考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷253

一、閱讀（常規閱讀理解）（本題共2。題，每題

分,共20分。）

AnalarmingonefifthofallMedicarepatientsdischargedfromthehospitalendupback

inthehospitalwiihin30days,andfullyathirdreturnwithin90days.Ifthisyo-yoing

couldbegreatlyreduced,Medicarecouldsavebillionsofdollars.Manypatientswould

certainlybenefitfromthebettercare.Highratesofrehospitalizationarepartlythefaultof

thehospitals.ThemorefundamentalproblemisthefragmentednatureoftheAmerican

medicalsystem:toooften,healthcareprovidersfailtocommunicatewithoneanother,

patientsfallbetweenthecracksandnooneseemsclearlyinchargeofapatient'swelfare.

Anewanalysisbythreeresearchers,publishedinTheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine,

estimatedthatunplannedrehospitalizationsamongfee-for-serviccbeneficiariescost

Medicare$17.4billioninfiscalyear2004,whichisabigchunkofthe$102.6billion

thatMedicarepaidhospitalstliatyear.Mostpatientswerereadmittedforproblemsother

thanthosethatledtotheiroriginalhospitalizations.Surgicalpatients,forexample,were

typicallyreadmittedforsuchmedicalconditionsaspneumonia,heartfailureorbacterial

infections.Someofthesereadmissionsmayhavebeenunavoidableinanelderly,sick

population.Butmanycouldsurelyhavebeenpreventedthroughbetterplanningand

coordination.Themostdisturbingfindingwas（hathalfofthe

medical（nonsurgical）patien（sreadmittedwithin30dayshadnotseenaphysicianfor

follow-upcareaftertheyweredischarged.Theywereapparentlyleftontheirown.

perhapswithpoorlyunderstoodinstructionsfromthehospitalonhowtotakecareof

themselves.Therewasalsowidevariationinreadmissionratesbetweenhospitalsand

betweenstates:only13percentofpatientswerereadmittedwithin30daysinIdaho,

comparedwith22percentinMaryland.Thatsuggeststhatthereisplentyofroomfor

improvement.Therateswereadjustedtocompensatefortheseverityofpatients'

illnesses,sohospitalsandstateswithhighreadmissionratescan'teasilyblamecaringfor

sickerpatients.Proposedsolutionsincludebetterdischargeplanningbyhospitals,more

effectiveeducationofpatientsandclosercooperationbetweenhospitalsandphysiciansto

ensurefollow-upcare.TheObamaadministration,aspartofitsambitioushealthcare

reform,hasproposedthatMedicareuseincentivesandpenaltiestoencouragehospitals

anddoctorstocooperateinoverseeingcarefromhospitalizationthrough（hefirst30days

afterdischarge.Theadministrationestimatestheapproachcouldsave$26billionover10

years.Itisasoundideathatshouldalsoimprovethelivesofpatients.

1、Thephrase"thisyo-yoing"inthe1stparagraphrefersto.

A^thepercentageofMedicarepatientsinhospitals

B、（hehugecostofMedicareforpatientsinhospitals

C、thebettercareMedicarepatientswillbenefitfrom

D、highratesofreadmissionofpatientsintohospitals

標準答案：D

知識點解析：根據第一段上下文，“thisyo-yoing”指該段第一句所說的“在所有享受

醫療保險的病人中.出院后……重返醫院，比例之高，令人震驚。“所以，D應為

答案。

2^Theralesofrehospitalizalionarehighmostlybecauseof.

A、thenegligenceofdutyofhcalth-carcproviders

B、theimperfectionoftheAmericanmedicalsystem

C、theinvisiblecrack.sbetweenhospitalsandpatients

D^thelackofcommunicaticnamongMedicarepatients

標準答案；B

知識點解析:根據第二段第二句，Themorefundamentalproblemisthefragmented

natureoftheAinericanmedicalsystem",B應為答案。

3、Accordingtothenewanalysis.Medicare.

A、hastopayforthemedicalcostofelderly,sickpopulation

B、remainsroughlyunchangedformedicalpatientssince2004

C、paysahugeamountofmoneyeachyearforrehospitalization

D、failstogiveduecaretothepatientsdischargedfromhospitals

標準答案：C

知識點解析:根據第三段“unplannedrehospitalizations...costMedicareS17.4billion

infiscalyear2004,whichisabigchunk...thatMedicarepaidhospitalsthat

year”，C應為答案。

4、Thereadmissionsofpatientsintohospitalsusuallyresultfrom.

A^thelackoffollow-upcareafter(heyweredischargedfromhospitals

B、thesameproblemsasthoseleadingto(heiroriginalhospitalizations

C、theirfailuretocomprehendthehealth-careinstructionshospitalsprovider

D、suchunavoidablemedicalconditionsaspneumonia,orbacterialinfections

標準答案：A

知識點解析：根據第五段中的“…halfofthemedical...patientsreadmitted...hadnot

seenaphysicianforfollow-upcareaftertheyweredischarged'^A應為答案。

5、Tolowertheratesofrehospitalization,(heObamaadministrationsuggests.

A^anewapproachforMedicaretosavemoremoney

B、theuseofvariousmeanstoimprovefollow-upcare

C^asoundideatogreatlyimprovethelivesofpatients

D、moreeffectiveeducationofbothdoctorsandpatients

標準答案：B

知識點解析：根據最后一段第一句"TheObamaadministra:ion...hasproposedthat

Medicareuseincentivesandpenaltiestoencouragehospitalsanddoctorstocooperatein

overseeingcarefromhospitalization...”,B應為答案。

Depressionmanifestsitselfindifferemforms.Somefeelsad,othersbecomeagitatedand

aggressive.Whilesomelosetheirappetite,othershingeeat.Somemayhavedisturbed

sleepandothersmayfindithardtostayawake.Socialwithdrawal,diminishedsexdrive,

suicidaltendenciesandlackofconcentrationarcsonicothertell-talesymptomsof

depression.vNotwopatientshaveidenticalsymptoms,nsaysDr.VihangWahia,a

practisingpsychiatristinMumbai.Ofcourse,allhumanbeingshavevariationsintheir

moods.Scientistsdescribemoodasanamalgamofemotionssuchasanxiety,anger,

pride,love,painorjoythatapersonfeelsoveraperiodoftime.Theemotionsoffeeding

sad,unhappyordisappointedarepartofahumanbeing'snormalexistence.Such

emohonsareoftenassociatedwithfailureinacademics,break-upofarelationship,

setbacksinafinancialinvestmentorthedeathofBlovedone.However,depressionasa

diseasesetsinwhenapersonfailstobouncebackfromapersonalsetbacklikethis.

"Diagnosingdepressionearlyisveryimportant,"saysDr.Wahia.Inmostmildcasesof

depression,patientscanbebroughtbacktonormalityjustbygoodcounselling."Clearing

somecobwebsoflifeisallthatrequired,"heobserves.Butit'sdifferentinthecaseof

thosewhosufferfrommoderatetoseveredepression.Certainchangesoccurintheir

brainsand,inadditiontocounselling,theyrequiremedicationtohelpre-wirethebrain.It

isestimatedthat5-10percentoftheIndianpopulationsuffersfromdepressionatany

giventime.Andwomenseemtobemorepronetothediseasethanmen.Theriskof

developingdepressionis10-20percentinwomenandslightlylessinmen.What'smore,

themaletofemaleratiofordevelopingdepressionisbetween1:2and1:3,saysDr

DhaneshK.Gupta,associateprofessor.Thisisbecausewomenundergofrequent

hormonalchangesinthereproductivelyactiveyearsoftheirlife.InIndiaoneofthe

majorproblemsintreating(hegrowingincidenceofdepressionisthefactthatitisoften

notdiagnosedatall.Either(hedoctorfails(oseeitsseverityinapatientorpatients

simplydon'tcomeoutandreportiheircondition.Ofcourse,morepatientscomeforward

withtheproblemnowthanearlier,whenitusedtobeviewedasasocialstigma.Buteven

so,manycasesarenotreportedearlyenough.AsDr.RajeshSagar,associateprofessorof

psychiatry,says,''Depressionisgrosslyunderdiagnosedandunder-treatedinIndia."

6、Theunderlinedword"amalgam"inthethirdparagraphmostprobablymeans.

A、anamountofsomething

B、amixtureofdifferentthings

C、adifficultorunpleasantsituation

D^thewayyoufeelalapailiuulailime

標準答案：B

知識點解析：根據第三段中的"variations"和“...suchasanxiety,anger,pride,

love,painorjoy…B應為答案。

7、Ifaperson,hemaydevelopaseveredepression.

A、failstorecoverfromaserioussetback

B、feelssad,unhappyordisappointed

C、goesbrokeandisdownandout

D^suffersthedeathofalovedone

標準答案：A

知識點解析：根據第四段最后一句"However,depressionasadiseasesetsinwhena

personfailstobouncebackfromapersonalsetbacklikethis”，A應為答案。

8、Inmoderateorseverecasesofdepression,patientscanbecuredby

A、psychotherapy

B、earlydiagnosis

C、goodcounselling

D^appropriatemedication

標準答案：D

知識點解析：根據第五段最后一句“…theyrequiremedicationtohelpre-wirethe

brain"，D應為答案。

9、Thehigherriskofdevelopingdepressioninwomenisclueto,

A^theinfluenceoftheirhormonalchanges

B、thegender-basedproclivitiesofwomen

C、thelongreproductiveperiodoftheirlife

D、theirfragilehealthandweakconstitution

標準答案：A

知識點解析：根據第六段最后一句"Thisisbecausewomenundergofrequenthormonal

changesinthcrcproductivelyactiveyearsoftheirlifc,\A應為答案。

10、Thechiefdifficultyintreatingdepressionisthat

A、patientsareillinformedaboutit

B、itisthoughtofasasocialstigma

C、thereisalackoftimelydiagnosis

D^peopleareno(awareofitsseverity

標準答案：C

知識點解析：根據最后一段第一句“…oneofthemajorproblemsintreatingthe

growingincidenceolUepressionisIhetaelthatitisoftennotdiagnosedatall"，C應為

答案。

Thefieldofanimalemotions,anareaoffocusinthescientificdisciplineconcernedwith

thestudyofanimalmindscalledcognitiveethology,haschangedagreatdealinthelast

30years.When1firstbeganmystudiescenteringonthequestion,"Whatdoesitfeellike

tobeadogorawolf?"researcherswerealmostallskepticswhospenttheirtime

wonderingifdogs,cats,chimpanzeesandotheranimalsfeltanything.Sincefeelings

don'tfitunderamicroscope,thesescientistsusuallydidn'tfindanyandasIliketosay,

I'mglad1wasn'ttheirdog!Buttodaythequestionofrealimportanceisnotwhether

animalshaveemotions,hutwhyanimalemotionshaveevolvedthewaytheyhave.In

fact,theparadigmhasshiftedtosuchanextentthattheburdenof"proofnowfallsto

(hosewhostillarguethatanimalsdon'texperienceemotions.MycolleaguesandIno

longerhavetoputtentativequotesaroundsuchwordsas"happy"or"sad"whenwewrite

aboutananimal'sinnerlife.Manyresearchersalsorecognizethatwemustbe

anthropomorphic(attribulehumantrailstoanimals)whenwediscussanimalemotionshut

(hatifwedoi(carefullyandbiocentrically(fromtheanimals'pointofview),wecanstill

givedueconsiderationtotheanimals'position.1AsProfessorRobertSapolsky,aworld

renownedethologistandneuroscientistandauthorofAPrimate'sMemoirsnotesabout

hisanthropomorphictendencieswhenhedescribesbaboonbehavior:"Onehopesthatthe

partsthatareblatantlyridiculouswillbeperceivedassuch.I'venonethelessbeenstunned

bysomeofmymorehumorlesscolleagues—toseethattheywerenotcapableof

recognizingthat.Thebroaderanswer,though,isI'mnotanthropomorphizing.Partofthe

challengeinunderstandingthebehaviorofaspeciesisthat(heylooklikeusfbrareason.

That'snotprojectinghumanvalue's.That'sprimalizingthegeneralities(hatweshare

withthem."Nomatterwha(wecallit,researchersagreethatanimalsandhumansshare

manytraits,includingemotions.Thus,we'renotinsertingsomethinghumanintoanimals,

butwe'reidentifyingcommonalitiesandthenusinghumanlanguagetocommunicate

whatweobserve.Beinganthropomorphicisdoingwhat'snaturalandnecessaryto

understandanimalemotions.Overtheyears,I'venoticedacuriousphenomenonthatI

callanthropomorphicdouble-talk.Ifsomeonesaysthatananimalishappy,noone

questionsit,butifsomeonesaysthatananimalisunhappy,thenchargesof

anthropomorphismareimmediatelyraisedandscepticsask,"Howdoyouknowthis?"

Thisisespeciallytrueofpeoplewhotrytojustifykeepinganimalsinzoosorusingthem

forinvasiveresearch.Ofcourse,seeingpositiveemotionsisasanthropomorphicas

seeingnegativeemotions,hutsomepeoplejustdon'tgetit.

11>Bysaying"I'mgladIwasn'ttheirdog",theauthormeansthat.

A、thosescientistsknowlittleaboutthefeelingsofanimals

B、feelingscanscarcelybestudiedwithamicroscope

C>fewscientistsknowwhatitfeelsliketobeadog

D、animalsareoftenmistreatedbyscientists

標準答案：A

知識點解析：根據第一段第二句“…researcherswerealmostallskeptics...wonderingif

dogs…fbltanything”和第三句"Sincefeelingsdon'tfit...,thesescientistsusuallydidn't

findany...^^.A應為答案。

12、Inthefirstparagraph,"theparadigmhasshiftedtosuchanextent"meansthat

A、somepeoplestillarguethatanimalsdon'thaveemotions

B、mostresearcherstodayknowlittleaboutanimalemotions

C、fewresearchersfailtorecognizethatanimalshaveemotions

D^cognitiveethnologyhasbeendevelopedrapidlyinthelast30years

標準答案：C

知識點解析：根據第一段第四句"Buttodaythequestionofrealimportanceisnot

whetheranimalshaveemo(ions?but…”,C應為答案。

13、Theauthorfeelslessunrestrainedwhentalkingaboutanimalemotionsbecause

A^mostanimalshaveemotionsasstrongashumanbeingsdo

B、mostcolleaguesareonhissidewhentalkingaboutanimals

C、animalsusuallyhavemixed,andevenconflictingemotions

D^theviewofanimalemotionshasbecomemuchmorepopular

標準答案：D

知識點解析：根據第一段最后三句"Buttodaythequestion...isnotwhetheranimals

haveemotions,but...Inolongerhavetoputtentativequotesaroundsuchwords

as'h叩py'or'sad'whenwewriteaboutananimafsinnerlife"，D應為答案。

14、AccordingtoProfessorRobertSapolsky,.

A、nohumantraitscannotbeattributedtoanimals

B、animalsandhumanshavecommonalities,suchasemotions

C、animalemotionsshouldbediscussedfromtheirpointofview

D、thestudyofanimalbehaviorhasnothingtodowithhumanvalues

標準答案：B

知識點解析：根據第二段倒數第三句"Nomatterwhatwecallit,researchersagree

thatanimalsandhumanssharemanytraits,includingemotions"，B應為答案。

15、Somepeoplearereluctanttohear"ananimalisunhappy'forthereasonthat.

A、theyusuallypreferpositiveemotionstonegativeones

B、theemotionsanimalshaveareusuallyhappyratherthansad

C、animalsexperiencemorehappyemotionsthanunhappyones

D、theyrefusetostopusinganimalsforthebenefitoftheirown

標準答案：D

知識點解析：根據本文倒數第二句"Thisisespeciallytrueofpeoplewhotrytojustify

keepinganimalsinzoosorusingthemfbrinvasiveresearch”,D應為答案。

Ittakesawholegalaxyofthingstomakeyouhappy.Happinessisastateyoufeelwhen

youhavenoproblems,worries,doubtsorothernegativethingsaffectingyourlife.You

donotneedtoreceivegreatnews,excitementorwealth:itcomesfromenjoyinglife

whateveritbrings.Someonewhohasmasteredtheartofhappinesswillenjoysittingwith

acupofcoffeeandacheesesandwich.Thepersonwhohasrr.asteredbeingsadwill

alwayswantmoreanddreamofmorebutneverachieveit.Apersonwhohaswona

fortuneonthelotterymightbehappy,butif(heythenbegintoworryaboutthebestway

oflookingafterthatmoney,whetherornottoinvestallofitcrmostofit,wheretoinvest

itorhowtogetridofthemanypeoplewhopesterthemfbrhandouts,theirhappiness

mightbeshortlived.Anotherpersonmightbehappybecausetheyenjoytheirjob,have

somegreatfriendsandawonderfulpartnerandnodebts.Inawaythemorewewantand

themorewethinkweareentitledto,thelesslikelywearetobehappy.Ifwecanaccept

thatwewillhavebaddaysaswellasgooddays,andthatnobody'sliferunssmoothly,

thenwchavethekeytohappiness.Ifwcarcproactiveaboutdefiningourgoalsand

makingthemhappenwcarcmorelikelytobehappy.Contrarytopopularbelief

happinessisnotaboutbeingrich,young,goodlooking,fitandhealthy.Therearcpeople

whoareblind,verypoorandhavelotsofproblems,yet(heyarehappybecausethey

makethemostoftheirlives,concentrateonthegoodthingsanddowhattheycanabout

(hebad.Insteadofworryingaboutallsortsofthingsthatmightneverhappenordwelling

onthenegativesin(heirlife,theyaregratefulforanythinggoodandnicethatcomestheir

way.Happinessisaboutbeingproudofwhoyouare,respectingyourself,respectingyour

background,yourpersonaandallthatgoeswithit.Nothowmuchmoneyyouhaveor

howhardyouwork.Manyconvincethemselvesthattheywillhehappynextyearor

whentheyretireandhavealotmoretime.Butthenwhentheyearisuportheyretirethey

arestillnothappy.Thatisbecausetheydonotseethegoodinthings.

16、Theauthorthinksthatahappyperson

A、hasnoproblemstoworryabout

B、hasalotofgoodthingstoenjoy

C、issatisfiedwithevery由inginlife

D、knowshowtoenjoyhisnormallife

標準答案：D

知識點解析：根據第一段中的“…ilcomesfromenjoyinglirewhateverit

brings.Someonewhohasmastcrcdtheartofhappinesswillenjoysittingwithacupof

coffeeandacheesesandwich”可知，幸福在于懂得如何享受