考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷471

一、閱讀（補全短文）（本題共15題，每題1.0分，共

15分。）

CoincidingwiththegroundbreakingtheoryofbiologicalevolutionproposedbyBritish

naturalistCharlesDarwininthe1860s,BritishsocialphilosopherHerbertSpencerput

forwardhisowntheoryofbiologicalandculturalevolution.Spencerarguedthatall

worldlyphenomena,includinghumansocieties,changedovertime,advancingtoward

perfection.[Cl].AmericansocialscientistLewisHenryMorganintroduced

anothertheoryofculturalevolutioninthelate1800s.Morganhelpedfoundmodern

anthropology—thescientificstudyofhumansocieties,customsandbeliefs-thus

becomingoneoftheearliestanthropologists.Inhiswork,heattemptedtoshowhowall

aspectsofculturechangedtogetherintheevolutionofsocieties.[C2].Inthe

early1900sinNorthAmerica,German-bomAmericananthropologistFranzBoas

developedanewtheoryofcultureknownasHistoricalparticularism,whichemphasized

theuniquenessofallcultures,gavenewdirectiontoanthropology.[C3].Boas

tcltthatthecultureofanysocietymustbeunderstoodastheresultofauniquehistory

andnotasoneofmanyculturesbelongingtoabroaderevolutionarystageortypeof

culture.[C4].Historicalparticularismbecameadominantapproachtothe

studyofcultureinAmericananthropology,largelythroughtheinfluenceofmany

studentsofBoas.Butanumberofanthropologistsintheearly1900salsorejectedthe

particularisttheoryofcultureinfavorofdiffusionism.Someattributedvirtuallyevery

importantculturalachievementtotheinventionsofafew,especiallygiftedpeoplesthat,

accordingtodiffusionists,（henspreadtoothercultures.[C5].Alsointheearly

1900s,FrenchsociologistEmileDurkheimdevelopedatheoryofculturethatwould

greatlyinfluenceanthropology.Durkheimproposedthatreligiousbeliefsfunctionedto

reinforcesocialsolidarity.Aninterestintherelationshipbetweenthefunctionofsociety

andculturebecameamajorthemeinEuropean,andespeciallyBritish,anthropology.

[A]Othcranthropologistsbelievedthatculturalinnovations,suchasinventions,hada

singleoriginandpassedfromsocietytosociety.Thistheorywasknownasdiffusionism.

IBJInordertostudyparticularculturesascompletelyaspossible,hebecameskilledin

linguistics,thestudyoflanguages,andinphysicalanthropology,thestudyofhuman

biologyandanatomy.[C]Hearguedthathumanevolutionwascharacterizedbyastruggle

hecalledthe"survivalofthefittest,"inwhichweakerracesandsocietiesmusteventually

bereplacedbystronger,moreadvancedracesandsocieties.|D]Theyalsofocusedon

importantrituals（hatappeared（opreserveapeople'ssocialstructure,suchasinitiation

ceremoniesthatformallysignifychildren'sentranceintoadulthood.[E]Thus,inhisview,

diverseaspectsofculture,suchasthestructureoffamilies,formsofmarriage,categories

ofkinship,ownershipofproperty,formsofgovernment,technology,andsystemsoffood

production,allchangedassocietiesevolved.[F]Supportersofthetheoryviewedculture

asacollectionofintegratedpansthatworktogeihertokeepasocietyfunctioning.[G]For

example,BritishanthropologistsGraftonElliotSmithandW.J.Perryincorrectly

suggested,onthebasisofinadequateinformation,thatfarming,potterymaking,and

metallurgyalloriginatedinancientEgyptanddiffusedthroughouttheworld.Infact,all

oftheseculturaldevelopmentsoccurredseparatelyatdifferenttimesinmanypartsofthe

world.

1、[Cl]

標準答案：C

知以點解析：C項的意思是，人類的進化有一個特征---"survivalofthefittest”，

并且解釋了種族和社會的適者生存觀念。因為第一段講的是HerbertSpencer的“生

物和文化進化理論并且出現了CharlesDarwin提出的“生物界的適者生存“，而

這里說人類社會的進化也有適者生存這一特征，所以，正確答案是C項。

2、[C2]

標準答案：E

知識點解析：E項認為不同方面的文化隨著社會的進化都改變了。第二段第三句提

到，在Morgan的作品里,他盡量說明\howaspectsofculturechangedtogetherin

（heevolutionofsocieties,這跟E項的內容不謀而合。所以，E項為正確答案。

3、[C3]

標準答案：A

知識點解析：A項主要介紹了什么叫diffusionism,它認為文化的變革是有單一的

起源的，并且這種變革會在社會之間傳遞。第五段出現了diffusionism,而且。【her

anthropologists的出現表明，前文可能出現了anthropologist這一詞，回到原文中找

各個人的職業，就可以看到整篇文章提出的4個主要理論家中，只有LewisHenry

Morgan和FranzBoas的職業是anthropologist,因此可推出，A項為正確答案。

4、[C4]

標準答案：B

知識點解析：B項的大體意思是：他對語言學和體質人類學都很熟悉，以便盡可能

全面地了解特定的文化觀念。particularcullures是關鍵詞。回到文章，在第三段可

以找到theuniquenessofallcultures,由此斷定，這個選項中的he指的就是Franz

BoasoBoas在第三段和第四段都出現過，所以正確答案為B項。

5、[C5]

標準答案：G

知識點解析：G項是一個例子，用來補充說明前面的觀點，其大體意思是：由于信

息缺乏，這兩位人類學家錯誤地指出農耕等都是起源于古埃及，然后傳播到世界

各地。事實上，所有這些文化在世界不同地方、不同時期都曾分別出現過。這個

例子是兩個不同觀點的比較。在第五段除了historicalparticularism（歷史特殊論）

外，還看到diffusionism理論和diffusionists這一類人。正好是兩種理論的對比，

所以G項正確.

Thinkof(hosefleetingmomeniswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealise

thatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowthinkofyourlaptop,thinnerthanabrown-

paperenvelope,oryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand.Takeamomentortwoto

wonderatthosemarvels.Youarctheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue.Thesecond

halfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses,warriors,entrepreneursand

visionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterand

printingpress,studioandtheatre,paintbrushandgallery,pianoandradio,themailas

wellasthemailcarrier.[Cl].Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice,

thefirstmediamachinethatservesasthemodeofproduction,meansofdistribution,site

ofreception,andplaceofpraiseandcritique.Thecomputeristhe21stcentury'sculture

machine.Butforallthereasonstherearctocelebratethecomputer,wemustalsotread

withcaution.[C2].Icallitasecretwarfortworeasons.First,mostpeopledo

notrealisethattherearestrongcommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassive

consumptionmode.Second,themajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputersto

uploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyaredoing.Allanimals

download,butonlyafewupload.Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests.Yetforthe

mostpart,theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading.Humansare

uniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemto

createsuperfluousmaterialgoods—paintings,sculptureandarchitecture一and

superfluousexperiences—music,literature,religionandphilosophy.[C3].For

allthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines,mostpeoplearestillstuckindownload

mode.Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia,apyramidofproduction

remains,williasmalliiuinbciofpeopleuploadingmaterial,aslightlylargergroup

commentingonormodifyingthatcontent,andahugepercentageremainingcontentto

justconsume.[C4].Televisionisaone-waytapflowingintoourhomes.The

hardesttaskthattelevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnedit

on.[C5].Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading?Mydefinitionrevolvesaround

(heconceptof"stickiness"—creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere.(AlOf

course,itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimately

whalitistobehuman.Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills,but

failingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentof

humanity.[B]Applicationslike,whichallowuserstocombinepictures,

wordsandothermediaincreativewaysandthensharethem,havethepotentialtoadd

stickinessbyamusing,emenainingandenlighteningothers.[C]Notonlydid(heydevelop

suchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditina

worldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday.[D]Thisisbecausethe

networkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadinganduploading

betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation-whoseoutcomewillshapeour

collectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine.lEJThechallengethecomputer

mountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformatbeingreplacedbyanotherin

(hemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers.(F|Onereasonforthe

persistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf-century,muchof(he

world'smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemediumtelevision-andtelevisionis

definedbydownloading.[G]Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50years

toreversetheflow,toencouragethoughtfuldownloadingand,evenmoreimportantly,

meaningfuluploading.

enormousresourceisnotcontributingenoughtotoday'sglobalchallengesincluding

climatechange,security,sustainabledevelopmentandhealth.[Cl].Humanity

hasthenecessaryagro-technologicaltoolstoeradicatehunger,fromgenetically

engineeredcropstoartificialfertilizers.Here,too,theproblemsaresocial:the

organizationanddistributionoffood,wealthandprosperity.[C2].Thisisa

shame-thecommunityshouldbegraspingtheopportunitytcraiseitsinfluenceinthe

realworld.Toparaphrase(hegreatsocialscientistJosephSchumpeter:thereisnoradical

innovationwithoutcreativedestruction.Today,thesocialsciencesarelargelyfocusedon

disciplinaryproblemsandinternalscholarlydebates,ratherthanontopicswithexternal

impact.Analysesrevealthatthenumberofpapersincludingthekeywords

"environmentalchange"or"climatechange"haveincreasedrapidlysince2004.[C3]

.Whensocialscientistsdotacklepracticalissues,theirscopeisoftenlocal:

BelgiumisinterestedmainlyintheeffectsofpovertyonBelgium,forexample.And

whetherthecommunity'sworkcontributesmuchtoanoverallaccumulationof

knowledgeisdoubtful.Theproblemisnotnecessarilytheamountofavailablefunding.

[C4].Thisisanadequateamountsolongasitisaimedintherightdirection.

Socialscientistswhocomplainaboutalackoffundingshouldnotexpectmoreintoday's

economicclimate.Thetrickistodirectthesefundsbetter.TheEuropeanUnion

Frameworkfundingprogramshavelonghadacategoryspecificallytargetedatsocial

scientists.Thisyear,itwasproposedthatthesystembechanged:Horizon2020,anew

programtobeenactedin2014,wouldnothavesuchacategory.Thishasresultedin

protestsfromsocialscientists.Buttheintentionisnottoneglectsocialscience;rather,the

completeopposite.[C5].Thatshouldcreatemorecollaborativeendeavorsand

helptodevelopprojectsaimeddirectlyatsolvingglobalproblems.[A]Itcouldbethatwe

areevolving(wocommunitiesofsocialscientists:onethatisdiscipline-orientedand

publishinginhighlyspecializedjournals,andonethatisprob.em-orientedandpublishing

elsewhere,suchaspolicybriefs.|B]However,(henumbersarestillsmall:in2010,about

1,600ofthe100,000social-sciencespaperspublishedgloballyincludedoneofthese

keywords.[CITheideaistoforcesocialscientiststointegratetheirworkwithother

categories,includinghealthanddemographicchange,foodsecurity,marineresearchand

thebio-economy,clear,efficientenergy;andinclusive,innovativeandsecuresocieties.

[D]Thesolutionistochangethemindsetoftheacademiccommunity,andwhatit

considerstobeitsmaingoal.Globalchallengesandsocialinnovationoughttoreceive

muchmoreaitentionfromscientists,especially(heyoungones.[E]Theseissuesallhave

rootcausesinhumanbehavior;allrequirebehavioralchangeandsocialinnovations,as

wellastechnologicaldevelopment.Stemmingclimatechange,forexample,isasmuch

aboutchangingconsumptionpatternsandpromotingtaxacceptanceasitisabout

developingcleanenergy.[F]Dcspitcthesefactors,manysocialscientistsseemreluctant

totacklesuchproblems.AndinEurope,someareupinarmsoveraproposaltodropa

specificfundingcategoryforsocial-scienceresearchandtointegrateitwithincross-

cuttingtopicsofsustainabledevelopment.|G]Duringthelate1990s,nationalspendingon

socialsciencesandthehumanitiesasapercentageofallresearchanddevelopment

funds—includinggovernment,highereducation,non-profnandcorporate—variedfrom

around4%to25%;inmostEuropeannations,i(isabout15%.

11、(Cl]

標準答案：E

知識點解析：空格前提到了復數結構的，obalchallenges,整句話的意思為“這個巨

大的資源并沒有為應對今天的全球化挑戰做出足夠的貢獻—諸如氣候變化、社

會安全、可持續發展和人體健康該項首句theseissues說明前文或者有issues這

個單詞出現，或者出現表示issue的復數同義名詞，或者出現若干個具體的issue

內容，在這里theseissues即指代空格前所提到的復數結構globalchallenges,以及

該項第二句的climatechange舉例說明即是空前所列出的問題之一，并且該項提及

解決氣候變化的問題，很好地啟示了下文。

12、［C2］

標準答案：F

知識點解析；該項開頭出現邏輯關系詞d