LESSON1TOCLONEORNOTTOCLONEUNIT9HUMANBIOLOGYLEARNINGOBJECTIVESToreadandtalkaboutcloning;Tonoticeanddiscusshowawriterorganiseswriting;Toanalyseawriter'sintentionsandopinions;Tocomparepersonalopinionswiththeideasofothers;Toreadforspecificinformationtounderstandwordsincontext;Torecallandsummariseinformation;Tolearnandpractiseusingverbsintheperfecttense.KEYPOINTSANDDIFFICULTPOINTSToanswerthecomprehensionquestions;Tounderstandanddiscusscloning;Toanalyseawriter'sintentionsandopinions;Tolearnwordsandexpressionsincontext;Tostrugglewithcomplicatedsentencestructures;Tothinkcriticallyandexpressopinionsfreely.LEADINGINWhatdoyouknowabouttheperfectHehadbeenmentioningyournametome.Assoonaswegottothestation,thetrainhadleft.Theexperimenthasbeendonesuccessfully.Wehavebeenseeingquitealotofeachotherrecently.Bytheendoflastmonth,wehadreviewedfourbooks.Hehasbeensayingthatforyears.Georgehasmetthatgentlemanonseveraloccasions.IhadbeenlookingforitfordaysbeforeIfoundit.FOCUSONLANGUAGE:THEPERFECTIdentifythetenseofthesentencesandwritethenumberinthecorrectcolumns.1.Naturalcloninghasbeengoingonforgenerations.2.Gardenershavebeenusingaformofcloningwhentheytakeacuttingfromaplant...3.Foryears,therehadbeenattemptstocloneanimals.4.Cloningprimateshasprovedtobe"muchharder"thancloningotherspecies.5.Dr.SunQiangsaidtheyhadbeenwhollydevotedtotheresearch...6.Dr.SunQiangsaidtheyhadbeentakingcareofmorethan1,000monkeys24hoursaday,7daysaweek...FOCUSONLANGUAGE:THEPERFECTIdentifythetenseofthesentencesandwritethenumberinthecorrectcolumns.PresentperfectPresentperfectcontinuousPastperfectPastperfectcontinuous41,23,56have/hasdonehave/hasbeendoinghaddonehadbeendoingFOCUSONLANGUAGE:THEPERFECTCompletethepassagewiththeproperformofthewordsinbrackets.OnThursday,theInstituteofNeuroscienceannouncedit1._____________(clone)twomonkeysusingnon-reproductivecells.Itisreportedthatresearchersallaroundtheworld2.__________________________(conduct)testsonanimals,suchasmiceanddogs,formanyyearsbutcouldn’tfindawaytoclonemonkeys.Thenewsofthesuccessfulcloning3.hadclonedhavebeenconductingFOCUSONLANGUAGE:THEPERFECTCompletethepassagewiththeproperformofthewordsinbrackets._________________(attract)attentionfromaroundtheworld.However,cloningprimates4._____________________(alsoraise)ethicalconcerns.Forexample,somepeople5.___________________________(discuss)issuesconcerninghowcloneswillbetreatedinsociety.hasattractedhavealsoraisedhavebeendiscussingGRAMMAR完成時一、現在完成時1.構成：have/has+過去分詞2.用法：（1）過去的動作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到現在已經完成，對現在造成的影響。常用的時間狀語有：lately；recently；sofar；bynow；upto/tillnow；inthelast/pastfewdays/years等GRAMMAR完成時一、現在完成時Progresshasbeensofarverygoodandwearesurethattheworkwillbefinishedontime.到目前為止，工作進展得很順利，我們確信工作一定會按時完成。Thejournalisthaswritten50reportsinthepasttwoyears.這位記者在過去兩年里寫了50篇報道。GRAMMAR完成時一、現在完成時（2）從過去開始一直持續(xù)到現在的動作或狀態(tài)，可能還會繼續(xù)進行下去。常用的時間狀語有：since+時間點；for+時間段。Hisfirstnovelhasreceivedgoodreviewssinceitcameoutlastmonth.他的第一部小說自上個月出版以來獲得了好評。Thelibrarianhasworkedinthislibraryfornearlytwentyyears.這位圖書管理員在這個圖書館工作了將近二十年。GRAMMAR完成時一、現在完成時（3）瞬間動詞可以用于現在完成時，但在肯定句中不能與表示一段時間的狀語連用。在否定句中，瞬間動詞可以與表示一段時間的狀語連用。常用的瞬間動詞有：go，come，arrive，leave，begin，borrow，buy，die，fall，stop，start，kill，close，graduate，join，finish，lose等。GRAMMAR完成時一、現在完成時（3）若瞬間動詞要接表示一段時間的狀語，需要做一些相應的變換，如：buy→have買；borrow→keep借；finish→beover結束；leave→beaway離開；close→beclosed關閉；open→beopen打開；come/go/become→be來/去/變得；成為

fallasleep→beasleep睡覺；fallill→beill生病puton→have/wear穿；marry→bemarried結婚jointhearmy→beasoldier/beinthearmy參軍GRAMMAR完成時一、現在完成時（3）若瞬間動詞要接表示一段時間的狀語，需要做一些相應的變換。“他已經參軍三年了”可以用以下方式表達：Hejoinedthearmythreeyearsago.Itis/hasbeenthreeyearssincehejoinedthearmy.Hehasbeenasoldierforthreeyears.Hehasbeeninthearmyforthreeyears.GRAMMAR完成時二、過去完成時1.構成：had+過去分詞2.用法：（1）在過去某一時間或過去某一事件之前已經發(fā)生并完成的

動作，即“過去的過去”。WhenIhurriedtothestationtoseethespecialistoff,thetrainhadalreadyleft.當我匆忙趕到車站為專家送行時，火車已經開走了。GRAMMAR完成時二、過去完成時（2）表示一個動作或狀態(tài)從過去某一時間之前已經開始，一直持續(xù)到過去這一時刻，并也可能繼續(xù)下去。常用的時間狀語有：bythen；bythetime；bythattime；before；bytheendof；untilthen；bythetime+一般過去時的從句等。GRAMMAR完成時二、過去完成時Theworkerhadworkedintheworkshopforthreehoursbeforehismachinebrokedown.機器損壞之前這個工人已經在車間里工作了三個小時。BythetimeJackreturnedhomefromEngland,hissonhadgraduatedfromcollege.杰克從英國回到家時，他的兒子已大學畢業(yè)。GRAMMAR完成時二、過去完成時（3）intend，mean，hope，want，plan，suppose，expect，think等動詞的過去完成時，可表示過去未曾實現的愿望或想法等。Ihadintendedtovisityouyesterday,butIhadanunexpectedvisitor.我本來打算昨天去看你的，但來了一個不速之客。（實際上沒去）

GRAMMAR完成時三、現在完成進行時1.構成：have/hasbeen+現在分詞2.用法：（1）現在完成進行時有時所表示的動作并不是一直在不停地進行，而是在斷斷續(xù)續(xù)地重復。Ihavebeenringingyouseveraltimesintwodays.這兩天內我給你打過幾次。GRAMMAR完成時三、現在完成進行時（2）表示從過去某一時刻開始，一直持續(xù)到現在的動作。這一動作可能剛完成，也可能仍在進行。常用的時間狀語有：allthismorning；thismonth；recently；thesefewdays；allnight；since等。Thelibrarianhasbeenworkinginthelibraryeverynightoverthelastthreemonths.在過去的三個月里，那位圖書管理員每天晚上都在圖書館工作。GRAMMAR完成時四、過去完成進行時1.構成：hadbeen+現在分詞2.用法：（1）表示過去的過去反復進行的動作。Hehadbeenmentioningyournametome.他過去多次向我提到你的名字。GRAMMAR完成時四、過去完成進行時（2）動作從過去的過去開始一直延續(xù)到過去某個時間點。在過去某個時間點時，這個動作可能剛剛停止，也可能仍然在進行。Theyhadonlybeenwaitingforthebusafewminuteswhenitcame.他們只等了幾分鐘公共汽車就來了。LANGUAGEPOINTS1.Anotherexampleofnaturalcloningisidenticaltwins...identicaladj.完全相同的，非常相似的搭配:beidenticalto/with與……完全相同 beidenticalin在……方面極其相似arowofidenticalhouses完全一樣的一排房子

Herdressisalmostidenticaltomine.她的連衣裙和我的幾乎一模一樣。

Thesisterswereidenticalinappearanceandcharacter.這對姐妹在相貌和性格上極其相似。LANGUAGEPOINTS2.Thiscouldhelpsaveresearchtime,reducethenumberofanimalsrequiredfortesting,producemoreaccurateresults,andleadtomoreeectivetreatments.accurateadj.準確的，精確的搭配: beaccuratein在……方面準確 tobeaccurate精確地說Broadcastnewswasaccurateandreliablebutdeadlydull.新聞廣播準確、可靠，但極其枯燥。Journalistsarenotalwaysaccurateinwhattheywrite.新聞工作者的報道并非總是準確的。LANGUAGEPOINTS3.Whilesomepeoplebelieveitiscrucialforscienticadvancement...crucialadj.至關重要的，關鍵性的搭配: becrucialto/for...對……至關重要 becrucialthat...……是至關重要的Talent,diligenceandwholedevotionareallcrucialtocareersuccess.才能、勤奮和全身心投入對于事業(yè)的成功都是至關重要的。Youngpeopleplayacrucialroleinworkingforpeace.年輕人在爭取和平的事業(yè)中發(fā)揮著至關重要的作用。LANGUAGEPOINTS4.Theybelieveitisboundtoleadtocloningofotherspecies...boundadj.很有可能，肯定會搭配: beboundtodo一定會，必定會；有義務做，有責任做 beboundfor前往……的Ifyoukeeponworkinghardlikethis,chancesareboundtofavouryou.如果你繼續(xù)這么努力工作的話，機會一定會垂青你的。Iamboundtosayyourabsencefromthemeetingisunwise.我必須告訴你，你缺席會議是不明智的。LANGUAGEPOINTS5.Howitisused,whetheritisablessingoracursetomankind,dependsonmankindandnotontheinstrument.whether...or...不管……還是……引導讓步狀語從句，強調任意選擇，此時不能把whether替換為if。Whetheryouareafarmeroraspecialist,youbothshouldobeytherules.無論你是農民還是專家，你都應該遵守規(guī)則。Whetherthey’llhaveapicnicornotdependsontheweather.他們是否去野餐要看天氣。LANGUAGEPOINTS6.Theywerethefirst-everprimates...tohavebeencloned!動詞不定式作定語

當被修飾詞前有序數詞（first，second等）、最高級或thenext，theonly，thevery等修飾時，常用不定式作定語。Thejournalistwasthefirstpersontogettothescenewheretheaccidenthappened.那位記者是第一個到達事故現場的人。Heistheonlyonetogetabachelor’sdegreeinhisfamily.他是家中唯一取得學士學位的人。

Shewasthefirstwomantobeappointedtotheboard.她是第一位被任命進入董事會的女性。LANGUAGEPOINTS7.Researchersinsistthatthescienceofcloningshouldbefurtherexploredandadvanced.insist后接that從句，表示“堅持，堅決要求”時，從句用虛擬語

氣，即從句謂語用“should+動詞原形”，should可以省略。OurEnglishteacherinsiststhatwe(should)speakEnglishinandoutofclass.英語老師堅持要我們在課堂內外都講英語。Heinsiststhatstudents(should)dosomeexerciseforatleasthalfanhoureveryday.他要求學生們每天至少鍛煉半小時。PRACTICE1.Tomygreatjoy,IgotachancetotakeaphotowithAndyaftertheconcert,whichI________________________________(lookforwardto)foryears.2.China____________(see)asharpincreaseinthenumberofagedpeopleoverthepastdecade.3.Housingprices________________________(increase)sinceafewyearsago.Therefore,it’stimethatthecentralgovernmenttooksomemeasurestobringthemundercontrol.hadbeenlookingforwardtohasseenhavebeenincreasingPRACTICE4.Whenmyparentsfirstcametothecity,theyoftenwenttoneighborsforatalk,justasthey_____________(do)inthecountryside.5.GoodHeavens!Youarehere,Mary!Yourparentstoldmethismorningthattheywereworriedaboutyouandthey______________________