2016年銀行校園招聘考試英語專項深度練習——閱讀理解(八)Theoriginsofetiquette—theconventionalrulesofbehaviorandceremoniesobservedinpolitesociety—arecomplex.Oneofthemisrespectforauthority.Fromthemostprimitivetimes，subjects（臣民）showedrespectfortheirrulerbybowing，prostratingthemselvesontheground，notspeakinguntilspokento，andneverturningtheirbackstothethrone.Somerulersdevelopedrulestostressevenfurthertherespectduetothem.TheemperorsofByzantiumexpectedtheirsubjectstokisstheirfeet.Whenanambassadorfromabroadwasintroduced，hehadtotouchthegroundbeforethethronewithhisforehead.Meanwhilethethroneitselfwasraisedintheairsothat，onlookingup，theambassadorsawtherulerfarabovehim，haughtyandremote.Absoluterulershave，asarule，madeetiquettemorecomplicatedratherthansimpler.Thepurposeisnotonlytomaketherulerseemalmostgodlike，butalsotoprotecthimfromfamiliarity，forwithoutsomesuchprotectionhislife，livedinevitablyinthepubliceye，wouldbeintolerable.ThecourtofLouisXIVofFranceprovidedanexcellentexampleofaveryhighlydevelopedsystemofetiquette.BecausethekingandhisfamilywereconsideredtobelongtoFrance，theywerealmostcontinuallyonshowamongtheircourtiers（朝臣）。Theywoke，prayed，washedanddressedbeforecrowdsofcourtiers.Evenlargecrowdswatchedthemeattheirmeals，andaccesstotheirpalacewasfreetoalltheirsubjects.Yetthispubliclifewasorganizedsocarefully，withsucharefinementofceremonial，thattheauthorityoftheKingandtherespectinwhichhewasheldgrewsteadilythroughouthislifetime.Acrowdwatchedhimdress，butonlytheDukewhowashisfirstvaletdechamber（貼身男仆）wasallowedtoholdouttherightsleeveofhisshirt，onlythePrincewhowashisGrandChamberlaincouldrelievehimofhisdressinggown，andonlytheMasteroftheWardrobemighthelphimpulluphistrousers.Thesewerenotfamiliarities，normerelyduties，buthighlydesiredprivileges.Napoleonrecognizedthevalueofceremonytoaruler.WhenhebecameEmperor，hediscardedtherevolutionarycustomofcallingeveryone“citizen”，restoredmuchoftheCourtceremonialthattheRevolutionhaddestroyed，andrecalledmembersofthenobilitytoinstructhisnewcourtintheoldformalmanners.Rulesofetiquettemaypreventembarrassmentandevenseriousdisputes.Thegeneralruleofsocialprecedenceisthatpeopleofgreaterimportanceprecedethoseoflesserimportance.Beforetherulesofdiplomaticprecedencewereworkedoutintheearlysixteenthcentury，rivalambassadorsoftenfoughtforthemosthonourableseatingpositionataceremony.Beforetheprinciplewasestablishedthatambassadorsofvariouscountriesshouldsigntreatiesinorderofseniority，disputesaroseastowhoshouldsignfirst.Theestablishmentofrulesforsuchmatterspreventeduncertaintyanddisagreement，astorulesforlessimportantoccasions.Forexample，atanEnglishwedding，themotherofthebridegroomshouldsitinthefirstpeworbenchontheright-handsideofthechurch.Theresultisdignityandorder.Outsidepalacecircles，themainconcernofetiquettehasbeentomakeharmoniousthebehaviourofequals，butsometimessocialclasseshaveusedetiquetteasaweaponagainstintruders，refiningtheirmannersinordertomarkthemselvesofffromthelowerclasses.Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance，decreasingprosperityandincreasingsocialunrestledtherulingfamiliestotrytopreservetheirsuperioritybywithdrawingfromthelowerandmiddleclassesbehindbarriersofetiquette.Inaprosperouscommunity，ontheotherhand，politesocietysoonabsorbsthenewlyrich，andinEnglandtherehasneverbeenanyshortageofbooksonetiquetteforteachingthemthemannersappropriatetotheirnewwayoflife.Everycodeofetiquettehascontainedthreeelements：basicmoralduties;practicalruleswhichpromoteefficiency;andartificial，optionalgracessuchasformalcomplimentsto，say，womenontheirbeautyorsuperiorsontheirgenerosityandimportance.Inthefirstcategoryareconsiderationfortheweakandrespectforage.AmongtheancientEgyptianstheyoungalwaysstoodinthepresenceofolderpeople.AmongtheMponguweofTanzania，theyoungmenbowastheypassthehutsoftheelders.InEngland，untilaboutacenturyago，youngchildrendidnotsitintheirparents‘presencewithoutaskingpermission.Practicalrulesarehelpfulinsuchordinaryoccurrencesofsociallifeasmakingproperintroductionsatpartiesorotherfunctionssothatpeoplecanbebroughttoknoweachother.Beforetheinventionofthefork，etiquettedirectedthatthefingersshouldbekeptascleanaspossible;beforethehandkerchiefcameintocommonuse，etiquettesuggestedthat，afterspitting，apersonshouldrubthespitinconspicuously（難以察覺的）underfoot.Extremelyrefinedbehavior，however，cultivatedasanartofgraciousliving，hasbeencharacteristiconlyofsocietieswithwealthandleisure，whichadmittedwomenasthesocialequalsofmen.AfterthefallofRome，thefirstEuropeansocietytoregulatebehaviorinprivatelifeinaccordancewithacomplicatedcodeofetiquettewastwelfth-centuryProvence，inFrance.Provencehadbecomewealthy.Thelordshadreturnedtotheircastlesfromthecrusades（十字軍東征），andtheretheidealsofchivalry（武士制度）grewup，whichemphasizedthevirtueandgentlenessofwomenanddemandedthataknight（騎士）shouldprofessapureanddedicatedlovetoaladywhowouldbehisinspiration，andtowhomhewoulddedicatehisbravedeeds，thoughhewouldnevercomephysicallyclosetoher.Thiswastheintroductionoftheconceptofromanticlove，whichwastoinfluenceliteratureformanyhundredsofyearsandwhichstilllivesoninabelittledforminsimplepopularsongsandcheapnovelstoday.InRenaissanceItalytoo，inthefourteenthandfifteenthcenturies，awealthyandleisuredsocietydevelopedanextremelycomplexcodeofmanners，buttherulesofbehavioroffashionablesocietyhadlittleinfluenceonthedailylifeofthelowerclasses.Indeedmanyoftherules，suchashowtoenterabanquetroom，orhowtouseaswordorhandkerchiefforceremonialpurposes，wereirrelevanttothewayoflifeoftheaverageworkingman，whospentmostofhislifeoutdoorsorinhisownpoorhutandmostprobablydidnothaveahandkerchief，certainlynotasword，tohisname.Yettheessentialbasisofallgoodmannersdoesnotvary.Considerationfortheoldandweakandtheavoidanceofharmingorgivingunnecessaryoffencetoothersisafeatureofallsocietieseverywhereandatalllevelsfromthehighesttothelowest.Youcaneasilythinkofdozensofexamplesofcustomsandhabitsinyourowndailylifewhichcomeunderthisheading.1.Etiquettesimplyservesthepurposeofshowingrespectforauthority.2.LouisXIVofFrancemadeetiquetteverycomplicatedtoavoidfamiliarity.3.Peopleofallsocietiesandsocialranksobservethegoodmannersofconsiderationfortheweakandrespectforage.4.NapoleondiscardedaristocraticprivilegeswhenhebecameEmperorofFrance.5.Etiquettehasbeenusedtodistinguishpeoplefromdifferentclasses.6.InEurope，thenewlyrichhaveaddednewingredientstoetiquettewhiletheyarelearningtobehaveappropriatelyforanewwayoflife.7.Afterthesixteenthcentury，fightsbetweenambassadorsoverprecedencewereacommonoccurrence.8.Extremelyrefinedbehaviourhad______onthelifeoftheworkingclass.9.Basicmoraldutiesareoneofthe_______ofeverycodeofetiquette.10.Accordingtothepassage，theconceptofromanticlovewasintroducedin_______.答案：I.N2.Y3.Y4.N5.Y6.NG7.N8.littleinfluence9.threeelements10.twelfth-centuryProvence，FranceNearlyeveryoneagreesthatmoneydoesn’tbuyasmuchasitusedto，nomatterwhereyouwanttospendit.Thisiscertainlytrueofthepapermoneythatpassessoquicklythroughone‘shands.Inflation（通貨膨脹）eatsawayatitsbuyingpowerjustasthesteadyappetiteofwaveschewsatsandcliffs.Butwhataboutcoinsthatseemtodoverylittleexceptwearoutyourpursesandpockets？Unlikenotes，metalmoneybecomesmorevaluablethelongeritisheld，especiallyifitisputawaywhereitwon’tgetscratchedorworn.Whyisthis？Onereasonisthatcoins，beingmoredurable，fallmorereadilyintoacategoryforcollectors.Naturally，therarergoldpiecesmustbecomemorevaluableasthepriceofthismetalgoesup.But，curiously，oneoftherarestcoinsintheworldisnotmadeofgold，butoftherelativelycheapersilver.In1804，theUnitedStatesmint（造幣廠）struck19，570silverdollars.Thatiswhatitsrecordsshow.Todayonlysixofthisoriginalnumberremainandtheseareunlikelyevertoreachtheauctionmarket.Sowhathappenedtosome19，564largesilvercoins，nottheeasiestsortofthingstolose？OneofthemoreromantictheoriesisthattheywerepartofthepaymenttoNapoleonfortheAmericanterritorythenknownasLouisiana.ButtheyneverreachedFrance.SomewhereintheGulfofMexico，theshiptransportingthemwassunk，eitherbyastormorbypirates（#￡&）。Theprobableanswertothemysteryisthattheyweremelteddown—sincethesilvervaluewasgreaterthantheactualvalueofthecoin.Whatreallyhappenedtotherestwillprobablyalwaysremainamystery.Whatisknownisthatwhoevercancomeupwithonewillfindhimselfinstantlyrich.26.Itcanbeinferredfrompassagethat_______.A.moneybuysasmuchasitdidbeforeB.moneydoesnotbuyasmuchasitdidbeforeC.papermoneybuysmorethanmetalmoneyD.metalmoneybuysmorethanpapermoney27.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEofacoin？A.Thelongeritisheld，thelessvaluableitbecomes.B.Themoreitwearsout，themorevaluableitbecomes.C.Thelessitgetsscratched，thelessitvalues.D.Thelongeritlasts，themoreitvalues.28.Accordingtothispassage，oneoftherarestcoinsintheworldismadeofA.silverB.goldC.copperD.paper29.Coinsbecomemorevaluablebecause_______.A.theywearoutyourpursesandpocketsB.thepriceofmetalgoesupC.theyfallmorereadilyintoacategoryforcollectorsduetotheirdurationD.bothBandC30.Whatreallyhappenedtosome19，564largesilvercoins？A.Theyweremelteddown.B.TheyweresunkintheGulfofMexico.C.Itisstillamystery.D.Theywerestolenbypirates.Tounderstandwhysomeonebecomesanoptimistorapessimist，ithelpstounderstandwhatdistinguishesthem.Sayyoucrashyourcar.Doyouexpectgoodthingstohappenaftertheaccident—aneasyrecuperation（挽回損失），afatcheckfromyourinsurer？Ordoyouworrythatyourneckwillhurtforever？“Optimisticpeopletendtofeelthatbadthingswon‘tlastlongandwon’taffectotherpartsoflife，”.Seligmansays.Pessimiststendtobelieveonenegativeincidentwilllastandundermineeverythingelseintheirlives.Alsoimportant，researcherssay，isthestoryyouconstructaboutwhythingshappen—yourexplanatorystyle.Optimistsbelievethatbadeventshavetemporarycauses—“Thebossisinabadmood.”Pessimistsbelievethecauseispermanent—“Thebossisajerk.”Thissenseofcontroldistinguishesonetypefromtheother.Positivethinkersfeelpowerful.Negativethinkers，Seligmansays，feelhelplessbecausetheyhavelearnedtobelievethey‘redoomed，nomatterwhat.Ayoungwifewho’stoldshe‘sincapableofhandlinghouseholdfinancesmightlaterbecomeadivorcewomanwhocan’tbalanceacheckbook.Suchlearnedhelplessnesscausesmuchharmonhealth.Studiesshowthatoptimistsarebetteratcopingwiththedistressassociatedwitheverythingfromsorethroattoheartsurgery.Furthermore，scientistsatU.C.L.A.discoveredthatoptimistshavemoredisease-fightingTcells.Pessimistsalsodon‘tbelieveinpreventivecare.Visitadoctorandyoumightfindoutyou’resick！Myfatherwasrushedtotheemergencyroomformedicalconditionsthatwouldhavebeeneasilytreatableifhe‘dseenadoctorsooner.21.Theword“undermine”（Para.2）mostprobablymeansA.gobelowB.weakenC.affectD.destroy2-2.“Thebossisajerk.”Thesewordsareusedheretoshow______.A.howsomebossesactdispleasinglyB.howoptimistsexplainsomebadeventsC.howpessimiststhinkabouttheunhappythingsaroundthemD.howthewritersuggestspeopleshoulddowhenfacingsomethingunpleasant23.Theexamplegivenaboutayoungwifeshowsthat______.A.thedividinglinebetweenoptimistsandpessimistsB.youngwomentodaysufferalotindoinghouseworkC.mostofyoungwivesarepessimistsD.thepessimistsareusedtothinkingofeverythingnegatively24.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEof“myfather”？A.Myfatherwasanoptimist.B.Myfatherdidn’tliketotakeanypreventivemeasures.C.Myfatheroftenvisiteddoctors.D.Myfatherwaswiseenoughtomindhisownhealth.25.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatSelimanshouldbe______.A.anoptimistB.apessimistC.apsychologistD.thewriterofthispassageSocialcustomsandwaysofbehavingchange.Thingswhichwereconsideredimpolitemanyyearsagoarenow11。Justafewyearsago，itwas12impolitebehaviorforamantosmokeonthestreet.Nomanwhothoughtofhimselfasbeingagentlemanwouldmakea13ofhimselfbysmokingwhenaladywasinaroom.Customsalsodifferfromcountrytocountry.Doesamanwalkontheleftortherightofawomaninyourcountry？Ordoesn‘tit14？Whatabouttablemanners？Shouldyouusebothhandswhenyouareeating？Shouldyouleaveoneinyourlap，oronthetable？TheAmericansandtheBritishnotonlyspeakthesamelanguagebutalso15alargenumberofsocialcustoms.Forexample，inbothAmericaandEnglandpeopleshakehandswhentheymeeteachotherforthefirsttime.Also，mostEnglishmenwillopenadoorforawomanoroffertheirseattoawoman，andsowillmostAmericans.16isimportantbothinEnglandandinAmerica.Thatis，ifadinnerinvitationisfor7o’clock，thedinnerguesteitherarrives17tothattimeorcallsuptoexplainhis18.Theimportantthingtorememberaboutsocialcustomsisnottodoanythingthatmightmakeotherpeoplefeeluncomfortable—19iftheyareyourguests.Thereisanoldstoryaboutamanwhogaveaformaldinnerparty.Whenthefoodwasserved，oneoftheguestsstartedtoeathispeaswithaknife.Theotherguestswereamusedorshocked，butthe20calmlypickeduphisknifeandbeganeatinginthesameway.A.especiallyB.attainableC.closeD.delayE.consideredF.hostG.deliveryH.PreparationI.shareJ.foolK.specificallyL.acceptableM.matterN.Promptness0.care答案：11.L12.E13.J14.M15.I16.N17.C18.D19.A20.FEveryday，thenewsoftheworldisrelayedtopeoplebyover300millioncopiesofdailypapers，over400millionradiosets，andover150milliontelevisionsets.Additionalnewsisshownbymotionpictures，intheatresandcinemasallovertheworld.Asmorepeoplelearnwhattheimportanteventsofthedayare，fewerarestillconcernedexclusivelywiththeeventsoftheirownhousehold.AstheEnglishwriterJohnDonneputitnearlyfourhundredyearsago，“nomanisanisland.”ThisideaismoreappropriatetodaythanitwaswhenDonnelived.Inshort，whereverhelives，amanbelongstosomesociety;andwearebecomingmoreandmoreawarethatwhateverhappensinoneparticularsocietyaffects，somehow，thelifeanddestinyofallhumanity.Newspapershavebeenpublishedinthemodernworldforaboutfourhundredyears.MostofthenewspapersprintedtodayarereadinEuropeandNorthAmerica.However，soontheymaybereadinallpartsoftheworld，thankstothenewinventionsthatarechangingthetechniquesofnewspaperpublishing.Electronicsandautomationhavemadeitpossibletoproducepicturesandtextfarmorequicklythanbefore.Photographicreproductioneliminatestheneedfortypeandprintingpresses.Andfewerspecialists，suchastype-setters，areneededtoproduceapaperormagazinebythephoto-offset（照相平板膠印）method.Therefore，thepublishingofnewspapersandmagazinesbecomesmoreeconomical.Furthermore，photo-copiescanbesentovergreatdistancesnowbymeansoftelevisionchannelsandsatellitessuchasTelstar.Thus，picturescanbebroughttothepublicmorequicklythanpreviously.Machinesthatprepareprintedtextsforphoto-copiesarebeingusedagreatdealtoday.Thousandsoflettersandfiguresofdifferentsizesandthicknessescannowbearrangedonablackglassdiscthatisonlyeightinchesindiameter，tobeprintedinnegativeform（whiteonablackbackground）。Thedisconthemachineturnsconstantlyattherateoftenrevolutionsasecond.Abeamoflightfromaslroboscopic（頻閃的）lampshinesonthedesiredlettersandfiguresforaboutIwo-millionthsofasecond.Thentheimageofthelettersandfiguresthatwereilluminatedisprojectedontoafilmthroughlenses.Thesectionoffilmislargeenoughtoholdtheequivalentofapageoftext.Thereisakeyboardinfrontofthemachinethatissimilartothekeyboardofatypewriter，andthemachineoperatorhasonlytostriketheproperkeysfortheimageofthecorrespondingletterstobeimmediatelytransferredtothefilm.Thenegativeimageonthefilmcanquicklybetransferredontopaper.Thismethodmakesitaseasytoreproducephotographsandillustrationsasitistoreproducethetextitself.Film，beinglightandsmall，canbesentrapidlytootherplacesandusedtoprintcopiesofthetextwheretheyareneeded.Filmimagescanalsobeprojectedeasilyonamovieortelevisionscreen.Televisionbroadcastsarelimitedtoanareathatiswithinsightofthesendingstationoritsrelay（中繼）。Althoughtelevisionrelaysareoftenplacedonhillsandmountainssothattheycancoverawiderregion，theystillcannotcovermorelandthanonecouldseefromthesamehilltoponaclearday.However，theraysalsogooutintotheatmosphere，andifthereisarelaystationonasatellitethatrevolvesaroundtheearth，itcantransmitthepicturestoanypointontheearthfromwhichthesatelliteisvisible.Threesatellitespermanentlyrevolvingovertheequatortransmitanytelevisionprogramtoanypartoftheearth.Thismakesitpossibleforworldeditionsofnewspaperstogivethenewsinallcountriesatthesametime.Somedayitmaybepossibleforasubscribertoatelevisednewspapertopressabuttonandseeanewspaperpageonhistelevisionscreen.Hecouldalsodecidewhenhewantsthepagetoturn，and，bydiallingdifferentnumberssuchasthoseonatelephonedial，hecouldchoosethelanguageortheeditionofthepaperhewantstoread.Itseemsstrangetothinkthat，eventoday，methodsofthepastarenotentirelyuseless.Forexample，sometimespressagenciesthatuseradioandTelstarusecarrierpigeonstosendmessagesbetweenofficesinlargecitiesbecausethepigeonsarenotbotheredbytrafficproblems.ItmaybesometimebeforetelevisionsetsbecomecommonintheaveragehomesinAfricaandAsia.However，radioisalreadyrapidlybecomingaccessibletothousandsofpeopleintheseareas.And，nowthatgoodradiosarebeingmadewithtransistors，andtheirpriceisgraduallydroppingbecauseofmassproduction，itmaynotbe“toolongbeforeradiosbecomecommonplaceinareaswhichhavenonewspapers.Transistorsmakeitpossibleforpeopletocarrysmallradioswherevertheygo，withoutneedofelectriccurrent.Eventelevisionsetsarenowoperatingontransistors，andthepocketTVmaysoonbeaswidespreadasthepocketradio.Nowthatscientificprogressismakingitpossibl