考研英語（閱讀）模擬試卷156

一、閱讀（常規閱讀理解）（本題共25題，每題7.0

分，共25分。）

Atrulyinformeddinerwouldchoosearestaurantbasedonthequalityofthemenuand

thechefsexperience.Thediscerninginvestorwoulddecidewhichcompanytobackafter

studyingthebusinessplanandmeetingthefounders.Inreality,peopleoftencopythe

choicesofothers.[RI]Suchbandwagoneffectsarenotnecessarilyirrational.

[R2]Itcanalsobeawayofcopingwithasurplusofchoice:ratherthanstudy

100modelsofmusicplayer,whynotassumethemarkethasalreadyfiguredoutthe

worse?Theexistenceofbandwagonbehaviorcanbehardtoprove.Aproductoranasset

usuallybecomespopular（orunpopular）inthefirstplacebecauseitisgenuinely

superior（orinferior）.Butsomehavetriedtoisolatetheself-fulfillingeffectsof

popularity.Ina2008studybyMatthewSalganikofPrincetonUniversityandDuncan

Watts,nowatMicrosoftResearch,participantstrickedintobelievingasongwasmore

popularthanitactuallywasweremorelikelytodownloadit.Scholarsarenowasking

whetherbandwagonbehavioralsoprevailsinlabormarkets.Althoughthenumberof

long-termunemployedinAmericaiscomingdown,isstillnearanall-timehigh.Such

workersmaysimplybelosingouttocandidateswithmorequalificationsorexperience

forthejobsthatcomeopen.Aworsepossibilityisthatlong-termunemploymentisat

leastpartlyself-fulfilling:employersmaybereluctanttohiresomeoneothershave

alreadypassedover.[R3]Thesubmissionsweredesignedsothatapplicants

withsimilarbackgrounds,educationandexperiencewentforthesamejob.Theonly

differencewashowlong（heapplicanthadbeenjobless,aperiodthatrangedfromno

timeatalltoasmuchas36months.[R4]Theseresultsstronglysuggestthat

long-termunemploymentisatleastpartlyself-fulfilling.Likepatronswhoavoid

restaurantspurelybecausetheyareempty,employerswerereluctanttohiresomeone

otheremployersdidn'twant.Althoughsuchbandwagonbehaviormayberational,itcan

alsoleadtopooroutcomes.[R5]Onenearmisscanincreasetheoddsof

protractedfailure.|A|Often,thebuyerknowslessaboutaproductthantheseller;the

collectivewisdomofthecrowdcancorrectforsuch"asymmetricinformation*1.|B|These

results,theauthorssay,cannotbebecauseemployersfoundsomequalitativeflawinthe

longer-termunemployedthatwashiddenfromoutsiders,sincetheapplicantswere

similarinotherrespects.[C]Dinerspickthecrowdedrestaurantovertheemptyone.

Investorsgowiththecompanythatalreadyhasmultiplebackers.ID]1heirstudysuggests

thattakingsomeworkisbetterthannonefortherecentlyunemployed.[EJImaginea

newlyunemployedworkerwhonarrowlymissesoutonthefirstjobheappliesfor.That

initialfailurereduceshisoddsoflandingthesecondjobheappliesfor,andsoon,untilhe

endsupasoneofthelong-termunemployed.[F]Theyfoundthattheoddsofanapplicant

beingcalledbackbyanemployerdeclinedsteadilyasthedurationofunemployment

rose,from7.4%afteronemonthwithoutworkdownto4-5%attheeight-monthmark,

wherethecall-backratestabilized.［G］Tofindout,KoryKroftoftheUniversityof

Toronto,FabianLangeofMcGillUniversityandMatthewNotowidigdooftheUniversity

ofChicagodevisedanexperimentinwhichtheyappliedfor3,000clerical,

administrative,salesandcustomer-servicejobsadvertisedonlinebysubmitting12,000

fictitiousCVs.

1、［RlJ

標準答案：C

知識點0析：空格處前文提到在實際生活中，人們確實經常照搬他人的選擇。而空

格處后一段第一句話指出：Suchbandwagoneffects...,可見，空格處肯定提到了一

些有關從眾行為的例子。在所有選項中，只有選項［C］涉及了人們在日常生活中的

從眾選擇，且與后文的Suchbandwagoneffects相吻合，也能在意義上自然地承接

上文，因此|C］為正確選項。

2、［R2］

標準答案：A

知識點解析：空格處前一句話指出此類從眾效應不一定都是不理智的，而空格后緊

接著提到Itcanalsobeawayof...,由此可以看出，空格處的內容應該涉及這類從眾

效應會產生何種益處。而所有選項中只有選項［A］表達了這個意思，［A］項指出：通

常情況下，買方對產品的了解通常少于賣方，而集合眾人的智慧能對這樣的“不對

稱信息''進行修正。［A］符合上下文語義邏輯，因此為正確選項。

3、［R3］

標準答案：G

知識點解析：本段前一段提到，從眾行為可能在勞動力市場中也同樣盛行，雇主可

能不愿意雇用那些已經被別人淘汰了的應聘者。而空格后的內容陳述提交這些簡歷

的目的在于，使這些具有相似背景、學歷和經驗的申請者去競爭同一份工作。因此

可以看出，空格處的內容應該涉及應聘和簡歷方面的信息。在所有選項中，只有選

項［E］和［G］涉及求職應聘。［E］提到，勞動者首次求職的失敗將會減少他第二次求職

成功的幾率，IE］項內容不符合上下文邏輯，因此排除；而［G］項提到實驗人員偽造

簡歷申請職位，符合上下文語義邏輯，故為正確選項。

4、［R4］

標準答案：F

知識點解析：空格處前一段提到，研究人員設計了一項實驗來證實從眾行為是否在

勞動力市場中也同樣盛行。空格處后一句又指出這些研究結果表明，長期失業至少

保留著部分“自我實現效應”，由此可見，空格處的內容應該涉及研究人員的實驗結

果。在所有詵項中，只有［F］項的內容涉及研究人員的實驗結果，［F］項指出：一份

求職簡歷得到雇主回應的幾率隨著失業時間的增加而呈現出穩定下降的趨勢。這和

下文的意思相符合，也能通順地銜接上文，因此為正確選項。

5、［R5］

標準答案：E

知識點解析：空格處前面提到盡管這種從眾行為可能是理性的，但它也會導致嚴重

后果。由此推測，空格處的內容應該涉及從眾行為的負面影響。而空格處后面的內

容又指出，一次的失誤會增加連續失利的幾率。聯系上下文可知空格部分的內容應

該涉及從眾行為會增加有過失誤的人連續失利的幾率。在所有選項中，只有舊項

傳達了這方面的信息。[E]項指出：一個剛剛失業的勞動者首次求職的失敗會減少

他第二次求職時獲得工作的幾率，到最后他不得不接受自己成為長期失業者的現

實。這既和后文的“一次的失誤會增加其連續失利的幾率''相照應，也和前文緊密銜

接，因此為正確選項。

[A]OlegBaranovisa27-year-oldRussianearninghisPh.D.ineconomicsatthe

UniversityofMaryland.Butforthelastmonthhe'sbeenmoreactorthanacademic.His

unenviablerole:playingthepartofanAmericanbankwithabalancesheetriddledwith

toxicmortgage-backedsecurities.[B]Sowhatwillwork?Areverseauctionshouldn'tbe

ruledout,sayAusubelandCramton.Unlikeregularauctions,inwhichbuyersoutbideach

othertowingoodsorservices,thesellersinareverseauctionlowertheirpricesinorder

towinnewbusiness.Thebenefitsaretwofold,saytheStanford-trainedprofessors.

[C]Aftercrunchingthefinalresults,AusubelandCramtonfeeltheirexperimentdid

exactlywhattheyhopeditwould:provethatareverseauctionwouldresultinthebest

useoftaxpayerdollarsspentthroughthebailout.Theyneverpaidmorethanadollarfora

dollar'sworthofassetstheyboughtfromstudentsanevendealatworst.Butinmany

cases,theywereabletobuyabouta$1.20ofassetsforeverydollartheyspent.Applied

totherealworld,thismeansthattaxpayerswon'tbeoverpayingforwhatTreasurybuys;

infact,theymaygetabargain.[D]The$700billionrescueplaninitiallyfocusedon

buyingbaddebtfrombanksthatwereleftwithnearlyworthlesssecuritiesafterthe

housingmarketcollapsed.Paulsonsaidaworseningsituationcalledforachangeof

strategy,andhestartedmakingcashinfusionsintofinancialcompanies,withthe

governmenttakinganequityshare,inordertogettheinstitutionslendingagain.

[EJWhat'sthepointofthislittleacademicroleplayinggame?Theprofessorswantedto

provethatarelativelyobscurefinancialtransactionknownasareverseauctionmightjust

bethebestwaytoimplementthe$700billionrescueplanCongresspassedOct.3.

Instead,TreasurySecretaryHenryPaulsonisnowfavoringaplantoinjectcapital

directlyintostrugglingbanksandcompanies.Whetherornotthatplanofattackwill

workorisagooduseoftaxpayermoneyisdebatable.|F]AusubeIandCramtonrantheir

finalexperimentonthenightofNov.11.Thenextmorning,though,they,alongwiththe

restoftheworld,learnedthatTreasuryhadchangeditsmindwhenSecretaryHenry

Paulsonannouncedhehadscrappedtheplantobuyassetsfrombanksinfavorof

somethingabitmorefuzzy:offeringaidnotjusttobanksbuttofirmsthatissue

consumerdebtbysomehowjump-startingthemarketthatprovidesfinancingforthese

companies.[G]Toprovetheirpoint,theymadetheirauctionexperimentasrealas

possiblebygivingeachstudentaportfolioofassetssimilartothemortgage-backed

securitiesthatareweighingdownthebooksofhundredsofbanksandfinancial

institutions.Andforanextrabitofreality,theyhadtheirstudentsplaywithrealmoney:

$20,000each.Thestudentsthatestablishedthebestpricesandendedupwiththemost

moneyreceivedcashawards.Afterfourlengthysessions,Baranovcameawayasthetop

earnerwithalittlemorethan$1,500.AusubelandCramtonhavebeentoutingthatkind

ofwin-winsituationduringregularconversationswithTreasuryofficials,withwhom

they'vesharedtheirresults.Theyhopetoconvinceofficialsthatnotonlydoesareverse

auctionwork,but,intheeventtheTreasuryconductsone,torunitofftheirpatented

softwareplatform.|H|Whileagreeingthatthefinancialcrisishasclearlyseepedfromthe

balancesheetsofbanksintotheconsumerlendingmarket,AusubelandCramtonwere

morethanalittledisappointedbythenews.Ratherthanbuyassetsfrombanks,Treasury

hasdecidedtobuyequityintheminstead.Thehopewasthatitwouldprodthemto

increaselending,butsofarthathasn'thappened.TwodaysafterPaulsonmadehis

announcement,lawmakersataSenateFinanceCommitteehearingdiscussedhowsome

recipientshavecontinuedtopaydividendstostockholdersandgivepayraisesand

bonusestoexecutivesandotheremployees.Asafriendlyreminder,theFederalReserve

issuedastatementlastweekremindingbanksthattheyshouldbelendingtocreditworthy

institutions.Order:

向一立1^^~1一臼口1|4.~0一|5.|［一叵］

6、

標準答案：E

知識點解析：文章第一段先提到馬里蘭大學的一名經濟學博士奧列格?巴諾羅夫參

與了一個有關金融研究的游戲，而在這個游戲實驗中他扮演了一個持有資產負債表

的美國銀行，而且作者評價是不光彩的角色，為什么一個經濟學博士耍去做這樣一

個實驗，用意何在?作者在此給讀者留下一個懸念，因此本段應該選擇具體描述的

語言來講解做這個游戲實驗的目的所在，出］在開頭就恰恰用了一個問句：在這場

游戲中這個小小的角色說明了什么呢?因此［E］正確°

7、

標準答案：B

知識點解析：通過對第一、二段和第五段及最后一段內容的把握，可以得知本文的

大體結構為問題——解決型。第一段以一個吸引人的背景開始，第二段引出主題，

并介紹了兩種解決方案，所以，應選擇一個表達作者自己觀點的段落，［B］恰好再

次提出反拍賣標購的有效性。因此［B］正確。

8、

標準答案：G

知識點解析：通過對第三段內容的把握，發現文章解決方案部分又是“總——分''結

構。作者在第三段提出自己的解決方案后，下文將會逐步論述其有效性。同時，由

第五段可知，其主要論述奧蘇貝爾和克瑞蒙對財政部官員大談反拍賣標購的雙贏結

果，本段應著重對反拍賣標購有效性的進一步論證，［G］開頭提到Toprove〔heir

point,所以［G］正確。

9、

標準答案：C

知識點解析：通過對第3題的分析，很容易得知此段講解他們的實驗分析應該證明

了反拍賣標購可以最有效地把納稅人的錢花在最緊急的援助上。［C］開頭便提到

Aftercrunchingthefinalresults,所以［C］正確。

10、

標準答案：

知識之解析F：上一段作者已經為對美國花錢救市計劃采用反拍賣標購進行了總結。

由于最后一段提到奧蘇貝爾和克瑞蒙教授alittledisappointed,就意味此處他們雖

然成功地完成了實驗，但美國政府最終采取的措施肯定與他們背道而馳，[F]恰好

提至\SecretaryHenryPaulsonannouncedhehadscrappcdtheplantobuyassetsfrom

banks?所以[F]正確。

Ifyouhavelotsofunusedstoragespaceonyourharddisk,thenwhynotshareitwith

othersondieIiitemet?Thebenefitcouldbedistributedstoragefbryouiownfiles,

makingthemavailableanytimeviatheweb,evenifyouarenowherenearyour

computer-indeed,evenifyourcomputerisswitchedoff.ThatideaiswhataZurich-

basedfirmcalledCaleidoisaimingtoprovide,withafreeonlinestorageserviceknown

asWualathatwasrecentlyintroducedtothepublic.[RI]Inparticular,its

developers,DominikGrolimundandLuziusMeisser,haveusedaclevermathematical

tricktocompensateforthefactthattheparticipatingcomputerswillcomeandgofrom

theinternetinanunpredictableway.[R2]Copyingcostsparticipantsboth

storagespaceandbandwidth.Yettherehavetobeenoughcopiestoensurethatthereisat

leastoneavailablemostofthetime.If,forexample,eachcomputerisonline25%ofthe

time,thenaquickcalculationshowsthatyouwouldhavetocopyeachfileto100

differentcomputerstoensurethat999,999timesoutofamillionthereisalleastonecopy

availablewhenauserlooks.[R3]Instead,Mr.GrolimundandMr.Mcisser

plantobreakeachfileintochunks,whichcanbescatteredliberallyaroundtheharddisks

ofparticipatingcomputers,andthentouseamathematicaltricktoreconstructthe

originalfilefromthosechunks.[R4]Thefirststepistoconvertthefile(which

is,regardlessofwhatitrepresents,simplyalongstringofonesandzeros)intoa

mathematicalfunctioncalledapolynomial.Thisisdonebysplittingitinto100

fragments,whicharesmallerbinarynumbers.Itisthesenumbersthatareusedtodefine

thepolynomial.Allyouhavetodoisselectasuitablenumberofpointsfromalongthe

polynomialandconverttheirvaluesintotheappropriatemathematicalconstructs.Scatter

thesearoundthehostcomputersand,whensomeonewantstolookatthefile,heneed

recoveronly100ofthemtohaveenoughdatatoreconstructthefilefromscratch.To

have100pointsavailable999,999timesoutofamillionitturnsoutthatyouneedto

scatteratotalof600ofthemaround.Thatisanamouniofdataequivalenttosixversions

oftheoriginalfile.Moreover,thesystemneedsthecomputerslinkedtoittobeavailable

foronly17%ofthetime,ratherthan25%,forthistoapply.[R5]Most

commercialonline-storageservicesusecentralizedservers.Althoughthesearegenerally

reliable,theydosometimesfail.Andwhentheydo,theresultsareembarrassing.Though

somepeoplemayfeelsickaboutscatteringtheirdataoverhundredsofother

computers(eventhoughitwillbeencrypted),orstoringunknownfilefragmentsontheir

own,MrGrolimundissurethatCaleidohaslearntfromother"peer-to-peer"file-sharing

systems,andthatWualaisbuilttohandleconcernsabouttheillegaldistributionof

copyrightedor"inappropriate"content.[A]Thistrick,knownasReed-Solomonerror

correction,isemployedroutinelytointerpretthedataonDVDs,butithasnotbeenused

beforeinthevolatileworldofprivatecomputersontheInternet.|B|Oneofthe

characteristicsofapolynomialisthatafewnumberscannailitdownprecisely.Ifa

simplepolynomialisplottedoutonagraphitformsaline.[C]Onlincstorageisa

growingmarket,especiallyforbackingupdata,wherereliabilityisabigconcern.|D|The

challengeishowtominimizethenumberofcopiesofdiesamefilethathavetobe

distributed.[E]Ithasbeenprovedthatforonlinedatastorage,Wualaisasgoodtogiveas

itistoreceive.[F]Thoughtheideaunderlyingitissimple,Wualarequiressomenifty

technologytomakeitsdistributedsystemworkreliably.[G]Butcopyingeveryfilea

hundredtimesishugelyinefficient.

11、[RI]

標準答案：F

知識點解析：作者開篇就提出了網絡存儲的概念，并隨后介紹了Caleido公司推出

的被稱為wuala的免費在線存儲服務。在本段中，作者提到了wuala的開發者多米

尼克?格羅里芒德和呂齊西?邁瑟使用了數學技巧來彌補參與電腦在上線下線方面的

不可預知性。而[F]“雖然基本思想很簡單，但是Wuala的實現還是需要極好的技術

來保證其分布系統工作的可靠性”能夠很好地承上啟下，符合文章的邏輯關系，為

正確答案。

12、[R2]

標準答案：D

知識點解析：作者在上文中提到Wuala由于參與電腦的上線下線是不可預知的，

所以具有不穩定性。而本段中作者接下來詳細解釋了拷貝在網絡存儲中的重要性。

雖然拷貝會占用參與者的存儲空間和頻帶寬度，但是又必須保證足夠的拷貝數量以

確保文件在大部分時間里的可利用性。因此正確答案應該為[D]“Wuala面臨的挑戰

是如何盡量減少需要加以分布的同一文件的拷貝份數。’’

13、[R31

標準答案：G

知識點解析：上文中提到拷貝的重要性，并舉例說明如果每一臺電腦有25%的時

間在線，那么每份文件需要有100份拷貝以確保在用戶查找的時候，在100萬次中

至少有999999次有一份拷貝可供利用。本段后文說到Wuala的兩位開發者希望能

夠通過數學技巧來解決問題，說明本段第一句提及了一個問題，通過比較備選項，

可知[G]為正確答案。

14、[R4]

標準答案：A

知識點解析：前文已經提到了開發Wuala時遇到的拷貝問題以及兩位開發者針對

這一問題使用了一個數學技巧，而本段中從數學的角度出發對此進行了較為詳細的

說明，也就是如何對文件加以處理以減小拷貝數量，第一步是把文件轉換成多項

式，然后在多項式上選擇適當數量的點，接下來將它們的值轉換成恰當的數學形

式，最后將這些點散布在電腦主機上。可見本段開頭應該提出了一個概念，然后進

行詳細的解釋，據此判斷正確答案為[A]“這種技巧禰為里德一所羅門錯誤校

驗……”，[A]很好地承接了上一段最后一句話中的“用數學技巧將這些塊重建得到

原始文檔。”

15、[R5]

標準答案：C

知識點解析：作者在這一段中提出了雖然大多數商業在線存儲服務使用的中央服務

器通常是可靠的，但是有時候也會當機，而當機的后果讓人頗為尷尬，所以此處應

選[C]"在線存儲是一個新興的市場，尤其是對于數據備份來說，而可靠性是一個重

要的問題。''以此引出后文提及的商業數據的可靠性問題。

[A]ThcDevelopmentofFoodAidAgencies[B]TheUpcomingRevisionstoPresent

Policies[C]ThcDilemmaandHopeofPresentSituation[D]ThcProblemofMalnutrition

|E]TheConsequencesCausedbyIncreasedFoodPrice[F]TheShortcomingsofthe

PresentFoodAidSystem[G]TheWrongIdeaofFoodShortageForyears,anti-poverty

campaignersrailedagainstlowcommodityprices,whichdepressedfarmers'incomesin

developingcountries.Inrecentmonths,theworldpriceofvirtuallyallstapleshasshot

up,buttheactivistsarestillnotcheering.[RI]Highfoodpricesdohelppoor

farmers,buttheyalsohurtthemorenumerouscategoryofpeoplewhomustbuyfoodto

survive,whichhascausedseriousproblemsfortheorganisationsthatbringfoodaidto

thepoorest.TheWorldFoodProgramme(WFP)hasjustissuedanurgentappealfor

$500mtocoverhigherfoodcosts.America'sAgencyforInternational

Development(USAID)isaskingfor$350m.[R2]Theshort-termoutlookseems

grim,bothforthepoorandtheagenciesthatsupposedlyhelpthem.TheWFPsays

hungerisontheriseinthecountriesitwatches.Itclassifiesas"hotspots"theplaces—

mostofcentralAfrica,plusAfghanistan-wheremorethanathirdofthepeopledonot

getasmuchfoodasisneeded.Asecondtier,wherebetweenafifthandathirdlack

adequatefood,includesmuchofWestAfrica,theIndiansub-continentandBolivia.Dim

asallthissounds,therearesomegroundsforhope.Today*swoesmayleadto

fundamentalchangesfor:hebetterintheworld'sapproachtohungerandfoodshortages.

[R3]Onemistakeistheveryideaofdefiningthemainproblemasmassive

hunger,andhencethesolutionasprovidingfoodbyanymeansnecessary."Thereis

simplynoshortageoffood,"insistsRachelNugentofAmerica'sCentreforGlobal

Development.Ofcourse,thereareplaceswherepolifical(andinsomecases

ecological)factorscauseanintenselocalshortageoffood.Inthosecases,foodaidisthe

onlyoption.Butleavingasidethoseextraordinaryevents,mostpunditsagreethatthe

worldnowhasplentyoffood.Therealchallengeisnotthevolumeoffoodavailable;itis

theproblemoffoodbeinginthewrongplaceandatapricethepoorestcannotafford.

MichaelHessofUSAIDaddsthatfaminesaremadeinevitablebypoorgovernance,not

naturaldisasters.[R4]Moreover,hungeristransientandhardtomeasure,but

malnutritionisafatalkiller.SouthAsia,whichhasplentifulfood,suffersfromtwicethe

levelofmalnutritionascrisis-pronesub-SaharanAfrica.Thesnagisthattackling

malnutritionisharderthansendingbagsofgrain.Itmeansfixinghealthsystems,

improvingthedeliveryofnutrientsinthefoodchain,educatingpeopleabouthygieneand

otherunpopularandunprofitablejobs.[R5]Changemaybecoming.Overthe

objectionsofsometoughlobbies,GeorgeBushhasproposedfixingsomeofthe

distortingaspectsofAmerica'sfoodpolicies.Thepresidenthascalledformoreemphasis

onprocuringproducefromlocalfarmersinpoorcountries.Andinaboldgesture,CARE

hassaiditwillnolongeracceptanyAmericangovernmentdonationsusingthemon-

etizationapproach.MostencouragingaresomeproposedchangesattheWFP.Ms

SheeranhopestopersuadeherboardatameetinginJunetoshiftheragency'sfocusaway

fromemergencyfoodaidandtowardsawiderfield.Shewantstoexpanditsrolein

surveillance,stockpilingandrisk-insurance.Shealsospeaksoftargetingsubsidiesor

vouchers"inwaysthatcomplementmarketsratherthandistortthemn,ascurrent

subsidiesoftendo.Ifthissortofclarityprevails,itwouldbeasilverliningonthedark

cloudthatnowloomsoverthepoor.

16、[RI]

標準答案：E

知識點解析：文章開篇提到了糧價上漲的現狀以及扶貧人士對此的態度。接下來在

第二段中說到高糧價在幫助了貧困農民的同時也損害了那些靠購買糧食維持生存的

更為廣大的民眾，而且給那些援助機構帶來了嚴重的問題，例如聯合國世界糧食計

劃署和美國國際發展署都呼吁增加援助金額以彌補糧價飛漲帶來的預算超支。這些

都是由于糧價上漲引發的問題，由此可以判斷正確答案為[E]“糧食價格上漲引發的

后果

17、[R2]

標準答案：C

知識點解析：在論述了糧價上漲引發的種種問題之后，作者在這一段開頭提到對于

窮人以及旨在幫助他們的救援機構而言，短期前景都很暗淡，并旦指出饑荒在某些

國家處于上升態勢，同時列舉了出現糧食危機的部分國家和地區。不過在這之后作

者也指出盡管如此，希望仍然是存在的，因為目前的困境可能會導致根本性的變

化，從而更好地解決世界上的饑荒和糧食短缺的問題。顯然該題的正確答案為

[C]"當前的困境與希望”。

18、[R3]

標準答案：G

知識點解析：在這一段中，作者提出了將主要問題定義為大規模饑荒的思路是有問

題的，因此認為必須通過提供糧食來解決問題的想法也是有問題的。因為糧食短缺

不是因為世界上沒有足夠的糧食，而是源自世界糧食產地的不均衡分布和窮人難以

支付的糧食價格。還有人提出饑荒不可避免的原因不在于自然災害，而是由于管理

水平低下。因此這一段主要是對以往關于糧食短缺這一問題錯誤認識的批判，因為

“根本就不存在糧食短缺”，由此推知[G]“糧食短缺的錯誤概念”為正確答案。

19、[R4]

標準答案：D

知識點解析：本段開頭即提出了“饑荒是短暫且難以衡量的，但營養不良卻是致命

殺手”，接下來作者以南亞地區為例對此加以說明，并指出由于種種原因，解決營

養不良問題相對于糧食發送問題而言要復雜得多，也困難得多。因此本段主要論述

的是營養不良問題及其解決方法，顯然正確答案為[D]“營養不良的問題”。

20、[R5]

標準答案：B

知識點解析：作者在前文論述糧食短缺問題時提出了饑荒不可避免的原因不在于自

然災害，而是由于管理水平的低下，之后在論述營養不良問題時又提到要解決營養

不良問題需要進行很多方面的管理和工作。而在本段中作者開頭就明確提出“改變

也許即將到來”，接下來作者列舉了美國國內以及WFP的相關政策的改革，希望能

夠為窮人帶來一線希望。由此斷定[B]”即將進行的對當前政策的修訂”正確。

Andyouthoughtyourfirstweekofworkwastough.Imaginetakingthehelmofthe

centralbankoftheworld'ssecond-most-populouscountryanditslOth-largesteconomy

atatimefullofeconomicrisk.Orperhapsmorevividly:imaginetakingthehelmofa

huge,leakyshipasitsputterstowardamaelstrom.[RI]OnSeptember5,he

assumesthepositionofgovernoroftheReserveBankofIndiaforathree-yearterm.The

centralbank'sofficesinMumbaiarealongwayfromthequiet,Gothiccampusonthe

southsideofChicagothatRajanhascalledhomeformostofthepasttwodecades.But

Rajanhasdisplayedanabilitytostraddletheworldsofadetacheduniversityinthe

developedworldandthereal-worldproblemsofthedevelopingworld.Anativeof

Bhopal,India,hesportsatechnocrat'sdreamresume.[R2]Centralbankchiefs

aresupposedtobeseekersofconsensusandexpertsinnotrockingtheboat,butRajan

isn'tafraidtospeaktruthtoacceptedwisdom.[R3]Morerecently,hehas

angeredeconomistsontheleftbychallengingtheKeynesiansuggestionthatthe

governmentborrowmoretoboostdemand.Ashewroteaninfluential2012Foreign

AffairsarticlethatraisedtheangerofPaulKrugman:"Ratherthanattemptingtoreturnto

theirartificiallyinflatedGDPnumbersfrombeforethecrisis,governmentsneedto

addresstheunderlyingflawsintheireconomies1*.Mr.Rajanhasalsobeenrightabout

India.In2010,asarroganceinIndiasoared,hewarnedthat"growthcanneverbetaken

forgranted"andthat"self-deceiveisthefirststeptowardsdisaster."Ashepreparesto

succeedDuvvuriSubbaraoatthehelmoftheReserveBankofIndia(RBI)inSeptember

thatcautionseemsprescient.[R4]Thisisadeadlycocktailforwhichthereis

noeasyremedy.[R5]BySeptember30,whenthefallquarterformallystartsat

theUniversityofChicago,hemaybepiningforthequietandrelativecalmofHydePark.

[A]TostabilizethecurrencytheRBIrecentlyintroducedapackageofmeasurestosuck

liquidityoutofthebankingsystemandinturnraiseshort-termmarketinterestrates.

[B]Rajanrecentlyintroducedseveralmeasures,suchasjackingupratesaggressively,to

combatinflationandsupportthecurrency,whichmaysendtheeconomyintoaneven

lowergear-andlikelyexacerbatesocialandpoliticaltensions,butthatmay