《材料員》MaterialClerk混凝土ConcreteCONTENTS01混凝土的定義Definitionofconcrete混凝土的分類Classificationofconcrete02混凝土的特點Characteristicsofconcrete0301PART.01混凝土的定義Definitionofconcrete01、混凝土的定義Definitionofconcrete混凝土是現代土木工程中用途最廣、用量最大的建筑材料之一。從廣義來講，混凝土是由膠凝材料、粗細集料和水按適當比例配合、拌制而成的混合物，由具有一定可塑性的漿體經一定時間硬化而成具有一定強度的人造石材，統稱混凝土。Concreteisoneofthemostversatileandheavilyusedbuildingmaterialsinmoderncivilengineering.Inabroadsense,concreteisamixtureofcementitiousmaterials,coarseandfineaggregatesandwaterintheappropriateproportions,mixedfromacertainplasticityofthepasteafteracertainperiodoftimetohardenintoacertainstrengthofman-madestone,collectivelyknownasconcrete.01、混凝土的定義Definitionofconcrete以水泥為膠凝材料砂石為骨料的混凝土稱為水泥混凝土，在建筑工程中最為常用；以瀝青為膠凝材料砂石為骨料的混凝土稱為瀝青混凝土，在道路工程中最為常用。Concretewithcementasthecementitiousmaterialsandandgravelastheaggregateiscalledcementconcreteandismostcommonlyusedinconstructionprojects;concretewithasphaltasthecementitiousmaterialsandandgravelastheaggregateiscalledasphaltconcreteandismostcommonlyusedinroadprojects.02PART.02混凝土的分類Classificationofconcrete02、混凝土的分類Classificationofconcrete混凝土的種類很多，可根據其組成、特性與功能等從不同角度進行分類。Therearemanytypesofconcrete,whichcanbeclassifiedfromdifferentanglesaccordingtotheircomposition,propertiesandfunctions.02、混凝土的分類Classificationofconcrete1.按表觀密度分Dividedbyapparentdensity(1)普通混凝土。表觀密度約為2400kg/m3（通常在2350～2500kg/m3之間波動），用天然或人工砂、石為集料配制而成的混凝土，是土建工程中最常用的混凝土，主要用作各類建筑的承重結構材料。(1)Ordinaryconcrete.Apparentdensityofabout2400kg/m3(usuallyfluctuatesbetween2350and2500kg/m3),withnaturalorartificialsandandstoneasaggregatesformulatedconcrete,isthemostcommonlyusedconcreteincivilengineering,mainlyusedasaload-bearingstructuralmaterialforvarioustypesofbuildings.普通混凝土Ordinaryconcrete(2)輕混凝土。表觀密度可以輕達1900kg/m3，往往采用陶粒等輕質多孔的集料，或者摻入一定量的加氣劑或泡沫劑，配制成多孔結構的輕混凝土。主要用作輕質結構材料和保溫絕熱材料。(2)Lightconcrete.Apparentdensitycanbeaslightas1900kg/m3,oftenusinglightweightporousaggregatessuchasceramicpellets,ormixedwithacertainamountofaeratororfoamagent,formulatedintoaporousstructureoflightconcrete.Itismainlyusedasalightweightstructuralmaterialandasathermalinsulationmaterial.(3)重混凝土。表觀密度可達3200kg/m3，是用特別密實的集料（如鋼屑、重晶石、鐵礦石等）配制而成的混凝土，因其具有防輻射功能，又稱防輻射混凝土。主要用作核能工程的屏蔽結構材料。(3)Heavyconcrete.Theapparentdensitycanreach3200kgm3.Itisaconcretemadeofspeciallydenseaggregates(suchassteelchips,Baryte,ironore,etc.).Becauseofitsradiationprotectionfunction,itisalsocalledradiationprotectionconcrete.Mainlyusedasashieldingstructuralmaterialfornuclearenergyengineering.(2)輕混凝土。表觀密度可以輕達1900kg/m3，往往采用陶粒等輕質多孔的集料，或者摻入一定量的加氣劑或泡沫劑，配制成多孔結構的輕混凝土。主要用作輕質結構材料和保溫絕熱材料。(2)Lightconcrete.Apparentdensitycanbeaslightas1900kg/m3,oftenusinglightweightporousaggregatessuchasceramicpellets,ormixedwithacertainamountofaeratororfoamagent,formulatedintoaporousstructureoflightconcrete.Itismainlyusedasalightweightstructuralmaterialandasathermalinsulationmaterial.2.按膠凝材料分Classifiedbycementitiousmaterials可以分為水泥混凝土、石膏混凝土、水玻璃混凝土、瀝青混凝土、聚合物水泥混凝土、樹脂混凝土等。Itcanbedividedintocementconcrete,gypsumconcrete,waterglassconcrete,asphaltconcrete,polymercementconcrete,resinconcrete,etc.3.按流動性分Dividedbyliquidity可分為干硬性混凝土、塑性混凝土、流動性混凝土及大流動性混凝土。Itcanbedividedintodryhardconcrete,plasticconcrete,flowconcrete,andhighflowconcrete.4.按用途分Classificationbypurpose可分為結構混凝土、大體積混凝土、加氣混凝土、防水混凝土、耐熱混凝土、膨脹混凝土、防輻射混凝土、道路混凝土等。Itcanbedividedintostructuralconcrete,massconcrete,aeratedconcrete,waterproofconcrete,heat-resistantconcrete,expansiveconcrete,radiationresistantconcrete,roadconcrete,etc.5.按生產和施工方法分Classificationbyproductionandconstructionmethods可分為預拌混凝土（商品混凝土）、現場攪拌混凝土、泵送混凝土、噴射混凝土、碾壓混凝土、擠壓混凝土、離心混凝土、壓力灌漿混凝土等。Itcanbedividedintoready-mixedconcrete(commercialconcrete),on-sitemixedconcrete,pumpedconcrete,sprayedconcrete,rollercompactedconcrete,extrudedconcrete,centrifugalconcrete,pressuregroutingconcrete,etc.6.按抗壓強度分Classificationbasedoncompressivestrength抗壓強度小于30MPa；主要用于一些承受荷載較小的場合，如地面。Thecompressivestrengthislessthan30MPa;itismainlyusedinsomeapplicationswheretheloadislow,suchasfloors.低強混凝土lowstrengthconcrete6.按抗壓強度分Classificationbasedoncompressivestrength抗壓強度小于30MPa；主要用于一些承受荷載較小的場合，如地面。Thecompressivestrengthislessthan30MPa;itismainlyusedinsomeapplicationswheretheloadislow,suchasfloors.低強混凝土lowstrengthconcrete中強混凝土。抗壓強度為30～60MPa；是現今土木工程中的主要混凝土類型，應用于各種工程中，如房屋、橋梁、路面等。Thecompressivestrengthis30-60MPa;Itisthemaintypeofconcreteincivilengineeringtodayandisusedinvariousprojects,suchashouses,bridges,roadsurfaces,etc.中強混凝土Mediumstrengthconcrete6.按抗壓強度分Classificationbasedoncompressivestrength高強混凝土Highstrengthconcrete抗壓強度大于60MPa；主要用于大荷載、抗震及對混凝土性能要求較高的場合，如高層建筑、大型橋梁等。Compressivestrengthgreaterthan60MPa;mainlyusedforlargeloads,seismicandhighrequirementsforconcreteperformance,suchashigh-risebuildings,largebridges,etc.6.按抗壓強度分Classificationbasedoncompressivestrength高強混凝土Highstrengthconcrete抗壓強度大于60MPa；主要用于大荷載、抗震及對混凝土性能要求較高的場合，如高層建筑、大型橋梁等。Compressivestrengthgreaterthan60MPa;mainlyusedforlargeloads,seismicandhighrequirementsforconcreteperformance,suchashigh-risebuildings,largebridges,etc.超高強混凝土SuperHighStrengthConcrete抗壓強度大于100MPa。主要用于各種重要的大型工程，如高層氣竅樁基、軍事防爆工程、大型橋梁等。Thecompressivestrengthisgreaterthan100MPa,mainlyusedinvariousimportantlarge-scaleprojects,suchashigh-risegaspilefoundations,militaryexplosion-proofprojects,largebridges,etc.混凝土的品種雖然繁多，但在實踐工程中還是以普通的水泥混凝土應用最為廣泛，如果沒有特殊說明，狹義上我們通常稱其為混凝土，本章將做重點講述。Althoughtherearemanyvarietiesofconcrete,inpracticalengineeringitisthecommoncementconcretethatismostwidelyused,andifnotspecificallystated,weusuallyrefertoitinanarrowsenseasconcrete,whichwillbethefocusofthischapter.03PART.03混凝土的特點Characteristicsofconcrete03、混凝土的特點Characteristicsofconcrete普通水泥混凝土的優點：Advantagesofplaincementconcrete:(1)可塑性。混凝土在凝結前具有良好的可塑性，可澆筑成各種形狀和大小的構件和結構物，并可做各種飾面。(1)Plasticity.Concretehasgoodplasticitybeforesetting,andcanbepouredintovariousshapesandsizesofcomponentsandstructures,andcanbeusedforvariousfinishes.(2)安全性。硬化混凝土具有較高的力學強度，且與鋼筋之間具有牢固的結合力、收縮膨脹率相近，可做成鋼筋混凝土構件或結構物，長期承載，使結構的安全性得到充分保證。(2)Safety.Hardenedconcretehasahighmechanicalstrength,andwithastrongbondbetweenthesteel,shrinkageandexpansionrateissimilar,canbemadeintoreinforcedconcreteelementsorstructures,long-termload-bearing,sothatthesafetyofthestructureisfullyguaranteed.普通水泥混凝土的優點：Advantagesofplaincementconcrete:普通水泥混凝土的優點：Advantagesofplaincementconcrete:(3)經濟性。同其他材料相比，混凝土組成材料中的砂石等地方性材料的用量很大，且價格較低，符合就地取材和經濟實惠的原則，結構建成后的維護費用也較低。(3)Economical.Comparedwithothermaterials,theamountoflocalmaterialssuchassandandgravelintheconcretecompositionislargeandlessexpensive,inlinewiththeprincipleoflocalmaterialsandeconomy,andthemaintenancecostofthestructureaftercompletionisalsolower.普通水泥混凝土的優點：Advantagesofplaincementconcrete:(4)靈活性。混凝土在土木工程中適用于多種結構形式，滿足多種施工要求。可現澆、可預制，也可加入各種外加劑，可以通過改變材料的組成配制不同的混凝土來滿足不同工程的需求。(4)Flexibility.Concreteissuitableforavarietyofstructuralformsincivilengineeringtomeetavarietyofconstructionrequirements.Itcanbecast-in-place,prefabricatedorwithvariousadmixtures,andcanbeformulatedtomeettheneedsofdifferentprojectsbychangingthecompositionofthematerials.普通水泥混凝土的優點：Advantagesofplaincementconcrete:(5)耐火性。混凝土一般可有1～2h的防火時效，比鋼鐵安全得多，不會像鋼結構建筑那樣在高溫下很快軟化而造成坍塌。(5)Fireresistance.Concretecangenerallyhave1to2hoffireresistance,muchsaferthansteel,andwillnotcollapseasquicklyassteelbuildingssoftenathightemperatures.普通水泥混凝土的優點：Advantagesofplaincementconcrete:(5)耐火性。混凝土一般可有1～2h的防火時效，比鋼鐵安全得多，不會像鋼結構建筑那樣在高溫下很快軟化而造成坍塌。(5)Fireresistance.Concretecangenerallyhave1to2hoffireresistance,muchsaferthansteel,andwillnotcollapseasquicklyassteelbuildingssoftenathightemperatures.(6)耐久性。混凝土本來就是一種耐久性很好的材料，古羅馬建筑經過幾千年的風雨依然屹立不倒，這本身就昭示著混凝土應該"歷久彌堅"。(6)Durability.Concreteisaverydurablematerial,andthefactthatRomanbuildingshaveremainedstandingafterthousandsofyearsofweatheringisitselfasignthatconcreteshould"lastforever".由于混凝土具有以上許多優點，因此它是一種主要的土木工程材料，廣泛應用于工業與民用建筑、道橋工程、水利工程及地下工程、隧道工程、國防建設等，它在國家基本建設中占有重要地位。Asconcretehasmanyoftheaboveadvantages,itisamajorcivilengineeringmaterial,widelyusedinindustrialandcivilbuildings,roadandbridgeworks,waterconservancyworksandundergroundworks,tunnelworks,nationaldefenceconstruction,etc.Itoccupiesanimportantpositioninthenationalcapitalconstruction.普通水泥混凝土的缺點：Disadvantagesofplaincementconcrete:(1)抗拉強度低。混凝土的抗拉強度是抗壓強度的1/10～1/15，是鋼筋抗拉強度的1/100左右。(1)Lowtensilestrength.Thetensilestrengthofconcreteis1/10to1/15ofthecompressivestrength,andisabout1/100ofthetensilestrengthofreinforcingsteel.普通水泥混凝土的缺點：Disadvantagesofplaincementconcrete:(2)延展性不高。混凝土是一種脆性材料，抵抗變形能力較差，只能承受少量的張力變形，易開裂發生脆性破壞；抗沖擊能力差，在沖擊或震動荷載作用下容易產生脆斷。(2)Ductilityisnothigh.Concreteisabrittlematerial,poorresistancetodeformation,canonlywithstandasmallamountoftensiondeformation,easytocrackbrittledamage;poorimpactresistance,easytoproducebrittlefractureundertheimpactorvibrationload.普通水泥混凝土的缺點：Disadvantagesofplaincementconcrete:(3)自重大，體積大，比強度低。給施工和使用均帶來較大的不便，尤其對高層、大跨度建筑物要求材料在保證力學性質的前提下，以輕為宜。(3)Self-important,largevolume,lowspecificstrength.Totheconstructionanduseofbothbringgreaterinconvenience,especiallyforhigh-rise,large-spanbuildingsrequirematerialstoensurethemechanicalpropertiesofthepremise,inordertolightappropriate.普通水泥混凝土的缺點：Disadvantagesofplaincementconcrete:(4)