考研英語二（閱讀）模擬試卷16

（總分：40.00,做題時間:90分鐘）

一、<B>PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.</B>（總題數：4,分數：40.00）

Whyisitthatmostofuscanrememberourprecisesurroundingsthemomentthatwefirst

learnedofJohnFitzgeraldKennedy*sassassination,theChallengerexplosionorthefallof

theTwinTowers,butnotsay,whatgroceryaislewewerestandinginwhenthephonecall

cametoremindustopickupmilk?Whatisitaboutthetiming—ormorespecifically,the

coincidencewithintenseexperience—thatsealsinvisualmemoriesmoreeffectively?That,s

thequestionthatanewstudyfrompsychologistsattheUniversityofWashingtonsetoutto

answer.Thestudy,publishedonlinerecentlyintheopen-accessjournalPLoSBiology

includedaseriesoffourexperiments.Ineachexperiment,whichincludeddistinct

participants,JeffreyY.Linandcolleaguesshowedstudysubjects16photographsdepicting

familiarlandscapes.Thefirsttime,participantsmerelylookedattheimages;thesecond

time,theywerealsoaskedtofocusonanumbershowninthemiddleoftheimage;thethird

time,theyalsohadtomakenoteofanauditorycueastheylookedattheimages;and

finally,theywereshownimageswithanumberinthemiddle,buttoldtoignorethenumber

andfocusonlyonthescenedepicted.Researchersfoundthat,whenshownanimagelaterand

askedtorecallifithadbeenamongthosethey'dalreadyseen,subjects*memoryformation

wasconsistentlybestwhentheyhadalsobeentryingtoconcentrateonanothertaskinboth

thesecondandthirdexperiments,whichinvolvedviewingnumbersorhearingaudiotones

whiletheimageswerepresented,subjectsformedclearermemoriesthaninthefirst

experiment-whentheyweresimplyinstructedtolookatthephotos-andthaninthefourth

experiment-whentheywereshownnumbersinthecenterofphotos,buttoldtoignorethem

andfocusontheimagesthemselves.Thefindingssuggestthatitisn'tthenoveltyofwhat

we'reseeing,buttheexperiencethatwearehavingwhilewelookatsomething,that

determineshowwel1westoreitawayinourmemories.Or,astheauthorsphraseit,the

studyresultsprovide"evidenceofamechanismwheretracesofavisualsceneare

automaticallyencodedintomemoryatbehaviorallyrelevantpointsintimeregardlessofthe

spatialfocusofattention.Whenitcomestomakingmemories,timingisoftheessence.（分

數：10.00）

（1）.Thequestionsatthebeginningofthetextareintendedto.（分數：2.00）

A.describeaconfusingphenomenon

B.showthecomplexityofourmemory

C.drawforththetopicofthistextJ

D.supporttheargumentoftheauthor

解析：解析：題干的questions指第一段前兩句提出的問題，這兩個問題可概括為“我們為什么能夠清楚

地記得某些情況，卻不記得另一些情況？”和“什么樣的時機會加深記憶？”o第一段末句則指出第二個問

題是某項研究的研究話題，第二段緊接著介紹了這項研究，所以可推知，這些問題是為了引出本文要討論

的話題，由此可判斷C項符合題意。

（2）.Whichofthefollowingsistrueofthestudymentionedinthistext?（分數：2.00）

A.Itwasconductedbysomeanthropologists.

B.Itstudiedthestepsofmemoryformation.

C.Itsconclusionwasbasedonseveralexperiments.J

D.Itsfindingsoverturnedmanypreviousresearches.

解析：解析：四個選項均與研究的基本信息相關。第二段詳細說明了實驗進行的方式和內容，其中①句說

到該研究包括四組實驗，而根據第三、第四段的“Inboththesecondandthirdexperiments^“in

thefirstexperiment""inthefourthexperimentw等字眼可知，研究人員發現的結果(findings)是

來自于這四組測驗，C項所說的該研究建立在幾組實驗的基礎上與文意相吻合，故C項正確。

(3).Thestudyshowsthatpeoplerememberathingbetterwhenthey..(分數：2.00)

A.concentrateonotherthingsmeanwhileJ

B.strivetorememberthatthing

C.arestronglyattractedbyit

D.repeatitconstantlyinmind

解析：解析：本題詢問人們能更好記住事件的條件，這正是文中研究的結果，文中第三段為研究的結論，

與本題相關。其中該段①句總結說到，研究發現如果看圖的同時精力還集中于另?任務(concentrateon

anothertask),參與者的記憶往往更加清晰，接著②句進一步闡述此觀點在這一研究中的具體表現和反

映，即“同時需關注數字或記下聲音提示的實驗參與者記憶更清晰”，A項的觀點與此不謀而合，故A項

正確。

(4).ItisimpliedinParagraph4thathowwellthememoryisstoreddependson.(分

數:2,00)

A.timingofthethingJ

B.thelevelofnewnessofthething

C.therelatedexperiencetothething

D.thetracesofthevisualscene

解析：解析：根據題干可直接定位到第四段。該段①句說實驗表明我們能否記住某事取決于看到某事時的

經歷(theexperiencethatwearehaving),最后一句則總結說“時機是非常重要的”，A項復現了末

句的timing,也與①句所述對應，故可確定A項為本題答案。

(5).Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthistext?(分數：2.00)

A.Timingiscriticaltomemoryformation.V

B.Memorycanbemanipulatedforourgood.

C.Peopletendtorememberbigeventsbetter.

D.It*sbettertoremembertwothingsthanone.

解析：解析：這道題目需要通觀全文，總結性的觀點一般出現在文章的開頭或者結尾。這篇文章的開頭即

引出了文章的主題，那么概括的部分應在文章的末尾，所以定位在最后一段。文中最后一句談到“就能否

形成記憶來說，時機是至關重要的”，A項中的memoryformation對應該句中的makingmemories,而

iscriticalto”是...的關鍵”則與文中的oftheessence”非常重要的”相吻合,故A項為正確答

案。

Encouragementandpraisecancomeinmanyforms,andsomewaysarebetterforchild

developmentthanothers.ResearchersattheUniversityofChicagoandStanfordUniversity

whostudiedmother-childinteractionsoverthecourseofseveralyearsfoundthatthetype

ofpraisechiIdrenreceiveaffectstheirattitudestowardchallengeslaterinlife.

Specifically,praisethatcamewithfeedbackabouttheirbehaviorandthechoicesthat

toddlersmadehelpedthemtocopebetterwithdifficultexperiencesfiveyearslater,

comparedwithcomplimentsthatfocusedmoreonthechildhimself,like〃You'reagoodboy.”

Thestudy,whichappearsinthejournalChildDevelopment,isthefirstmajorstudyof

praiseandchildhooddevelopmentdoneoutsideofalabsetting.Inthestudy,researches

foundthatthechildrenwhogrewupwithmoreprocesspraise(commentssuchas"Youworked

reallyhard"or"You'redoingagreatjob,“whichemphasizethechiId,sactions.)weremore

opentochallenge,andwereabletoidentifymorewaysofovercomingdifficultproblems.

Theywerealsomorelikelytosaythattheycouldimprovetheirintelligencewithhardwork.

Whilepersonpraise(commentslike"You'resosmart"or"You'resogood,，zwhichfocusona

child'sinherentqualities.)didn'tseemtohaveanynegativeeffectonthechildren,the

studysuggeststhatprocesspraiseteacheschiIdrenthattheirtalentsandabi1itiescanbe

developedandimproved,whilepersonpraisesendsthemessagethattheirabilitiesarefixed

andthereforenoteasilyaltered."Thisstudyismonumental,“saysCarolDweck,aco-author

ofthestudyandaprofessoratStanfordUniversitywhoseearlierresearchlaidthe

foundationforunderstandingtheroleofpraiseinchilddevelopment.Anotherrevelation

fromthestudyinvolvedhowpraiseaffectsboysandgirlsdifferently.Parentsgaveboysand

girlsthesameamountofpraise,butoftheencouragementboysreceived,24%wasprocess

praise,whilegirlsreceivedonly10%ofthistype.Previousresearchsuggestedthis

pattern,butGunderson,anassistantprofessorofpsychologyatTempleUniversity,saysshe

wassurprisedbyhowgreatthedifferencewas.Theinequalitycouldhaveconsequencesfor

howgirlsevaluatetheirabilitiesastheyprogressinschoolandmayplayarolein

aggravatingsomeoftheself-esteemissuesthatbecomemorecommonamongteensand

adolescents.Thefindingssendaclearmessagetoparents."Thebiggesttakeawayisthat

parentpraisematters,Dwecksays."Theparents,evenwhenthechildrenareveryyoung,are

startingtoshapethechild,smotivation,thechildren'sattitudestowardthemselvesand

theirstancetotheworld.*Notallpraise,itseems,isequal.（分數：10.00）

（1）.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthat.（分數：2.00）

A.themorepraisechildrenreceive,thebetter

B.praiseofdifferenttypeshasdifferenteffectsJ

C.praiseplaysamajorroleinchildhooddevelopment

D.praisecanhelpchildrendealwithhardshipbetter

解析：解析：根據題干可直接定位到第一、第二段。第一段①句開門見山，指出鼓勵和表揚有多種方式，

而且對孩子的發展影響不同。第二段開頭的Specifically一詞表明第二段是對第一段的具體說明，進一

步指出具體某種表揚方式能讓孩子日后更好地處理困難情況，故確定B項正確。

（2）.WecaninferfromParagraph3that.（分數：2.00）

A.childrenwithmorepersonpraisedevelopbetterthanotherwise

B.processpraiseistemporarywhilepersonpraiseispermanent

C.personpraise1ike"youaresosmart"shouldbecompletelyavoided

D.processpraisehasmorepositiveeffectsonchildrenthanpersonpraiseJ

解析：解析：根據題干可直接定位到第三段。該段詳細講述了研究的結果，對比了processpraise"行

為表揚”及personpraise“個人表揚”的影響。該段前兩句提到，受到行為表揚多的孩子，更敢于應對

挑戰，應對困難的方法也更多，也更有可能認為他們可以通過努力來提升智力，這些是personpraise所

沒有的，故D項的概括正確。

（3）.CarolDweck*sattitudetowardthestudyis___.（分數：2.00）

A.skeptical

B.positiveV

C.cautious

D.objective

解析：解析：根據題干中的人名CarolDweck可定位到第四段。本題考查的是CarolDweck對前三段提到

的研究持什么態度。從該段中的Thisstudyismonumental“該研究是意義重大的”可看出CarolDweck

對該研究的態度是積極的，故B項為正確答案。

（4）.AccordingtoParagraph5,whichofthefollowingistrueofgirls?（分數：2.00）

A.Girlsreceivemoreprocesspraisethanboys.

B.Mostparentsareusuallyprejudicedagainstgirls.

C.Girlsreceivelessprocesspraisethanboys.J

D.Theself-esteemissueisuncommonamonggirls.

解析：解析：根據題干可直接定位到第五段。該段①句就提到表揚對男孩和女孩的影響存在差異，②句對

比了兩者受到的processpraise數量上的差異，從兩個百分比數字（24%和10%）可以看出，女孩受到的行

為表揚數量要低于男孩所受到的行為表揚數量，故C項為正確答案。

（5）.Bysaying〃Notallpraise,itseems,isequal”,theauthorimpliesthat.（分數：

2.00）

A.thereisabetterwaytopraisechildrenJ

B.inequalityisverycommoninoursociety

C.parentsshouldencourageandpraisemore

D.girlsshouldbegivenmoreprocesspraise

解析：解析：題干中的直接引語為全文的最后一句。統觀全文，可知文章主要講的是不同的表揚類型（本

文重點在對比processpraise及personpraise）對孩子會產生不同的影響，所以作者說“似乎不是所有

表揚都是平等的"，結合文章的寫作意圖，不難看出本文是想表明表揚孩子的方式有差異，存在優劣，故

A項為正確答案。

WhatisthedifferencebetweenJoeSix-Pack,JoethePlumberandJoeBiden?Oneisvice

president;theothertwoarenot.Why?Theanswerdependsonahostofinteractivevariables

thatmustbefactoredintoanyequationofsuccess:genes,parents,brothersandsisters,

peers,teachers,practice,drive,culture,timing,legacyandluck.Therubforthe

scientistisdeterminingthepercentageofinfluenceofeachvariableanditsinteractions,

whichrequiressophisticatedstatisticalmodels.Journalists,whoareunrestrictedby

researchterms,veryquicklyproducelargequantitiesofself-helpbooksthatfocuson

selectvariablesthatinterestthem.FewdosobetterthanMalcolmGladwell,andinhisbook

Outliers:TheStoryofSuccess,theNewYorkerwriterclaimsthatsuccessfulpeoplearenot

“self-made“butinstead"areinvariablythebeneficiariesofhiddenadvantagesand

extraordinaryopportunitiesandculturallegaciesthatallowthemto1earnandworkhardand

makesenseoftheworldinwaysotherscannot.Bi11Gates,forexample,maybesmart,but

GladwellpreferstoemphasizethefactthatGates*swealthyparentssenthimtoaprivate

schoolthathadacomputerclubwithateletypetime-sharingterminalwithadirectlinkto

amainframecomputerinSeattle,andin1968thiswasveryunusual.Hisgoodfortunetobe

borninthemid-1950salsomeantthatGatescameofagewhenthecomputerindustrywasready

tohavesomeoneofhisexperiencestartasoftwarecompany.Similarly,Gladwel1says,

Mozart*sfatherwasacomposerwhomentoredtheyoungWolfgangintogreatnessfromagesix

untilhisearly20s,whenhiscompositionschangedfrompleasantlymelodiousintomasterful.

TheBeatles*luckybreakcameinHamburg,Germany,wheretheywereabletologinmorethan

1,200liveperformancesandtherebymeetthewell-known10,000-hourruleforperfectinga

profession.Asianwonderchildrenaretheproductof“thetraditionofwet-riceagriculture^

thatmustbepracticedyear-roundandthatrequires〃thehighestemphasisoneffortandhard

work,“andthat'swhytheystudyallsummerwhileAmericanstudentsgotothemall.Such

geniuses,Gladwel1says,“areproductsofhistoryandcommunity,ofopportunityandlegacy.

Theirsuccessisnotexceptionalormysterious.Itisgroundedinawebofadvantagesand

inheritances,somedeserved,somenot,someearned,somejustplainluckybutallcritical

tomakingthemwhotheyare.”（分數：10.00）

（1）.Byaskingtwoquestionsatthebeginningofthetext,theauthorintendsto.（分

數：2.00）

A.showdifferentachievementsofdifferentJoes

B.introducethecontributoryfactorsofsuccessJ

C.introduceastudyondeterminantsofsuccess

D.discussthedifficultyofsuccessfortheordinary

解析：解析：根據題干關鍵詞beginningofthetext定位到第一段。兩個問題即“喬六包、水管工喬和

喬-拜登有什么不同？”和“為什么會有不同？"，這里關鍵語義落在后一句“Why?”，探究造成這一情況

的原因，以此引出促成成功的各種變量，B項的contributoi'yfactors“促成因素”對應本段④句的The

answerdependson…variablesthatmustbefactoredinlo…success,這里的answer即是對why的

回答，故B項為答案。

(2).AccordingtoParagraph2,Gladwellbelievesthat_.(分數：2.00)

A.journalistsabidebyresearchresultaccurately

B.manyexternalfactorscontributetosuccessJ

C.journalistsareinterestedinself-helpbooks

D.peoplesucceedthroughtheirownefforts

解析：解析：根據題干中的Gladwell可定位到第二段②句。該句首先提到MalcolmGladwell,句子后半

部分的theNewYorkerwriter是其代名詞,文中的claims對應題目的believes,表示的adwell相信

成功人士并不是“僅靠自身努力而取得成功的"(self-made),而是隱性優勢、非凡機遇和文化傳承的受

益者，B項”許多外在因素促成成功”與原文的意思相符，故為答案。

(3).AccordingtoGladwell,whichofthefollowingistrueofGates?(分數：2.00)

A.Hisgreatsuccessisduetohisowntalent.

B.Hisbirthtimepartlycontributestohissuccess.J

C.Hisinterestinsoftwaremadehimsucceed.

D.Heisfortunatetoreceiveunusualeducation.

解析：解析：根據題干中的關鍵詞Gates可定位到第三段。該段以比爾-蓋茨為例說明第二段的觀點：成

功人士是隱形優勢、非凡機遇和文化傳承的受益者。其中②句中的Hisgoodfortunetobebornin

themid-1950s說明他出生于一個恰當的時機，B項所述與此對應。

(4).WemaylearnfromParagraph4that_.(分數：2.00)

A.geniusesworklessharderthantheordinary

B.musicians'successisduetotalentmostly

C.manyfactorshelpgeniusesbecomesuccessfulV

D.AsiansworklessharderthanAmericans

解析：解析：根據題干可直接定位到第四段。該段依舊是列舉名人事例說明論點：成功人士不是self-

made。其中談到了莫扎特、披頭士和亞洲神童的成功。Gladwell強調了莫扎特的作曲家(composer)父親

(他一直輔導莫扎特到二十歲)、披頭士的機遇(luckybreak)以及亞洲神童的努力和辛勤工作(effortand

hardwork),C項“許多因素促使天才獲得成功”與文意相吻合，故為答案。

(5).Thewebofadvantagesandinheritancesare___.(分數：2.00)

A.thefoundationofsuccess>/

B.peculiartogeniuses

C.lessimportanttogeniuses

D.possessedbyeveryone

解析：解析：根據題干定位到最后一段。其中該段①句總結表明，天才是歷史和社會、機遇和傳承的產

物，③句進一步闡述他們的成功建立在?張優勢和傳承交織的網上(groundedinawebofadvantages

andinheritances),所以這個網是成功的基石(foundation),A項語義與此對應，故為正確答案。

believeinequalityforeveryone,exceptreportersandphotographers,z，MahatmaGandhi

oncesaid.Journalist-haterslikehimmightnotcareabouttheagonyofAmerica,snews

firms,butmanyAmericansdo.Nearlyathirdofthemsaytheyhaveabandonedanewssource

becausetheythoughtthequalityofitsinformationwasdeclining.Accordingto"TheState

oftheNewsMedia2013”,areportbytheProjectforExcellenceinJournalismatthePew

ResearchCentre,thedeterioratingfinancialstateofnewsorganizationshashurttheir

output.Newspaperstaffshaveshrunkbyaround30%sincetheirpeakin1989,andnewspapers

collectivelynowemployfewerthan40,000full-timeprofessionals,thelowestnumbersince

themid-1970s.Americanswhothinkmediafirmsareputtingoutfeweroriginal,thoughtful

storiesareprobablyright.Weather,trafficandsportnowaccountforaround40%oflocal

televisionnewscasts.Theaveragelengthofastorykeepsfalling.Only20%oflocalTV

storiesexceedaminute,andhalftakelessthan30seconds.Oncable-newschannels,live

reports,whichrequirecameracrewsandjournalistsactuallytoshowupsomewhere,have

fallenbyathirdindaytimeprogramsinthepastfiveyears.Interviewsegments,whichare

cheap,haverisen.Americansmayalsoprefertalkingheadsbecausetheyincreasinglyprefer

tohearopinionratherthanfact.ThistrendishighlightedbythepopularityofFox,a

conservativenewsnetwork,andofMSNBC,itsleft-leaningcounterpart.CNN,whichtendsto

toethemiddleline,continuestostrugglewithitsratingsunlessthereisabignews

event.Whereisthegoodnews?LastyearlocalTVstations,especiallythoseinswingstates

likeFloridaandOhio,gotawelcomeboostfromthe$3billionspentonTVadvertising

duringtheelection.Andnewspapersarenowstartinginlargenumberstodemandpaymentfor

theirdigitalcontent.PewreckonsthataroundathirdofAmerica's1,380dailieshave

started(orwillsoonlaunch)paywalls,inspiredbythesuccessoftheNewYorkTimes,where

640,000subscribersgetthedigitaleditionandcirculationnowaccountsforalarger

portionofrevenuesthanadvertising.Boostingcirculationrevenuewillhelpstemlosses

fromprintadvertising,sinceithasbecomeclearthatdigitaiadvertisingwi11notbe

enough.Forevery$16lostinprintadvertisinglastyear,newspapersmadeonlyaround$1

fromdigitalads.Thebulkofthe$37.3billionspentondigitaladvertisingin2012wentto

fivefirms:Google,Yahoo,Facebook,MicrosoftandAOL.NotmuchGandhianequalitythere.

(分數：10.00)

(1).Thedeclineofnewspapers*informationqualityismainlycausedby.(分數：2.00)

A.financialdownturnofnewsgroupsJ

B.ashortageoftalentedstaffs

C.decreaseinnewspaperreaders

D.increasingnumberofjournalist-haters

解析：解析：題干提及的“報紙信息質量下降”首先出現在第一段末句。而第二段①句末的hurttheir

output與此對應。該句講述造成該現象的原因是thedeterioratingfinancialstateofnews

organizations”新聞機構不斷惡化的財政狀況”，A項所述與此對應，故為答案。也許有同學不理解

deteriorating“惡化的”一詞，但根據全文上下的語境，至少能判斷出這是一個貶義詞，因而可推測原

因是由于報業集團不好的經濟狀況造成，也能選出A項。

(2).AccordingtoParagraph4,whichofthefo