112012201320142015201620172018201920202021202220232024

UnderlyingdataanalysisforthisinsightisfromZeki’sdatatool

TalentAtlas

.

TheinflectionpointforIndiaoccurredin2015whensixnewInstitutesofTechnologywereestablishedalongsidetherapidexpansionofexistinginstitutions.India’scapacitytotrainTopAITalentatscaleiscrucialintheglobalTopAITalentmarket.

Indian-trainedprofessionalsarehighlymobileandvaluedbyUScompanies,particularlyasthesecompaniesseektoaddresscapacitygapsintheUSforadvancedAIskills.Asaresult,44percentofTopAITalentinitiallyeducatedinIndianowresideoutsidethecountry.

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TheUShasbeentheprimarybeneficiaryofthistrend.Overthelastfiveyears,morethan10,000TopAITalenthavemovedtotheUSaftercompletingtheirfirstdegreeinIndia,

farexceedingthenumbersfromanyothercountry.

CountryofOriginofTopAITalentMovingtotheUSBetween2019and2024

02,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,000

India IranCanada

UnitedKingdom

Bangladesh

Korea

GermanyItaly

France TurkeyPakistanBrazil

Japan Israel NigeriaSingapore

RussianFederation AustraliaNetherlands

UnderlyingdataanalysisforthisinsightisfromZeki’sdatatool

TalentAtlas

.

However,thisdynamicischangingrapidlyasincentivestomovetotheUSarereduced.ThisiscausingarapidfallinoutflowsofTopAITalentfromIndia.

12-MonthRollingAverageofNetFlowsofTopAITalentinIndia0

-100

-200

-300

-400

2010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022202320242025

UnderlyingdataanalysisforthisinsightisfromZeki’sdatatool

TalentAtlas

.

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OurdatashowsnoevidencethatIndianAITalentalreadyabroadisplanningtoreturntoIndiainlargenumbers.Instead,itappearsthatnewemergingAITalentisoptingtopursuetheir

careersorcompletetheiradvanceddegreeswithinIndia.

Supportingthistrend,theIndiangovernmenttooksignificantactioninMarch2024by

launchingitsAIMission,whichaimstodevelopover10,000graphicprocessingunits(GPUs)throughpublic-privatepartnerships.ThisinitiativeisdesignedtobolsterhomegrownAI

modelsanddeep-techstartups.

ZEKIRANGE

ZekiInnovationScoresofEmergingIndianTalentComparedtoUKCounterparts

1.0IndiaUK

0.8

0.6

leadershipachieved

scoredbyimpactof

outputsandroles

code,dataoutputs,

achievedat

innovationsharing

eventsscoredby

ofthoseworkedwith

theiroutputs

measuredbyimpact

0.4

undertaken

reachofevent

0.2

Levelofoutputs

wheretheyplayeda

leadrole

0.0

ThoughtLeadershipOutputsVisibilityDiversityQualityInitiative

ZEKIPERFORMANCEINDICATORS

Note:Thevalueshavebeennormalisedtofallwithintherangeof0to1.Thebarsrepresentthelower(25thpercentile),median(50thpercentile)andupper(75thpercentile)rangeforeachperformanceindicator.

Levelofprominence

Breadthofexpertise

Numberofresearch

Levelofqualityin

Levelofthought

UnderlyingdataanalysisforthisinsightisfromZeki’s

FoundationalAIdataset

.

India’sTopAIResearchTalentisoftenperceivedaslackinginqualitydespitepublicationratescomparabletothoseoftheUS.Currently,IndiaproducesthesameproportionofAIresearchpublicationsastheUS(9.2percentofallpublications),butthequality,asmeasuredby

citationrates,islower.However,wepredictthatthistrendissettochange.

AstheIndianAIecosystemcontinuestoexpand,withgreateraccesstocomputingresources,weexpectthatthisnextwaveofIndianTopAITalentwillincreasinglyoptforopportunitieswithinIndiainsteadofpursuingpositionsabroad.

Consequently,IndiawillbecomemoreofaconsumerofitsowneducatedandtrainedTopAITalentratherthanasupplier,particularlytotheUS.ThistrendwillreshapetheglobalmarketforTopAITalentwhichhashistoricallyreliedonIndianTalenttomeetcapacitygapsaroundtheworld.AnincreasingconcentrationofTopAITalentinIndiawillacceleratehome-growninnovation,creatingnewcompaniesandnewinvestmentopportunitiesinIndia.

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ZekiPredictionThree

MajorAIPlayersinEuropeandtheGulfStatesWillRedouble

EffortstoRetainTheirSupplyofTopAITalent

Asmajoreconomiesreinventtheirsupplychainsinthelightoftariffs,Talentwillbeno

exception.GovernmentswillredoubleeffortstoretaintheTopAITalenttheyhaveeducatedandtrained.TheyhavelongregrettedtheirinabilitytocompetewiththeUSinthisfieldbutnowseeaonce-in-a-generationopportunitytoreversethistrend.

CountofTopAITalentintheUS

01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,000

Canada

UK

Italy

Germany

France

Brazil

Spain

Israel

Australia

Sweden SingaporeSouthAfricaSaudiArabia

UAE

UnderlyingdataanalysisforthisinsightisfromZeki’sdatatool

TalentAtlas

.

InApril2024,theCanadiangovernmentannounceda$2.4billionpackagetosecureCanada’sAIadvantage.Meanwhile,backinFebruary2024,theSingaporeangovernmentunveileda

$1billionplan,spreadoverfiveyears,tosupportAIcomputation,Talentdevelopmentand

industrygrowth.TheUAEandSaudiArabiahavealsomadesignificantinvestmentsinAI,withAbuDhabi’sMGXFundtargetingthemanagementof$100billioninAIassets.

Mostrecently,inJanuary2025,theUKgovernmentannouncedplanstoestablishaninternalheadhuntingteammodelledafterToprecruitmentcompaniestorecruiteliteAIscientistsandengineerstotheUK.Additionally,thegovernmentproposedadedicatedglobalAITalentvisatohelpreducebarriersfortopresearchersandengineers.

乙ekiTHESTATEOFAITALENT2025|17

CanadaandtheUKarebestpositionedtoattractbacktheirTalent,giventhehighnumbersoftheirnationalsintheUS.

COUNTOFTOPAITALENT

OVERALL%OFTOPAITALENTOFGIVENNATIONALITYINTHEUS

Cou