第第頁Unit4Scientistswhochangedtheworld（原卷版）Ⅰ.閱讀理解(每題2.5分,共17.5分)AChina’slonghistoryhasseenmanyscientistsmakinggreatcontributionstothedevelopmentofancientChinaandeventheworld.WehaveselectedseveralgreatestscientistsinancientChinaandhopetohelpyoulearnmoreaboutChinesescienceandtechnology.ZhangZhongjingwasaChinesephysicianintheEasternHanDynasty.Hefoundedmedicationprinciplesandsummarizedthemedicinalexperiencebeforehistime.HisfamousworkTreatiseonFebrileDiseasesandMiscellaneousIllnesses(《傷寒雜病論》)hadamajorinfluenceonthepracticeoftraditionalChinesemedicine.Today,thisgreatbookisstillconsideredveryimportantinthepracticeofChinesemedicine.LiDaoyuanwasagreatChinesegeographerduringtheNorthernWeiDynasty.HewrotethefamousworkCommentaryontheWaterwaysClassic(《水經注》).ThebookisagreatworkontheancientgeographyofChinaanditsumsupChina’sgeographyanditssurroundingareasbeforeNorthernWeiDynasty.SunSimiaowasanoutstandingmedicalscientistintheTangDynasty.Hewascalled“China’sKingofMedicine”forhisimportantcontributionstotraditionalChinesemedicine.Sunauthoredtwobooks—EssentialPrescriptionsWorthaThousandGoldforEmergencies(《備急千金要方》)andSupplementtotheEssentialPrescriptionsWorthaThousandGold(《千金翼方》)thatwerebothlandmarksinChinesemedicinehistory.ShenKuowasagreatChinesescientistandpoliticianoftheNorthernSongDynasty.Hecompiled(匯編)ascientificworkDreamPoolEssays(《夢溪筆談》),whichinvolvesalotofdescriptionsabouttheanimalsandplantsinthecountry.Shenalsofirstdescribedthemagneticneedlecompass,whichwouldbeusedfornavigation(航行).HisdiscoveryofconceptoftruenorthtowardsthenorthpolewasmorethanfourhundredyearsearlierthanEurope.()1.Whatisthepurposeofwritingthepassage?[A]Toencouragereaderstolearnfromthesegreatscientists.[B]ToexplainwhatcontributestothedevelopmentofancientChina.[C]Tobroadenreaders’horizonsonChinesescienceandtechnology.[D]TointroducethegreatmedicalcontributionsChinesescientistsmade.()2.WhoseworkhadagreateffectonthepracticeoftraditionalChinesemedicine?[A]ZhangZhongjing’s. [B]LiDaoyuan’s.[C]SunSimiao’s. [D]ShenKuo’s.()3.WhatdoweknowaboutShenKuo?[A]HewasaChinesephysicianintheEasternHanDynasty.[B]HeworkedontheancientgeographyofChina.[C]Hewasregardedas“China’sKingofMedicine”.[D]Hedescribedtheanimalsandplantsalotinhiswork.BWhenantibiotics(抗生素)firstbecameavailable,farmersusedthemfreely.Nowscientistsknowthattheoveruseofantibioticscancultivatedrug-resistantbacteriathataredangeroustohumanhealth.Amongdebatesoverwhatkindsofrestrictionsshouldbeputinplace,figuringouthowantibiotic-resistantbacteriaevolveandmaketheirwaytohumansremainsanareaofintenseinterest.JoHandelsmanistracingonesuchpathwaythat,assheputsit,travelsfrom“farmtotable”.Handelsman,amicrobiologist,lookedintodairycows,whichareoftentreatedwithantibioticsandproducemanure(排泄物)thatfarmersuseontheircrops.Inadditiontonutrients,thatfertilizermayharbourantibiotic-resistantbacteria—aproblembecausethebacteriacancomeintocontactwithplantsthatarefinallyshippedtosupermarketsandsometimeseatenraw.Tofindouthowthoseantibiotic-resistantbacteriacometoexist,Handelsmanandhercolleaguesaddedmanurefromanearbyfarmtoraisedbedsofsoilin2013.Inthiscase,themanurespecificallycamefromcowsthatwerenottreatedwithantibiotics.Theresearchersunexpectedlyfoundthatthereweremoresoilbacteriacarryingantibiotic-resistantgeneswhentheyweregrownwiththemanurethanwhentheyweregrownwithsyntheticnitrogen-basedfertilizer—eventhoughthecowsweredrug-free.Previousresearchhasfoundthatmanurefrompigstreatedwithantibioticscontainsresistantbacteria,butthecow-pieresultssuggesttherearemorefactorspromotingresistancebesidesantibioticuse.Somethingaboutmanureitselfmayencouragenaturallyresistantbacteriatoincrease.Thefindingsshouldnot,however,givetheimpressionthatresistanceiseverywhere,notesLancePrice,amicrobiologistwhowasnotinvolvedinthestudy.“Wecancontrolthis.There’sveryclearevidencethatwhenweturnofftheantibiotictap,webringdowndrug-resistantbacteria,”saysLance.Nextonthefarm-to-tableschedule,Handelsmanwilltestwhetherradishesgrowninsoiltreatedwithcowmanurearecapableoftakingupresistantgenesfrombacteriathroughtheirvascularsystem(循環系統).“Theyhaveveins(血管)justlikeus,”shesays.“Wedon’thaveanyevidenceyetthatthey’retakingupthebacteria,butit’sareallyinterestingpossibility.”()4.WhatdoesJoHandelsman’sresearchfocuson?[A]Howantibioticsmaketheirwayontoourtable.[B]Whatrestrictionsshouldbeputtoantibioticsuse.[C]Howantibiotic-resistantbacteriareachhumanbeings.[D]Whatdamagetheoveruseofantibioticsdoestohumans.()5.WhatdidJoHandelsman’sresearchfind?[A]Drug-freecowsproducedmanurewithantibiotic-resistantbacteria.[B]Syntheticnitrogen-basedfertilizerdidmoregoodtotheenvironment.[C]Soilbacteriacarryingantibiotic-resistantgeneswereincreasingwithtime.[D]Manurefrompigstreatedwithantibioticscontainedfewerresistantbacteria.()6.WhyisLancePricequotedinthepassage?[A]Toprovidemoreevidencethatdrug-resistancebacteriaaredangerous.[B]Tosuggestanotherpossibleexplanationtotheantibioticsproblems.[C]Toemphasisetheimportanceoffeedingcowswithnoantibiotics.[D]Toshowthattheresearchfindingsmaynotbethatworrisome.()7.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisJoHandelsmanmostlikelytoagreewith?[A]Itisverylikelythatwidespreadresistancetoantibioticsisnotinevitable.[B]Plantsgrowninsoilfertilizedwithcowmanuremaycontaindrug-resistantgenes.[C]Thereispossibilitythatradishestakeupresistantgeneswherevertheyareplanted.[D]Thevascularsystemplaysakeyroleinguardingradishesagainstbacteria.Ⅱ.七選五(每題2.5分,共12.5分)TheImportanceofInventionsTheysaynecessityisthemotherofinvention,butinventiondrivestheeconomy.Thegreatimportanceofinventionisthatitsolvesproblemsandchangestheworld.1.Anditgoesbeyondculture.Themoderneraisarguablythegreatesttimeinthehistoryoftheworldforinnovation,butnoneofitwouldhavehappenedwithouttheinventionofelectricitysuppliedondemand.Withthatoneadvancement,incamethefastest-changingperiodinhumanhistoryandthegreatestpopulationgrowth,too.

2.Eventhingslikethetoiletandmodernplumbingmadeitpossibletoimprovehygieneandreduceexposuretohumanwaste,whichinturnmadecitiescleanerandmoredesirabletolivein.Themodernbathroomalsohelpedreducethespreadofdisease,whichinturnhelpedextendtheaveragelifeexpectancy.3.

Peopleeatbetter,andmoresafely,becauseofinnovationswenowtakeforgrantedliketherefrigerator,theovenandrunningtapwater.Dailylifeatworkhastransformedbecauseheavy-liftingjobscanbedonebyforklifts.Infact,technologyisreachinganewheight.4.Morepeoplethaneverbeforeneedtositforwork,withofficejobsandthelikechangingourfitnesslevelandloweringtheriskofinjuryduringaworkday.

Evenentertainmenthaschangedbecausenolongerdopeoplehavetomaketheirownfunbyplayinggames.5.Howpeoplecommunicate,work,eat,travel,shopisallsubjecttoinnovationandinvention.Advancesdon’talwaysimprovelife,though,asmanypeoplearelearningthroughtheconstant-accessstrugglesofsmartphonesandever-presentnoisepollutionincities.

A.Innovationshapesthewaylifeislived.B.Theycanturntotheirphone,TVorradio.C.Factoriesareusingrobotsformanytasksnow.D.Theyhaveaffectedthewayweconsumemedia.E.Inventionsinfluenceallaspectsofmodernexistence.F.Newtechnologiesoftensimplifytheaverageperson’slife.G.AndthathasledtotheEarth’spopulationrisingsharplyinthelast150years.Ⅲ.語法填空(每題1.5分,共15分)HuangDanian,anotedChinesegeophysicist(地球物理學家),1.(devote)himselftoscienceandmadegreatcontributionstoChina’sdeepearthexploration.

Bornin1958inNanning,Guangxi,Huang’spassion2.geophysicsstartedfromanearlyage.In1992,hewenttoEnglandforfurtherstudies,andearnedhisdoctor’sdegreeingeophysics,3.(rank)thetopofhisclass.HuanglaterjoinedageophysicalservicecompanyinCambridgetogainfirst-handexperience.

DuringhisstayinEngland,Huangremained4.(commit)tohismotherland.Helongdreamedofgoingbacktoservehiscountrywithhiswholeheart.Theopportunitycamein2009,5.Chinalaunchedanationalprogramforglobaltoptalent.6.(participate)intheprogram,Huangquithisjobwithno7.(hesitate)andreturnedtoChinaasoneofthefirstprofessionals.

Uponreturn,Huang8.(appoint)chiefscientistofChina’sbiggestdeepearthexplorationprogram.Huangworked9.(tireless)aroundtheclock.ThankstoHuangandhisteam’sefforts,Chinamade10.significantbreakthroughindeepearthexploration.

Huangpassedawayattheageof58.Hispassingleftthescientificcommunityinsorrow,buthewillberememberedforeverforhisdevotiontohisfieldandtheloveofhismotherland.Unit4Scientistswhochangedtheworld（解析版）Ⅰ.閱讀理解(每題2.5分,共17.5分)AChina’slonghistoryhasseenmanyscientistsmakinggreatcontributionstothedevelopmentofancientChinaandeventheworld.WehaveselectedseveralgreatestscientistsinancientChinaandhopetohelpyoulearnmoreaboutChinesescienceandtechnology.ZhangZhongjingwasaChinesephysicianintheEasternHanDynasty.Hefoundedmedicationprinciplesandsummarizedthemedicinalexperiencebeforehistime.HisfamousworkTreatiseonFebrileDiseasesandMiscellaneousIllnesses(《傷寒雜病論》)hadamajorinfluenceonthepracticeoftraditionalChinesemedicine.Today,thisgreatbookisstillconsideredveryimportantinthepracticeofChinesemedicine.LiDaoyuanwasagreatChinesegeographerduringtheNorthernWeiDynasty.HewrotethefamousworkCommentaryontheWaterwaysClassic(《水經注》).ThebookisagreatworkontheancientgeographyofChinaanditsumsupChina’sgeographyanditssurroundingareasbeforeNorthernWeiDynasty.SunSimiaowasanoutstandingmedicalscientistintheTangDynasty.Hewascalled“China’sKingofMedicine”forhisimportantcontributionstotraditionalChinesemedicine.Sunauthoredtwobooks—EssentialPrescriptionsWorthaThousandGoldforEmergencies(《備急千金要方》)andSupplementtotheEssentialPrescriptionsWorthaThousandGold(《千金翼方》)thatwerebothlandmarksinChinesemedicinehistory.ShenKuowasagreatChinesescientistandpoliticianoftheNorthernSongDynasty.Hecompiled(匯編)ascientificworkDreamPoolEssays(《夢溪筆談》),whichinvolvesalotofdescriptionsabouttheanimalsandplantsinthecountry.Shenalsofirstdescribedthemagneticneedlecompass,whichwouldbeusedfornavigation(航行).HisdiscoveryofconceptoftruenorthtowardsthenorthpolewasmorethanfourhundredyearsearlierthanEurope.【語篇導讀】本文是說明文。文章介紹了中國古代四位偉大的科學家,希望能幫助大家更多地了解中國的科學技術。()1.Whatisthepurposeofwritingthepassage?[A]Toencouragereaderstolearnfromthesegreatscientists.[B]ToexplainwhatcontributestothedevelopmentofancientChina.[C]Tobroadenreaders’horizonsonChinesescienceandtechnology.[D]TointroducethegreatmedicalcontributionsChinesescientistsmade.【答案】C【解析】推理判斷題。根據第一段的最后一句可知,作者寫這篇文章的目的是希望能幫助大家更多地了解中國的科學技術。故選C。()2.WhoseworkhadagreateffectonthepracticeoftraditionalChinesemedicine?[A]ZhangZhongjing’s. [B]LiDaoyuan’s.[C]SunSimiao’s. [D]ShenKuo’s.【答案】A【解析】細節理解題。根據第二段的第三句可知,張仲景的著作《傷寒雜病論》對傳統中醫實踐產生了重大影響。故選A。()3.WhatdoweknowaboutShenKuo?[A]HewasaChinesephysicianintheEasternHanDynasty.[B]HeworkedontheancientgeographyofChina.[C]Hewasregardedas“China’sKingofMedicine”.[D]Hedescribedtheanimalsandplantsalotinhiswork.【答案】D【解析】細節理解題。根據最后一段的第二句可知,沈括編寫了一部科學著作《夢溪筆談》,其中涉及很多關于動植物的描述。故選D。BWhenantibiotics(抗生素)firstbecameavailable,farmersusedthemfreely.Nowscientistsknowthattheoveruseofantibioticscancultivatedrug-resistantbacteriathataredangeroustohumanhealth.Amongdebatesoverwhatkindsofrestrictionsshouldbeputinplace,figuringouthowantibiotic-resistantbacteriaevolveandmaketheirwaytohumansremainsanareaofintenseinterest.JoHandelsmanistracingonesuchpathwaythat,assheputsit,travelsfrom“farmtotable”.Handelsman,amicrobiologist,lookedintodairycows,whichareoftentreatedwithantibioticsandproducemanure(排泄物)thatfarmersuseontheircrops.Inadditiontonutrients,thatfertilizermayharbourantibiotic-resistantbacteria—aproblembecausethebacteriacancomeintocontactwithplantsthatarefinallyshippedtosupermarketsandsometimeseatenraw.Tofindouthowthoseantibiotic-resistantbacteriacometoexist,Handelsmanandhercolleaguesaddedmanurefromanearbyfarmtoraisedbedsofsoilin2013.Inthiscase,themanurespecificallycamefromcowsthatwerenottreatedwithantibiotics.Theresearchersunexpectedlyfoundthatthereweremoresoilbacteriacarryingantibiotic-resistantgeneswhentheyweregrownwiththemanurethanwhentheyweregrownwithsyntheticnitrogen-basedfertilizer—eventhoughthecowsweredrug-free.Previousresearchhasfoundthatmanurefrompigstreatedwithantibioticscontainsresistantbacteria,butthecow-pieresultssuggesttherearemorefactorspromotingresistancebesidesantibioticuse.Somethingaboutmanureitselfmayencouragenaturallyresistantbacteriatoincrease.Thefindingsshouldnot,however,givetheimpressionthatresistanceiseverywhere,notesLancePrice,amicrobiologistwhowasnotinvolvedinthestudy.“Wecancontrolthis.There’sveryclearevidencethatwhenweturnofftheantibiotictap,webringdowndrug-resistantbacteria,”saysLance.Nextonthefarm-to-tableschedule,Handelsmanwilltestwhetherradishesgrowninsoiltreatedwithcowmanurearecapableoftakingupresistantgenesfrombacteriathroughtheirvascularsystem(循環系統).“Theyhaveveins(血管)justlikeus,”shesays.“Wedon’thaveanyevidenceyetthatthey’retakingupthebacteria,butit’sareallyinterestingpossibility.”【語篇導讀】本文是說明文。文章主要介紹了科學家JoHandelsman關于“耐抗生素細菌是如何傳播到人類”的研究成果。()4.WhatdoesJoHandelsman’sresearchfocuson?[A]Howantibioticsmaketheirwayontoourtable.[B]Whatrestrictionsshouldbeputtoantibioticsuse.[C]Howantibiotic-resistantbacteriareachhumanbeings.[D]Whatdamagetheoveruseofantibioticsdoestohumans.【答案】C【解析】細節理解題。根據第一段最后一句中的“howantibiotic-resistantbacteriaevolveandmaketheirwaytohumans”可知,JoHandelsman的研究重點是耐抗生素細菌是如何傳播到人類的。故選C。()5.WhatdidJoHandelsman’sresearchfind?[A]Drug-freecowsproducedmanurewithantibiotic-resistantbacteria.[B]Syntheticnitrogen-basedfertilizerdidmoregoodtotheenvironment.[C]Soilbacteriacarryingantibiotic-resistantgeneswereincreasingwithtime.[D]Manurefrompigstreatedwithantibioticscontainedfewerresistantbacteria.【答案】A【解析】細節理解題。根據第三段最后一句中的“eventhoughthecowsweredrug-free”可知,JoHandelsman團隊發現無藥(drug-free)奶牛產生的糞便中含有耐抗生素細菌。故選A。()6.WhyisLancePricequotedinthepassage?[A]Toprovidemoreevidencethatdrug-resistancebacteriaaredangerous.[B]Tosuggestanotherpossibleexplanationtotheantibioticsproblems.[C]Toemphasisetheimportanceoffeedingcowswithnoantibiotics.[D]Toshowthattheresearchfindingsmaynotbethatworrisome.【答案】D【解析】推理判斷題。根據倒數第二段中的“Wecancontrolthis.”可知,文章引用Lance的話是為了說明研究結果可能并不那么令人擔憂(worrisome)。故選D。()7.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisJoHandelsmanmostlikelytoagreewith?[A]Itisverylikelythatwidespreadresistancetoantibioticsisnotinevitable.[B]Plantsgrowninsoilfertilizedwithcowmanuremaycontaindrug-resistantgenes.[C]Thereispossibilitythatradishestakeupresistantgeneswherevertheyareplanted.[D]Thevascularsystemplaysakeyroleinguardingradishesagainstbacteria.【答案】B【解析】推理判斷題。根據最后一段內容可知,JoHandelsman認為在施用牛糞的土壤中生長的植物可能含有抗藥基因。故選B。Ⅱ.七選五(每題2.5分,共12.5分)TheImportanceofInventionsTheysaynecessityisthemotherofinvention,butinventiondrivestheeconomy.Thegreatimportanceofinventionisthatitsolvesproblemsandchangestheworld.1.Anditgoesbeyondculture.Themoderneraisarguablythegreatesttimeinthehistoryoftheworldforinnovation,butnoneofitwouldhavehappenedwithouttheinventionofelectricitysuppliedondemand.Withthatoneadvancement,incamethefastest-changingperiodinhumanhistoryandthegreatestpopulationgrowth,too.

2.Eventhingslikethetoiletandmodernplumbingmadeitpossibletoimprovehygieneandreduceexposuretohumanwaste,whichinturnmadecitiescleanerandmoredesirabletolivein.Themodernbathroomalsohelpedreducethespreadofdisease,whichinturnhelpedextendtheaveragelifeexpectancy.3.

Peopleeatbetter,andmoresafely,becauseofinnovationswenowtakeforgrantedliketherefrigerator,theovenandrunningtapwater.Dailylifeatworkhastransformedbecauseheavy-liftingjobscanbedonebyforklifts.Infact,technologyisreachinganewheight.4.Morepeoplethaneverbeforeneedtositforwork,withofficejobsandthelikechangingourfitnesslevelandloweringtheriskofinjuryduringaworkday.

Evenentertainmenthaschangedbecausenolongerdopeoplehavetomaketheirownfunbyplayinggames.5.Howpeoplecommunicate,work,eat,travel,shopisallsubjecttoinnovationandinvention.Advancesdon’talwaysimprovelife,though,asmanypeoplearelearningthroughtheconstant-accessstrugglesofsmartphonesandever-presentnoisepollutionincities.

【語篇導讀】本文是說明文。文章主要介紹了發明的重要性,作者認為雖說需求是發明之母,但發明才是經濟的動力。A.Innovationshapesthewaylifeislived.B.Theycanturntotheirphone,TVorradio.C.Factoriesareusingrobotsformanytasksnow.D.Theyhaveaffectedthewayweconsumemedia.E.Inventionsinfluenceallaspectsofmodernexistence.F.Newtechnologiesoftensimplifytheaverageperson’slife.G.AndthathasledtotheEarth’spopulationrisingsharplyinthelast150years.1.【答案】A【解析】根據空前內容“Thegreatimportanceofinventionisthatitsolvesproblemsandchangestheworld.”以及空后內容可知,空前和空后講述的都是發明的重要性。A項符合上下文內容,講述的也是發明即創新給人們的生活帶來的變化?？蘸蟮膇t指代的就是A項中的Innovation。故選A。2.【答案】E【解析】根據本段空后內容可知,下文主要講述的是發明影響了我們生活的各個方面。E項與下文內容相一致,是本段的中心句。故選E。3.【答案】G【解析】根據空前內容“Themodernbathroomalsohelped...lifeexpectancy.”可知,現代發明有助于延長人類的平均壽命,所以上文講的是發明與人類生命的關系。G項與上文構成因果關系,即人類壽命的延長,又導致了地球人口的劇增。故選G。4.【答案】C【解析】根據空前內容“Dailylifeatworkhastransformed...anewheight.”可知,上文講述的是發明對工作的影響。C項承接上文內容,同時與下文“Morepeoplethaneverbeforeneedtositforwork...duringaworkday.”保持一致,正因為工廠有機器人做很多工作,所以越來越多的人可以坐在辦公室工作。故選C。5.【答案】B【解析】根據空前內容“Evenentertainmenthaschanged...byplayinggames.”可知,上文提到的是人們不再需要只通過