英語(yǔ)一真題

SectionⅠUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Eveniffamiliesdon'tsitdowntoeattogetherasfrequentlyasbefore,millionsofBritonswillnonethelesshavegotasharethisweekendofoneofthatnation’sgreattraditions:theSundayroast.1acoldwinter'sday,fewculinarypleasurescan2it.Yetaswereportnow,thefoodpolicearedeterminedthatthis3shouldberenderedyetanotherqualitypleasure4todamageourhealth.

TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has5apublicwarningabouttherisksofacompoundcalledacrylamidethatformsinsomefoodscooked6hightemperatures.Thismeansthatpeopleshould7crispingtheirroastpotatoes,rejectthin-crustpizzasandonly8toasttheirbread.Butwhereistheevidencetosupportsuchalarmistadvice?9studieshaveshownthatacrylamidecancauseneurologicaldamageinmice,thereisno10evidencethatitcausescancerinhumans.

Scientistssaythecompoundis11tocausecancerbuthavenohardscientificproof12theprecautionaryprinciple,itcouldbearguedthatitis13tofollowtheFSAadvice.14,itwasrumouredthatsmokingcausedcancerforyearsbeforetheevidencewasfoundtoprovea15.

Doubtlessapieceofboiledbeefcanalwaysbe16uponSundayalongsidesomesteamedvegetables,withouttheYorkshirepuddingandnowine.Butwouldlifebeworthliving?17,theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutoutroastfoods18,buttoreducetheirlifetimeintake.However,their19riskscomingacrossasbeingpushyandoverprotective.Constanthealthscaresjust20withonelistening.

1.[A]In[B]Towards[C]On[D]Till

2.[A]match[B]express[C]satisfy[D]influence

3.[A]patience[B]enjoyment[C]surprise[D]concern

4.[A]intensified

[B]privileged[C]compelled[D]guaranteed

5.[A]issued

[B]received[C]compelled[D]guaranteed

6.[A]under

[B]at[C]for

[D]by

7.[A]forget[B]regret[C]finish[D]avoid

8.[A]partially

[B]regular

[C]easily

[D]initially

9.[A]Unless[B]Since[C]If[D]While

10.[A]secondary[B]external

[C]conclusive

[D]negative

11.[A]insufficient

[B]bound[C]likely[D]slow

12.[A]Onthebasisof[B]Atthecostof

[C]Inadditionto[D]Incontrastto

13.[A]interesting[B]advisable

[C]urgent

[D]fortunate

14.[A]Asusual[B]Inparticular[C]Bydefinition[D]Afterall

15.[A]resemblance[B]combination[C]connection[D]pattern

16.[A]made[B]served[C]saved[D]used

17.[A]Tobefair[B]Forinstance

[C]Tobebrief[D]Ingeneral

18.[A]reluctantly[B]entirely[C]gradually[D]carefully

19.[A]promise[B]experience[C]campaign[D]competition

20.[A]followup[B]pickup[C]openup[D]endup

SectionⅡReadingComprehension

PartADirections:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1

AgroupofLabourMPs,amongthemYvetteCooper,arebringinginthenewyearwithacalltoinstituteaUK“townofculture”award.Theproposalisthatitshouldsitalongsidetheexistingcityofculturetitle,whichwasheldbyHullin,andhasbeenawardedtoCoventryfor.CooperandhercolleaguesarguethatthesuccessofthecrownforHull,whereitbroughtin￡220mofinvestmentandanavalancheofarts,oughtnottobeconfinedtocities.Britain’stowns,itistrue,arenotpreventedfromapplying,buttheygenerallylacktheresourcestoputtogetherabidtobeattheirbiggercompetitors.Atownofcultureawardcould,itisargued,becomeanannualevent,attractingfundingandcreatingjobs.

SomemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefactthatBritainisnolongerabletoapplyforthemuchmoreprestigioustitleofEuropeancapitalofculture,asought-afterawardbaggedbyGlasgowin1990andLiverpoolin.AcynicmightspeculatethattheUKisonthevergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverofself-celebrationinitsdesperationtoreinventitselfforthepost-Brexitworld:aftertownofculture,whoknowswhatwillfollow-villageofculture?Suburbofculture?Hamletofculture?

Itisalsowisetorecallthatsuchtitlesarenotacure-all.Abadlyrun“yearofculture”washesinandwashesoutofaplacelikethetide,bringingprominenceforaspellbutleavingnolastingbenefitstothecommunity.Thereallysuccessfulholdersofsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreatdealmorethanfillhotelbedroomsandbringinhigh-proeventsandgoodpressforayear.Theytransformtheaspirationsofthepeoplewholivethere;theynudgetheself-imageofthecityintoabolderandmoreoptimisticlight.Itishardtogetright,andrequiresaremarkabledegreeofvision,aswellascooperationbetweencityauthorities,theprivatesector,communitygroupsandculturalorganisations.Butitcanbedone:Glasgow'syearasEuropeancapitalofculturecancertainlybeseenasoneofacomplexseriesoffactorsthathaveturnedthecityintothepowerhouseofart,musicandtheatrethatitremainstoday.

A“townofculture”couldbenotjustabouttheartsbutabouthonouringatown’speculiarities—helpingsustainitshighstreet,supportinglocalfacilitiesandaboveallcelebratingitspeople.JeremyWright,theculturesecretary,shouldwelcomethispositive,hope-filledproposal,andturnitintoaction.

21.Cooperandhercolleaguesarguethata“townofculture”awardcould

[A]consolidatethetown-citytiesinBritain.

[B]promotecooperation-amongBritain’stowns.

[C]increasetheeconomicstrengthofBritain’stowns.

[D]focusBritain’slimitedresourcesonculturalevents.

22.AccordingtoParagraph2,theproposalmightberegardedbysomeas

[A]asensiblecompromise.

[B]aself-deceivingattempt.

[C]aneye-catchingbonus.

[D]aninaccessibletarget.

23.Theauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessfulonlyifit

[A]endeavourstomaintainitsimage.

[B]meetstheaspirationofitspeople.

[C]bringsitslocalartstoprominence.

[D]commitstoitslong-termgrowth.

24.GlasgowismentionedinParagraph3topresent

[A]acontrastingcase.

[B]asupportingexample.

[C]abackgroundstory.

[D]arelatedtopic.

25.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheproposal?

[A]Skeptical.

[B]Objective.

[C]Favourable.

[D]Critical.

Text2

Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneedjournalsinwhichtopublishtheirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge.

Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlyfindamarketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientificpublishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%ontheiroperationsatatimewhentherestofthepublishingindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.

TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethan￡900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmorethan￡210mintoenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.

Themostdrastic,anthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin,whichnowclaimstoofferaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.

InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchisnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms:eitherfreelyavailablefromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedongeneralrelease.

Yetthenewsystemhasnotyetworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofprepringanarticle.Theserangefromaround￡500to$5,000,andapparentlytheworkgetsmoreexpensivethemorethatpublishersdoit.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese“articlepreparationcosts”hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.

Insomewaysthescientificpublishingmodelresemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet:labourisprovidedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower.

26.Scientificpublishingisseenas“alicencetoprintmoney”partlybecause

[A]itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincrease.

[B]itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessful.

[C]itspaymentforpeerreviewisreduced.

[D]itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing.

27.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishersElsevierhave

[A]thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries.

[B]gonethroughanexistentialcrisis.

[C]revivedthepublishingindustry.

[D]financedresearchersgenerously.

28.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?

[A]Relieved.

[B]Puzzled.

[C]Concerned.

[D]Encouraged.

29.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccessterms

[A]allowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoney.

[B]renderpublishingmucheasierforscientists.

[C]reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially.

[D]freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens.

30.Whichofthefollowingcharacterizesthescientificpublishingmodel?

[A]Trialsubscriptionisoffered.

[B]Labourtriumphsoverstatus.

[C]Costsarewellcontrolled.

[D]Thefewfeedonthemany.

Text3

Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityandawaytoleveltheplayingfield.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signalingthatbenefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaveragepeople.

ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisandHouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,toensure“genderparity”onboardsandcommissions,provideacaseinpoint.

HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate-governmentboardsarelessthan40percentfemale.Inordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuchopportunities,theyhaveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.Ifthebillsbecomelaw,stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredtosetaside50percentofboardseatsforwomenby.

ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifomia,whichlastyearbecamethefirststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichexpresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobablyunconstitutional.

TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressan“important”policyinterest,BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutionalguaranteeof“equalprotection”.

Butaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?Femaleparticipationoncorporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthepercentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,butsowhat?

Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithoutgovernmentinterference.AccordingtoastudybyCatalyst,betweenandtheshareofwomenontheboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54percent.

Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimaryqualificationforboardmembershipwillinevitablyleadtolessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.ThatisexactlywhathappenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategenderquota.

WritinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasingthenumberofopportunitiesforboardmembershipwithoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedwomentoserveonsuchboardshasledtoa“goldenskirt”phenomenon,wherethesameelitewomenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.

Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegenderequity,rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargelyself-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsorsfeelgoodbutdolittletohelpaveragewomen.

31.TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyLewisandHaddadwill

[A]helplittletoreducegenderbias.

[B]poseathreattothestategovernment.

[C]raisewomen’spositioninpolitics.

[D]greatlybroadencareeroptions.

32.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliformiameasure?

[A]Ithasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.

[B]ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt.

[C]ItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.

[D]Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.

33.TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalysttoillustrate

[A]theharmfromarbitraryboarddecision.

[B]theimportanceofconstitutionalguarantees.

[C]thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporations.

[D]theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions.

34.Norway’sadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderquotahasledto

[A]theunderestimationofelitewomen’srole.

[B]theobjectiontofemaleparticipationonboards.

[C]theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboard.

[D]thegrowingtensionbetweenlaborandmanagement.

35.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?

[A]Women’sneedinemploymentshouldbeconsidered.

[B]Feasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking.

[C]Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.

[D]Majorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusoflegislation.

Text4

LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersorusersinFrance.Digitalservicesincludeeverythingfromprovidingaplatformforsellinggoodsandservicesonlinetotargetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata,andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuchservices.ManyFrenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisasa“GAFAtax,”meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchasGoogle,Apple,FacebookandAmazon—inotherwords,multinationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnitedStates.

ThedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofPresidentEmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withtheUnitedStatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationintowhetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,whichintumcouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.

TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofrevenue.

Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispartofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepastfewyearsproposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnewinternationaltaxprovisions.TheyhaveincludedBritain’sDPT.(divertedprofitstax),Australia’sMAAL(multinationalanti-avoidancelaw),andIndia’sSEP(significanteconomicpresence)test,tonamebutafew.Atthesametime,theEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveallseriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.

Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyarealldesignedtotaxmultinationalsonincomeandrevenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeepupwiththecurrenteconomy.

Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreachaconsensusbytheendofonaninternationalsolution.BothFranceandtheUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheorganization'swork,butFrance'sdigitalservicestaxandtheAmericanresponseraisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholdsfortheinternationaltaxsystem.

France’splannedtaxisaclearwarning:Unlessabroadconsensuscanbereachedonreformingtheinternationaltaxsystem,othernationsarelikelytofollowsuit,andAmericancompanieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfromdozensofnationsthatwillproveburdensomeandcostly.

36.TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabillto

[A]regulatedigitalservicesplatforms.

[B]protectFrenchcompanies”interests.

[C]imposealevyontechmultinationals.

[D]curbtheinfluenceofadvertising.

37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigitalservicestax

[A]maytriggercountermeasuresagainstFrance.

[B]isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroad.

[C]aimstoeaseinternationaltradetensions.

[D]willpromptthetechgiantstoquitFrance.

38.Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasuressharetheopinionthat

[A]redistributionoftechgiants’revenuemustbeensured.

[B]thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgrading.

[C]techmultinationals’monopolyshouldbeprevented.

[D]allcountriesoughttoenjoyequaltaxingrights.

39.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph5thattheOECD’scurrentwork

[A]isbeingresistedbyUScompanies.

[B]needstobereadjustedimmediately.

[C]isfacedwithuncertainprospects.

[D]needstoininvolvemorecountries.

40.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthistext?

[A]FranceIsConfrontedwithTradeSanctions

[B]FranceleadsthechargeonDigitalTax

[C]FranceSays“NO”toTechMultinationals

[D]FranceDemandsaRoleintheDigitalEconomy

PartB

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadings.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Eyefixationsarebrief

[B]Toomucheyecontactisinstinctivelyfelttoberude

[C]Eyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignal

[D]Personalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeyecontact

[E]Biologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeinginvestigated

[F]Mostpeoplearenotcomfortableholdingeyecontactwithstrangers

[G]Eyecontactcanalsobeaggressive.

Inasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncanshowthatyouarepayingattentioninafriendlyway.Butitcanalsobeantagonisticsuchaswhenapoliticalcandidateturnstowardtheircompetitorduringadebateandmakeseyecontactthatsignalshostility.Here’swhathardsciencerevealsabouteyecontact:

41.

Weknowthatatypicalinfantwillinstinctivelygazeintoitsmother’seyes,andshewilllookback.Thismutualgazeisamajorpartoftheattachmentbetweenmotherandchild.Inadulthood,lookingsomeoneelseinapleasantwaycanbeacomplimentarysignofpayingattention.Itcancatchsomeone’sattentioninacrowdedroom,“Eyecontactandsmile”cansignalavailabilityandconfidence,acommon-sensenotionsupportedinstudiesbypsychologistMonicaMoore.

42.

NeuroscientistBonnieAuyeungfoundthatthehormoneoxytocinincreasedtheamountofeyecontactfrommentowardtheinterviewerduringabriefinterviewwhenthedirectionoftheirgazewasrecorded.Thiswasalsofoundinhigh-functioningmenwithsomeautisticspectrumsymptoms,whomaytendtoavoideyecontact.Specificbrainregionsthatrespondduringdirectgazearebeingexploredbyotherresearches,usingadvancedmethodsofbrainscanning.

43.

Withtheuseofeye-trackingtechnology,JuliaMinsonoftheHarvardKennedySchoolofGovernmentconcludedthateyecontactcansignalverydifferentkindsofmessages,dependingonthesituation.Whileeyecontactmaybeasignofconnectionortrustinfriendlysituations,it’smorelikelytobeassociatedwithdominanceorintimidationinadversarialsituations.“Whetheryou’reapoliticianoraparent,itmightbehelpfultokeepinmindthattryingtomaintaineyecontactmaybackfireifyou’retryingtoconvincesomeonewhohasadifferentsetofbeliefsthanyou,”saidMinson.

44.

Whenwelookatafaceorapicture,oureyespauseononespotatatime,oftenontheeyesormouth.Thesepausestypicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond,andtheeyesthenjumptoanotherspot,untilseveralimportantpointsintheimageareregisteredlikeaseriesofsnapshots.Howthewholeimageisthenassembledandperceivedisstillamysteryalthoughitisthesubjectofcurrentresearch.

45.

Inpeoplewhoscorehighinatestofneuroticism,apersonalitydimensionassociatedwithself-consciousnessandanxiety,eyecontacttriggeredmoreactivityassociatedwithavoidance,accordingtotheFinnishresearcherJariHietanenandcolleagues“Ourfindingsindicatethatpeopledonotonlyfeeldifferentwhentheyarethecentreofattentionbutthattheirbrainreactionsalsodiffer.”Amoredirectfindingisthatpeoplewhoscoredhighlyfornegativeemotionslikeanxietylookedatothersforshorterperiodsoftimeandreportedmorecomfortablefeelingswhenothersdidnotlookdirectlyatthem.

PartCDirections:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

FollowingtheexplosionofcreativityinFlorenceduringthe14thcenturyknownastheRenaissance,themodernworldsawadeparturefromwhatithadonceknown.ItturnedfromGodandtheauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandinsteadfavouredamorehumanisticapproachtobeing.RenaissanceideashadspreadthroughoutEuropewellintothe17thcentury,withtheartsandsciencesflourishingextraordinarilyamongthosewithamorelogicaldisposition.(46)withtheChurch’steachingsandwaysofthinkingeclipsedbytheRenaissance,thegapbetweentheMedievalandmodernperiodshadbeenbridgedleadingtonewandunexploredintellectualterritories.

DuringtheRenaissance,thegreatmindsofNicolausCopernicus,Johan