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Whatistheuncannyvalley?
Creepyrobotsandthestrangephenomenonoftheuncannyvalley:definition,history,examples,andhowtoavoidit
Theuncannyvalleyphenomenonisaneerieorunsettlingfeelingthatsomepeopleexperienceinresponsetonot-quite-humanfigureslikehumanoidrobotsandlifelikecomputer-generatedcharacters.
HAVEYOUEVER
encounteredalifelike
humanoidrobot
orarealisticcomputer-generatedfacethatseemabitofforunsettling,thoughyoucan’tquiteexplainwhy?
TakeforinstanceAVA,oneofthe“digitalhumans”createdby
NewZealand
techstartup
SoulMachines
asan
on-screenavatarforAutodesk.WatchingalifelikedigitalbeingsuchasAVAcanbebothfascinatinganddisconcerting.AVAexpressesempathythroughherdemeanorandmovements:slightlyraisedbrows,atiltofthehead,anod.
Bymeticulouslyrenderingeverylashandlineinitsavatars,SoulMachinesaimedtocreateadigitalhumanthatisvirtuallyundistinguishablefromarealone.Buttomany,ratherthanlookingnatural,AVAactuallylookscreepy.There’ssomethingaboutitbeingalmosthumanbutnotquitethatcanmakepeopleuneasy.
LikeAVA,manyotherultra-realisticavatars,androids,andanimatedcharactersappearstuckinadisturbingin-betweenworld:Theyaresolifelikeandyettheyarenot“right.”Thisvoidofstrangenessisknownasthe
uncannyvalley.
UncannyValley:Definition
The
uncannyvalley
isaconceptfirstintroducedinthe1970sby
MasahiroMori,thenaprofessoratthe
TokyoInstituteofTechnology.Moricoinedtheterm“uncannyvalley”todescribehisobservationthatasrobotsappearmorehumanlike,theybecomemoreappealing—butonlyuptoacertainpoint.Uponreachingtheuncannyvalley,ouraffinitydescendsinto
afeelingofstrangeness,asenseofunease,andatendencytobescaredorfreakedout.
Theuncannyvalleycanbedefinedaspeople’snegativereactiontocertainlifelikerobots.
Theuncannyvalleygraphcreatedby
MasahiroMori
:Asarobot’shumanlikeness(horizontalaxis)increases,ouraffinitytowardstherobot(verticalaxis)increasestoo,butonlyuptoacertainpoint.Forsomelifelikerobots,ourresponsetothemplunges,andtheyappearrepulsiveorcreepy.That’stheuncannyvalley.
TheUncannyValleyExplained
Inhisseminal
essay
forJapanesejournal
Energy,Moriwrote:
Ihavenoticedthat,inclimbingtowardthegoalofmakingrobotsappearhuman,ouraffinityforthemincreasesuntilwecometoavalley,whichIcallthe
uncannyvalley.
Laterintheessay,Moridescribestheuncannyvalleybyusinganexample—thefirstprosthetichands:
Onemightsaythatthe
prosthetichand
hasachievedadegreeofresemblancetothehumanform,perhapsonaparwithfalseteeth.However,whenwerealizethehand,whichatfirstsitelookedreal,isinfactartificial,weexperienceaneeriesensation.Forexample,wecouldbestartledduringahandshakebyitslimpbonelessgriptogetherwithitstextureandcoldness.Whenthishappens,weloseoursenseofaffinity,andthehandbecomesuncanny.
Inan
interviewwith
IEEESpectrum,Moriexplainedhowhecameupwiththeideafortheuncannyvalley:
“SinceIwasachild,Ihaveneverlikedlookingatwaxfigures.Theylookedsomewhatcreepytome.Atthattime,electronicprosthetichandswerebeingdeveloped,andtheytriggeredinmethesamekindofsensation.Theseexperienceshadmademestartthinkingaboutrobotsingeneral,whichledmetowritethatessay.Theuncannyvalleywasmyintuition.Itwasoneofmyideas.”
UncannyValleyExamples
Tobetterillustratehowtheuncannyvalleyworks,herearesomeexamplesofthephenomenon.Preparetobefreakedout.
1.
Telenoid
Takingthetopspotinthe
“creepiest”rankingsof
IEEESpectrum
’sRobots
Guide,
Telenoid
isaroboticcommunicationdevicedesignedbyJapaneseroboticist
HiroshiIshiguro.Itsbaldhead,lifelessface,andlackoflimbsmakeitseem
morealienthanhuman.
2.
Diego-san
EngineersandroboticistsattheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiego’s
MachinePerceptionLab
developedthisrobotbabytohelpparentsbettercommunicatewiththeir
infants.At1.2meters(4feet)tallandweighing30kilograms(66pounds),
Diego-san
isabigbaby—biggerthananaverage1-year-oldchild.
“Eventhoughthefacialexpressionissophisticatedandintuitiveinthisinfantrobot,IstillperceiveafalsesmilewhenI’mexpectingthebabytoappearhappy,”says
AngelaTinwell,aseniorlecturerattheUniversityofBoltonintheU.K.andauthorof
TheUncannyValleyinGamesandAnimation.“This,alongwithalackofdetailintheeyesandforehead,canmakethebabyappearvacantandcreepy,soIwouldwanttoavoidthose‘deadeyes’ratherthaninteractingwith
Diego-san.”
3.
Geminoid
HI
AnotheroneofIshiguro’screations,
GeminoidHI
ishis
androidreplica.Heeventookhairfromhisownscalptoputontohisrobottwin.Ishigurosayshecreated
GeminoidHI
tobetterunderstandwhatitmeanstobehuman.
4.Sophia
Designedby
DavidHanson
of
HansonRobotics,
Sophia
isoneofthemostfamous
humanoidrobots.LikeSoulMachines’AVA,Sophiadisplaysarangeofemotionalexpressionsandisequippedwithnaturallanguageprocessingcapabilities.
5.Anthropomorphizedfelines
Theuncannyvalleydoesn’tonlyhappenwithrobotsthatadoptahumanform.The2019live-actionversionsoftheanimatedfilm
TheLionKing
andthemusical
Cats
broughttheuncannyvalleytotheforefrontof
popculture.Tosomefans,thephotorealisticcomputeranimationsoftalkinglionsandsingingcatsthatmimichumanmovementswerejustcreepy.
Areyoufeelingthateeriesensationyet?
UncannyValley:ScienceorPseudoscience?
Despiteourcontinuedfascinationwiththeuncannyvalley,itsvalidityasascientificconceptishighlydebated.Theuncannyvalleywasn’tactuallyproposedasascientificconcept,yethasoftenbeencriticizedinthatlight.
Morihimselfsaidin
his
IEEESpectrum
interview
thathedidn’texploretheconceptfromarigorousscientificperspectivebutasmoreofaguidelineforrobotdesigners:
Pointingouttheexistenceoftheuncannyvalleywasmoreofapieceofadvicefrommetopeoplewhodesignrobotsratherthanascientificstatement.
KarlMacDorman,anassociateprofessorof
human-computerinteraction
atIndianaUniversitywhohaslongstudiedtheuncannyvalley,interpretstheclassicgraphnotasexpressingMori’stheorybutasaheuristicforlearningtheconceptandorganizingobservations.
“Ibelievehistheoryisinsteadexpressedbyhisexamples,whichshowthatamismatchinthehumanlikenessofappearanceandtouchorappearanceandmotioncanelicitafeelingofeeriness,”MacDormansays.“Inmyownexperiments,Ihaveconsistentlyreproducedthiseffectwithinandacrosssensemodalities.Forexample,amismatchinthehumanrealismofthefeaturesofafaceheightenseeriness;arobotwithahumanvoiceorahumanwitharoboticvoiceiseerie.”
HowtoAvoidtheUncannyValley
Unlessyouintendtocreatecreepycharactersorevokeafeelingofunease,youcanfollowcertaindesignprinciplestoavoidtheuncannyvalley.“Theeffectcanbereducedbynotcreatingrobotsorcomputer-animatedcharactersthatcombinefeaturesondifferentsidesofaboundary—forexample,humanandnonhuman,livingandnonliving,orrealandartificial,”MacDormansays.
Tomakearobotoravatarmorerealisticandmoveitbeyondthevalley,Tinwellsaystoensurethatacharacter’sfacialexpressionsmatchitsemotivetonesofspeech,andthatitsbodymovementsareresponsiveandreflectitshypotheticalemotionalstate.Specialattentionmustalsobepaidtofacialelementssuchastheforehead,eyes,andmouth,whichdepictthecomplexitiesofemotionandthought.“The
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