北京大學博士碩士入學考試試題考試科目：英語 考試時間：3月18日招生專業：全校各專業 研究方向：各研究方向PartOne:ListeningComprehensionThereare3sectionsinthispart.InsectionsAandByouwillheareverythingONCEONLY.Listencarefullyandthenchoosethecorrectanswerforeachquestion.MarkyourchoicesonyourANSWERSHEET.SectionA:Conversations(5%)Directions:Inthissectionyouwillhearseveralconversations.Listentotheconversationscarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Questions1to3arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentotheconversation.WhichisNOTthepurposeofMr.Lewis’visit?Toseefriends.Togiveconcerts.Tovacation.Togiveprivatelessons.WhatkindofcellodidMr.Lewisusewhenhewaseight?Afull-sizedcello.Ahalf-sizedcello.Atwo-thirds-sizedcello.Itisnotmentioned.WhatistrueaboutMr.Lewis’cello?Healwaystakesitwithhim.Itwasmadebyhisuncle.Heborroweditfromhisuncle.Hegotaseatfreeforhiscello.Questions4to7arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentotheconversation.Whatisthemainpurposeoftheresearch?Tomakepreparationsforanewpublication.Tolearnhowcouplesspendtheirweekends.Toknowhowhouseworkisshared.Toinvestigatewhatpeopledoattheweekend.WhatdoesthemandoonFridays?Hegoestoexerciseclasses.Hegoessailing.Hegoestothecinema.Hestaysathome.Onwhichdaydoesthecouplealwaysgoout?Friday.Saturday.Sunday.Anyweekday.Whichpersonaldetaildoesthemangive?Surname.Firstname.Address.Age.Questions8to10arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Attheendoftheconversation,youwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentotheconversation.WhatconclusioncanwedrawaboutMikebeforehewenttothecampingschool?Hewaseagertodothecourse.Hehaddoneoutdooractivities.Heenjoyedlifeintheopen.Hewasreluctantandtimid.MikeparticipatedinallthefollowingactivitiesEXCEPT_______.hiking.canoeingswimmingcampingWhichofthefollowingwordsismostappropriatetodescribeMikeafterthecampingschool?Independent.Strong.Determined.Persistent.SectionB:Talks(5%)Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearseveraltalks.Listentothetalkscarefullyandthenanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Questions11to13arebasedonthefollowingtalk.Attheendofthetalk,youwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentothetalk.WhathappenedonJanuary27th,1967?Threemenwereinjuredduringafire.Onemandiedduringthefireaccident.Afirestartedinsideaspaceship.Aspaceshipwaslaunched.Whathappenedin1981?Thespaceprogramwassuspended.Fivemenwereinjuredduringanaccident.Theaccidentoccurredbeforetherehearsal.Noaccidenthappenedthatyear.Whatdoesthetalksayaboutaccidents？Accidentsareunavoidable.Accidentscanbeavoided.Humanbeingsarealwayscareless.Thereshouldbemoreprecautions.Questions14to17arebasedonthefollowingtalk.Attheendofthetalk,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentothetalk.BBC’sweatherforecastisa______program.seldomwatchedlittleknownnewpopularWeatherobservationscomefromallthefollowingsourcesEXCEPT_______.computerssatellitesthegroundradarWhatdoesthetalksayaboutBBC’sforecasters?Theyreadfromscript.Theyareprofessional.Theyuseamapforpresentation.Theycareabouttheirclothes.WhatdoesthetalksayaboutBritishtelevisionviewers?Theyrememberwhattheysawonweatherforecasts.Theyliketalkingaboutweatherinsteadofwatching.Theypaymoreattentiontothestyleofthepresenters.Theywatchandrememberwhatisnecessary.Questions18to20arebasedonthefollowingtalk.Attheendofthetalk,youwillbegiven15secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentothetalk.WhichisNOTshowinganincreasethisyear?Numberoftourists.Holidaytravelers.Shopping.Diningandentertaining.Whatdoesthetalksayaboutthisyear’sbusinesstravelers?Therearefewerbusinesstravelers.Therearemorebusinesstravelers.Thenumberremainsthesameaslastyear’s.Itisnotmentionedinthetalk.Whichisthelargestsinglevisitorexpenditure?Hotelaccommodation.Meals.Shopping.Entertainment.SectionC:SpotDictation(10%)Directions:Inthissectionyouaregoingtohearareportonthestronglinkbetweensleepandfatalaccident.Somewordsaretakenoutandyouareexpectedtofillinthemissingwordsasyoulisten.ThereportwillbereadTWICEandyouwillhaveoneminutetocheckyourwork.ThenputyouranswersonANSWERSHEET(2).Nowlistentothereport.Inadequaterestmeansaweaker(C1)__________system,layingthebodyopentoawhole(C2)________ofillnesses.Ontheaverageamanneedssevenhoursofsleepadayandawomansevenanda(C3)__________hours.Sixhoursof(C4)__________sleepisbetterthantenhoursof(C5)__________andturning,however.Peoplewhosleeplessthansixhoursanightare(C6)__________foranearlydeath.Somepeople(C7)__________thattheycangetbywithlittlesleepwhennecessary.Butexpertsthinkthesepeopleare(C8)___________themselves.Betweensleep(C9)__________andfatalaccidentsthereisanobvious(C10)__________.Peoplewhoget(C11)___________sleeporpoorqualitysleephaveahigherriskof(C12)__________ontheroad.Theyaremorelikelytofallasleepatthe(C13)__________andkillpeopleorgetkilled.Professionaldriversand(C14)__________workersaremostlikelytotakethe(C15)__________.Theperformanceatworkalso(C16)__________becauseofsleepdeprivation.Thepressuresofworkdeprivepeopleofsleep.Tomakeitup,theytryto(C17)__________catnaps.Butexpertsarealittle(C18)__________aboutthebenefitsofcatnapping.Theytellusthatthecatnapcanneverbea(C19)__________forpropersleep.Forvictimsof(C20)___________,catnappinginthedayistheworstthingtheycanpossiblydo.(Thisistheendoflisteningcomprehension.)PartTwo:StructureandWrittenExpression(20%)Directions:Ineachquestiondecidewhichofthefourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompletethesentenceifinsertedattheplacemarked.MarkyourchoicesontheANSWERSHEET.21.Thenuclearfamilyaself-contained,self-satisfyingunitcomposedoffather,motherandchildren.A.referstoB.definesC.describesD.devotesto22.Somepollsshowthatroughlytwo-thirdsofthegeneralpublicbelievethatelderlyAmericansarebysocialisolationandloneliness.A.reproachedB.favoredC.plaguedD.reprehended23.Inadditiontobetteringgroupandindividualperformance,cooperationthequalityofinterpersonalrelationship.A.ascendsB.compelsC.enhancesD.prefers24.Inthepast50years,there___agreatincreaseintheamountofresearch___onthehumanbrain.A.was…did B.hasbeen…tobedoneC.was…doing D.hasbeen…done25.“Imusthaveeatensomethingwrong.Ifeellike_____.““Wetoldyounottoeatatarestaurant.You’dbetter___athomewhenyouarenotintheshape.”A.tothrowup…toeat B.throwingup…eatingC.tothrowup..eat D.throwingup..eat26.Parentshavetoshowdueconcernstotheirchildren’screativityandemotionaloutput;otherwisewhattheythinkbeneficialtothekidsmightprobably_________theirenthusiasmandaspirations.A.holdback B.holdto C.holddown D.holdover27.Accordingtopsychoanalysis,aperson’sattentionisattracted_____bytheintensityofdifferentsignalsbytheircontext,significance,andinformationcontent.A.notlessthan….as B.as…justasC.somuch…as D.notsomuch….as28.TheymovedtoPortlandin1998andlivedinabighouse,____tothesouth.A.thewindowsofwhichopened B.thewindowsofitopenedC.itswindowsopened D.thewindowsofwhichopening29.Theladywhohas_______foranightinthedeadofthewinterlaterturnedouttobeadistantrelationofhis.A.puthimup B.puthimout C.puthimon D.puthimin30.Bystanders,________,_______astheywalkedpastlinesofambulances.A.bloodyandcoveredwithdust,lookingdazedB.bloodiedandcoveredwithdust,lookeddazedC.bloodyandcoveredwithdust,lookeddazedD.bloodiedandcoveredwithdust,lookingdazed31.HongKongwasnotatargetforterrorattacks,theGovernmentinsistedyesterday,astheUS________closedforanapparentsecurityreview.A.ConsulationB.ConstitutionC.ConsulateD.Consular32.AmericanfanshaveselectedYaoinavotefortheAll-Stargame________thelegendaryO’Neal,who_______the“GreatWall”attheweekendastheRocketsbeattheLosAngelesLakers.A.inheadof,ranonB.inheadof,ranintoC.aheadof,ranontoD.aheadof,raninto33.Professionalarchivistsandlibrarianshavetheresourcestoduplicatematerialsinotherformatsandtheexpertisetoretrievematerialstrappedin_______computers.A.abstractB.obsoleteC.obstinateD.obese34.Shealwaysprintsimportantdocumentsandstoresabackupsetatherhouse.“Iactuallythinkthere’ssomethingaboutthe_______ofpaperthatfeelsmorecomforting,”shesaid.A.tangibilityB.tanglednessC.tangentD.tantalization35.“Theysaidwhatwealwaysknew,”saidanadministrationsource,____________________.A.heaskednottobenamedB.whoaskednottobenamedC.whoaskednotbenamedD.whoaskednotnamed36.InGermany,theindustrialgiantsDaimlerChryslerandSiemensrecently_______theirunionsintosigningcontractsthatlengthenworkhourswithoutincreasingpay.A.muscledB.movedC.mushedD.muted37.Hearguesthatthepolicyhasdonelittletoeasejoblessness,andhasleftthecountry_______.A.energizedB.enervatedC.nervedD.enacted38.Themorepeoplehearhisdementedrants,themoretheyseethatheisaterrorist_______.A.whoispureandsimpleB.beingpureandsimpleC.pureandsimpleD.aspureandsimple39.Thisexpansionofrightshasledtobothaparalysisofthepublicserviceandtoarapidandterrible_______inthecharacterofthepopulation.A.determinationB.deteriorationC.desolationD.desperation40._______adecliningbirthrate,therewillbeanover-supplyof27,000primaryschoolplacesby,_______leaving35schoolsidle.A.Coupledwith,equalstoB.Couplingwith,equivalenttoC.Coupledwith,equivalenttoD.Couplingwith,equalstoPartThree:ReadingComprehensionDirections:Eachofthefollowingthreepassagesisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestionfouranswersaregiven.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestion.MarkyourchoicesontheANSWERSHEET.(10%)PassageOneTheHero Mymother’sparentscamefromHungary,butmygrandfathercouldtracehisorigintoGermanyandalsohewaseducatedinGermany.Althoughhewasabletoholdaconversationinninelanguages,hewasmostcomfortableinGerman.Everymorning,beforegoingtohisoffice,hereadtheGermanlanguagenewspaper,whichwasAmericanownedandpublishedinNewYork. MygrandfatherwastheonlyoneinhisfamilytocometotheUnitedStateswithhiswifeandchildren.HestillhadrelativeslivinginEurope.Whenthefirstworldwarbrokeout,helamentedthefactthatifmyuncle,hisonlysonhadtogo,itwouldbecousinfightingagainstcousin.Intheearlydaysofthewar,mygrandmotherbeggedhimtostoptakingtheGermannewspaperandtotakeanEnglishlanguagenewspaper,instead.Hescoffedattheidea,explainingthatthefactitwasinGermandidnotmakeitaGermannewspaper,butonlyanAmericannewspaper,printedinGerman.Butmygrandmotherinsisted,forfearthattheneighborsmayseehimreaditandthinkhewasGerman.So,hefinallygaveuptheGermannewspaper. Oneday,theinevitablehappenedandmyuncleMiltonreceivednoticetojointhearmy。Mygrandparentswereveryupset,butmymother,hislittlesister,wasexcited.Nowshecouldboastabouthersoldierbrothergoingofftowar.Shewastenyearsoldatthetime,andmyuncle,realizinghowhewasregardedbyhislittlesisterandherfriends,wentoutandboughtthemallservicepins，whichmeantthattheyhadalovedoneintheservice.Allthelittlegirlsweredelighted.Whenthedaycameforhimtoleave,hiswholeregiment,intheiruniforms,lefttogetherfromthesametrainstation.Therewasabandplayingandmymotherandherfriendscametoseehimoff.EachoneworeherservicepinandwavedasmallAmericanflag,cheeringtheboys,astheyleft. Themomentcameandthesoldiers,allveryyoung,noneofwhomhadhadanytraining,butwhohadneverthelessallbeenissueduniforms,boardedthetrain.Thebandplayedandthecrowdcheered.Thetraingroanedasifitknewthedestinytowhichitwastakingitspassengers,butitsoonbegantomove.Stillcheeringandwavingtheirflags,thebandstillplaying,thetrainslowlydepartedthestation. Ithadgoneaboutathousandyardswhenitsuddenlygroundtoahalt.Thebandstoppedplaying,thecrowdstoppedcheering.Everyonegazedinwonderasthetrainslowlybackedupandreturnedtothestation.Itseemedaneternityuntilthedoorsopenedandthemenstartedtofileout.Someoneshouted,“It’sthearmistice.Thewarisover.”Foramoment,nobodymoved,butthenthepeopleheardsomeonebarkordersatthesoldiers.Themenlinedupandformedintotwolines.Theywalkeddownthestepsand,withthebandplayingbehind,paradeddownthestreet,asreturningheroes,tobewelcomedhomebytheassembledcrowd.Thenextdaymyunclereturnedtohisjob,andmygrandfatherresumedreadingtheGermannewspaper,whichhereaduntilthedayhedied.41.Wherewasthenarrator’sfamilywhenthisstorytookplace

?A.InGermany. B. InHungary. C.IntheUnitedStates. D. InNewYork42.Hisgrandfather_____________.couldnotspeakandreadEnglishwellenoughB.knewninelanguagesequallywellC.knewanumberoflanguages,butfeltmorekintoGermanD.lovedGermanbestbecauseitmadehimthinkofhome43.HisgrandmotherdidnotwantherhusbandtobuyandreadnewspapersinGerman,because_________.A. itwaswartimeandGermansweretheirenemyB.theneighborswouldmistakethemaspro-German C.itwaseasiertogetnewspapersinEnglishinAmerica D.nobodyelsereadnewspapersinGermanduringthewartime44.Thenarrator’smotherwantedherbrothertogotofightinthewar,because_______.A.likeeverybodyelseatthewartime,shewasverypatriotic B.shehatedthewarandtheGermansverymuch C.allherfriendshadrelativesinwarandshewantedtobelikethemD. shelikedtohaveabrothershecouldthinkofasaheroPassageTwoWakingUpfromtheAmericanDream Therehasbeenmuchtalkrecentlyaboutthephenomenonof“Wal-Martization”ofAmerica,whichreferstotheattemptofAmerica’sgiantWal-Martchainstorecompanytokeepitscostatrock-bottomlevels.Foryears,manyAmericancompanieshaveembracedWal-Mart-likestratagemstocontrollaborcosts,suchashiringtemps(temporaryworkers)andpart-timers,fightingunions,dismantlinginternalcareerladdersandoutsourcingtolowerpayingcontractorsathomeandabroad. Whilethesetacticshavetheadmirableoutcomeofholdingdownconsumerprices,they’recostlyinotherways.Morethanaquarterofthelaborforce,about34millionworkers,istrappedinlow-wage,oftendead-endjobs.Manymiddle-incomeandhigh-skilledemployeesfacefeweropportunities,too,ascompaniesshiftworktosubcontractorsandtempsagenciesandmovewhite-collarjobstoChinaandIndia. TheresulthasbeenanerosionofoneofAmerica’smostcherishedvalue:givingitspeopletheabilitytomoveuptheeconomicladderovertheirlifetimes.Historically,mostAmericans,evenlow-skilledones,wereabletofindpoorlypaidjanitorialorfactoryjobs,thengraduallyclimbedintothemiddleclassastheygainedexperienceandmovedupthewagecurve.Butthenumberofworkersprogressingupwardbegantoslipin1970s.Upwardmobilitydiminishedevenmoreinthe1980sasglobalizationandtechnologyslammedblue-collarwages. RestoringAmericanmobilityislessaquestionofknowingwhattodothanofmakingithappen.Expertshavedecriedschools’inadequacyforyears,butfixingthemisalong,arduousstruggle.Similarly,therehavebeenplentyofwarningsaboutdecliningcollegeaccess,butfindingfundswasdifficulteveninerasoflargesurpluses.45.TheAmericandreaminthispassagemainlyrefersto____________.A.therearealwayspossibilitiesofferedtopeopletodevelopthemselvesinthesocietyB.AmericanscanalwaysmoveupthepayladderC.Americanyoungpeoplecanhaveaccesstocollege,eventheyarepoorD.thelaborforceisnottrappedinlow-wageanddead-endjobs46.Wal-Martstrategy,accordingtothispassage,isto________________.A.hiretempsandpart-timerstoreduceitscostB.outsourceitscontractstolowerpriceagenciesathomeandabroadC.holddownitsconsumerpricebycontrollingitslaborcostsD.dismantlethecareerladderandstoppeople’smobilityupward47.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?A.Wal-Martizationhasbeensuccessfulinkeepingcostsatrock-bottomlevels.B.Upwardmobilityforlow-skilledworkershasbecomeimpossibleintheU.S..C.Morebusinessopportunitiesaregiventolow-costagenciesinChinaandIndia.D.AlthoughpeopleknowhowtorestoreAmericanmobility,it’sdifficulttochangethepresentsituation.PassageThreeSeniorsandtheCity Tensofthousandsofretireesarepullingupstakesinsuburbanareasandfashioningtheirownretirementcommunitiesintheheartofthebustlingcity.Theyarelookingforwhatmostolderpeoplewant:ahomewithnostairsandlowcrimerates.Andtheyarewillingtoexchangeregularweeklygolftimeforrichculturalofferings,youngneighborsandplentyofgoodrestaurants.Spyinganopportunity,majorreal-estatedevelopershavebrokengroundonurbansitestheyintendedtomarkettosuburbanretirees.Theseseniorsarealreadychangingthefaceofbigcities.Onedeveloper,FranMcCarthyasks:“Whoeverthoughtthatsuburbanflightwouldberoundtrip?” Thetrickleofolderfolksreturningtothecityhasgrownintoasteadystream.Whilesomecities,especiallythosewithfewculturalofferings,haveseenanexodusofseniors,urbanplannerssayothershavebecomeretireesmagnets.Between1999and,thepopulationof64-to75-year-oldsindowntownChicagorose17percent.Austin,NewOrleans,andLosAngeleshaveseendouble-digitincreasesaswell.Theremaybehiddenhealthbenefitstocityliving.Astudyrevealsthatmovingfromsuburbstothecitycanwardoffthebyproductofaging---socialisolation.Inthenextsixyears,downtownsareexpectedtogrowevengrayer.Foraffluentretirees,citylifeisanincreasinglypopularoption.48.Retiredseniorsaremovingbackintothecitybecause__________.A.theyfindtherearetoomanycrimesinthesuburbsB.unliketheflatsinthecity,theircountryhousehavestairstoclimbC.theyarenolongerinterestedinplayinggolfD.inthecity,theyhavemoresocialandculturallifeagainstloneliness49.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat___________.A.thereal-estatedevelopershavebrokentheiroriginalcontractsofconstructionwithseniorretireesB.alifeinthedowntowncityisexpensive,andmostofthoseretireeswhomovedbackintothecityareverywell-offC.withmoreolderpeoplelivinginthecity,thecitywillbecomegrayandlessbeautifulD.verysoontheAmericansuburbanareaswillfacetheirlowpopulationcrisis50.FranMcCarthy’squestionmeans:nobodyeverthoughtthat___________.A.peoplewhomovedoutofthecitydecadesagonowwouldmovebackB.suburbandwellerswhenmovingbackintothecitymusttakeroundtripC.suburbanflightyearsagowouldgoincirclesD.seniorpeople’smovingbackintothecitywouldtakeplaceallovertheUnitedStatesDirections:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenexplaininyourownEnglishtheexactmeaningofthenumberedandunderlinedparts.PutyouranswersonANSWERSHEET(2).(15%)(51)Beingangryincreasestheriskofinjury,especiallyamongmen,newresearchsays. Theresearchersgathereddataonmorethan2,400accidentvictimsatthreeMissourihospitals.Theyinterviewedeachsubjecttodeterminethepatient’semotionalstatejustbeforetheinjuryand24hoursearlier,gatheringdataonwhetherthepatientsfeltirritable,angryorhostile,andtowhatdegree.Thentheycomparedtheresultswithacontrolgroupofuninjuredpeople. (52)Despitewidespreadbeliefin“roadrage,”angerdidnotcorrelatewithinjuriesfromtrafficaccidents. (53)Notsurprisingly,angerwasstronglyassociatedwithinjuriesinflicteddeliberately.Butotherinjuries–thoseneitherintentionallyinflictednorfromfallsortrafficaccidents–alsoshowedstrongassociationswithanger. (54)Thecorrelationsweresignificantlyweakerforwomenthanformen,buttherewerenodifferencesbyrace.Theauthorsacknowledgethattheirdatadependonself-reports,whicharenotalwaysreliable. (55)Whyangercorrelateswithinjuryisnotknown.“Icanspeculatethattheangermayhavepromptedsomebehaviorthatledtotheinjury,ormayhavesimplydistractedtheperson,leadingindirectlytotheinjury,”saidthestudy’sleadauthor.PartFour:ClozeTest(10%)Directions:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthenfillineachnumberedblankwithONEsuitablewordtocompletethepassage.PutyouranswersonANSWERSHEET(2).LastyearFrenchdriverskilled(56)_______than5,000peopleontheroadsforthefirsttimeindecades.Creditgoeslargely(57)_______the1,000automatedradarcamerasplantedonthenation’shighwayssince,whichexpertsreckon(58)_______3,000liveslastyear.Success,ofcoursebreedssuccess:thegovernmentplanstoinstall500(59)_______radardevicesthisyear. Soitgoeswithsurveillancethesedays.EuropeansusedtolookatthesecuritycameraspostedinBritishcities,subwaysandbuses(60)________theseedsofanOrwellianworldthatwaslargelyunacceptableinContinentalEurope.Butlastyear’sLondonbombing,inwhichvideocameras(61)________akeyroleinidentifyingtheperpetrators,havehelpedspuraseachange.Amonth(62)________theLondonattacks,halfofGermanssupportedEU-wideplanstorequireInternetprovidersandtelecomstostorealle-mail,Internetandphonedatafor“anti-terror”(63)_________.InaBritishpoll,73percentofrespondentssaidtheywere(64)________togiveupsomecivillibertytoimprove(65)________.PartFive:Proofreading(10%)Directions:Inthefollowingpassage,therearealtogether10mistakes,ONEineachnumberedandunderlinedpart.Youmayhavetochangeaword,addaword,orjustdeleteaword.Ifyouchangeaword,crossitwithaslash(/)andwritethecorrectwordbesideit.Ifyouaddaword,writethemissingwordbetweenthewords(inbrackets)immediatelybeforeandafterit.Ifyoudeleteaword,crossitoutwithaslash(/).PutyouranswersonANSWERSHEET(2).Examples:Scarcelytheysettledthemselvesintheirseatsinthetheatrewhenthecurtainwentup. Correctionputonthe:(66)Applicationfilesarepiledhighlythismonthincollegesacrossthecountry.(67)Admissionsofficersareporingessaysandrecommendationletters,scouringtranscriptsandstandardizedtestscores.(68)Butanythingismissingfrommanyapplications:aclassranking,onceamajorcomponentinadmissionsdecisions.Inthecat-and-mousemaneuveringoveradmissiontoprestigiouscollegesanduniversities,(69)thousandsofhighschoolshavesimplystoppedprovidingthatinformation,concludingitcouldharmthechancesoftheirverybetter,butnotbest,students.(70)Cannycollegeofficials,inturn,havefoundatacticalwaytoresponse.(71)Usingbroaddatathathighschoolsoftenprovide,likeadistributionofgradeaveragesforentireseniorclass,theyessentiallyrecreateanapplicant'sclassrank.(72)Theprocesshasleftthemexasperating.