專題十四語義揣測

挖命題

【考情探究】

預料克

考點內容20242024202420152014合計皿

陵

此題型主要考查考生通過閱讀上下

語義文，結合中學生放白的常識，依據已

知的信息對語篇中畫線的單詞、短語120216★★

揣測或句子在此文本中的意思進行推想

的實力。

分析解讀盡管江蘇高考英語試題不是每年都會考到語義揣測題,但這種形式是對學生.語言

素養的檢測。在試題命制上，會從單個單詞的考查到短語、句意的揣測，從生詞的揣測到熟詞

生義的揣測,還會考查對替代詞所替代內容的推斷。因此,考生除了具備依據特定語境對某?

單詞、句子或句中某一部分的精確理解實力之外，還需具備有關構詞法的基木學問。

過專題

【五年高考】

A組自主命題?江蘇卷題組

Passage1（2024江蘇，B）詞

數:322

Inthe1760s,MathurinRozeopenedaseriesofshopsthatboasted（享有）aspecial

meatsoupcalledconsomme.Althoughthemainattractionwasthesoup,Roze'schain

shopsalsosetanewstandardfordininRout,whichhelpedtoestablishRozeasthe

inventorofthemodernrestaurant.

Today,scholarshavegeneratedlargeamountsofinstructiveresearchabout

restaurants.Takevisualhintsthatinfluencewhatweeatrdinersservedthemselves

about20percentmorepasta（意大利面食）whentheirplatesmatchedtheirfood.When

adark-coloredcakewasservedonablackplateratherthanawhiteone,customers

recognizeditassweeterandmoretasty.

Lighlingmatlers,Loo.WhenBer1inleslauranluusLoniersalei（idarknes?,lliey

couldn*ttel1howmuchtheyJdhad:thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethan

everyoneelse,butwerenonethewiser-theydidn'tfeelfuller,andtheywerejust

asreadyfordessert.

Timeismoney,butthatprinciplemoansdifferentthingsfordifferenttypes

ofrestaurants.Uniikefast-foodplaces,finediningshopsprefercustomerstostay

longerandspend.Onewaytoencouragecustomerstostayandorderthatextraround:

pulonsomeMozart（莫扎特）.Whenclassical,ratherthanpop,musicwasplaying,

dinersspentmore.Fastmusichurrieddinersout.Particularscentsalsohavean

effect:dinerswhogotthescentoflavender（薰衣草）stayedlongerandspentmore

thanthosewhosmelledIciron,ornoscent.

Meanwhile,thingsthatyoumightexpecttodiscouragespending-"bad"tables,

crowding,highprices-don'tnecessarily.Dinersatbadtables-nexttothekitchen

door,say—spentnearlyasmuchasothersbutsoonfled.Itcanbeconcludedthat

restaurantkeepersneednot“beoverlyconcernedabout'bad'tables,“giventhat

theyfreprofitable.Asforcrowds,aHongKongstudyfeundthattheyincreaseda

restaurant*sreputation,suggestinggreatfoodatfairprices.Anddoublinga

buffet*spriceledcustoirerstosaythatitspizzawas11percenttastier.

1.Theunderlinedphrase“nonethewiser“inparagraph3mostprobablyimplies

thatthecustomerswere.

A.notawareofeatingmorethanusual

B.notwi11ingtosharefocdwithothers

C.notconsciousofthefocdquality

D.notfondofthefoodprevided

2.Howcouldafinediningshopmakemoreprofit?

A.Playingclassicalmusic.

B.Introducinglemonscent.

C.Makingthelightbrighter.

D.Usingplatesoflargersize.

3.Whatdocsthelastparagraphtalkabout?

A.Tipstoattractmorecustomers.

B.Problemsrestaurantsarefacedwith.

C.WaystoimproverestaurantsJreputation.

Dmonmisunderstandingsaboutrestaurants.

答案

1.A2.A3.D

Passage2（2024江蘇,B）詞

數:346

Red-backedfairywrens燃鸚），which1iveinnorthernandeasternAustralia,lay

threeorfoureggsatatime.

Beforebirth,babiescantellthedifferencebetweenloudsoundsandvoices.

Theycanevendistinguishtheirmother*svoicefromthatofafemalestranger.But

Whenitcomestoembryoniclearning（胎教），birdscouldruletheroost.Asrecently

reportedinTheAuk:OrnithologicalAdvances,somemotherbirdsmayteachtheiryoung

tosingevenbeforetheyhaich（孵化）.New-bornchickscanthenimitatetheirmom,s

cal1withinafewdaysofenteringtheworld.

Thiseducationalmethodwasfirstobservedin2012bySoniaKleindorfer,a

biologistatFlindersUniversityinSouthAustralia,andhercolleagues.Female

Australiansuperbfairywrenswerefoundtorepeatonesoundoverandoveragain

whilehatchingtheireggs.Whentheeggswerehatched,thebabybirdsmadethesimilar

chirptotheirmothers-asoundthatservedastheirregular“feedme!”call.

Tofindoutifthespecialqualitywasmorewidespreadinbirds,theresearchers

soughtthered-backedfairywren,anotherspeciesofAustraliansongbird.Firstthey

collectedsounddatafrom67nestsinfoursitesinQueenslandbeforeandafter

hatching.ThentheyidentifiedbeggingcalIsbyanalyzingtheordei'andnumberof

notes.Acomputeranalysisblindlycomparedcallsproducedbymothersandchicks,

rankingthembysimilarity.

Itturnsoutthatbabyred-backedfairywrensalsoemergechirpingliketheir

moms.Andthemorefrequentlymothershadcalledtotheireggs,themoresimilar

were（.hebabies'beggingcalls.Inaddition,theteamsetupaseparateexperiment

thatsuggestedthatthebabybirdsthatmostcloselyimitatedtheirmom,svoice

wererewardedwiththemostfood.

Thisobservationhintsthateffectiveembryoniclearningcouldsignal

neurological（神經系統的）strengthsofchildrentoparents.Anevolutionary

inferencecanthenbedrawn."Asaparent,doyouinvestinqualitychildren,or

doyouinvestinchildrenthatareinneed?”Kleindorferasks."Ourresultssuggest

thattheymightbegoingforquality.”

1.TheunderlinedphraseinParagraph1means"”.

A.betheworstB.bethebest

C.bejustasbadD.bejustasgood

2.WhatareKleindorfer,sfindingsbasedon?

A.Similaritiesbetweenthecallsofmomsandchicks.

B.TheobservationoffairywrensacrossAustralia.

C.ThedatacollectedfromQueens1and?slocals.

D.Controlledexperimentscnwrensandotherbirds.

3.Embryoniclearninghelpsmotherbirdstoidentifythebabybirdswhich.

A.canreceivequalitysignalsB.areinneedoftraining

C.fittheenvironmentbetterI）,maketheloudestcall

答案

l.B2.A3.C

Passage3（2024江蘇，D）詞

數:690

OldProblem,NewApproaches

Whilec1eanenergyisincreasinglyusedinourdailylife,globalwarmingwi11

continueforsomedecadesafterCOJemissions（排放）peak.Soevenifemissionswere

tobegintodecreasetoday,wewou1dstillfacethechailengeofadaptingtoclimate

change.HereIwi11stresssomesmarterandmorecreatveexamplesofclimate

adaptation.

Whenitcomestoadaptation,itisimportanttounderstandthatclimatechange

isaprocess.Wearethereforenottalkingaboutadaptingtoanewstandard,but

toaconstantlyshiftingsetofconditions.Thisiswhy,inpartatleast,theUS

NationalClimateAssessmentsaysthat:"Thereisno'one-sizefitsall'

adaptation.Nevertheless,therearesomeactionsthatoffermuchandcarrylittle

riskorcost.

Aroundtheworld,peopleareadaptinginsurprisingways,especiallyinsome

poorcountries.FloodshavebecomemoredamaginginBangladeshinrecentdecades.

MohammedRezwansawopportunitywhereotherssawonlydisaster.Hisnot-for-profit

organizationruns100riverboatsthatserveasfloatinglibraries,schools,and

healthclinics,andareequippedwithsolarpanelsandothercommunicating

facilities.Rezwaniscreatingfloatingconnectivity（連接）toreplacefloodedroads

andhighways.Butheisalsoworkingatafarmorefundamentallevel:hisstaffshow

peoplehowtomakefloatinggardensandfishpondstopreventstarvationduringthe

wetseason.

ElsewhereinAsiaevenmoreastonishingactionsarcbeingtaken.ChcwangNorphcl

livesinamountainousregioninIndia,whereheisknownastheIceMan.Theloss

ofglaciers（冰川）thereduetoglobalwarmingrepresentsanenormousthreatto

agriculture.Withouttheglaciers,waterwillarriveintheriversattimeswhen

itcandamagecrops.Norphel'sinspirationcamefromseeingthewasteofwaterover

winter,whenitwasnotneeded.Hedirectedthewastedxaterintoshallowbasins

whereitfroze,andwasstoreduntilthespring.Hisfieldsoficesupplyperfectly

timedirrigation（澆灌）water.Havingcreatedninesuchicereserves,Norphel

calculatesthathehasstoredabout200,000mofwater.Climatechangeisacontinuing

process,soNorphel,sicereserveswillnotlastforever.Warmingwillovertake

them.Butheisprovidingafewyearsduringwhichthefarmerswill,perhaps,be

abletofindothermeanscfadapting.

IncreasingEarth*sreflectivenesscancooltheplanet.InsouthernSpainthe

suddenincreaseofgreenhouses（whichreflect1ightbacktospace）haschangedthe

warmingtrendlocally,andactuallycooledtheregion.WhileSpainasawholeis

heatingupquickly,temperaturesnearthegreenhouseshavedecreased.Thisexample

shouldactasaninspirationforal1cities.Bypaintingbuildingswhite,cities

mayslowdownthewarmingprocess.

InPeru,localfarmersaroundamountainwithaglacierthathasalreadyfallen

victimtoclimatechangehavebegunpaintingtheentirenountainpeakwhiteinthe

hopethattheaddedreflectivenesswi11restorethe1ife-givingice.Theoutcome

isstillfarfromclear.BuitheWorldBankhasincludedtheprojectonitslist

of（＜100ideastosavetheplanet".

Moreordinaryformsofadaptationarchappeningeverywhere.Afriendofmine

ownsanareaoflandinwesternVictoria.Overfivegenerationsthelandhasbeen

toowetforcropping.Butduringthepastdecadedecliningrainfallhasallowedhim

toplanthighlyprofitablecrops.Farmersinmanycountriesarealsoadaptinglike

this-citherbygrowingnewproduce,orbygrowingthesamethingsdifferently.This

iscommonsense.Butsomesuggestionsforadaptingarenot.Whenthepolluting

industriesarguethatwe'velostthebattletocontrolcarbonpollutionandhave

nochoicebuttoadapt,it/sanonsensedesignedtomakethecaseforbusinessas

usual.

Humanbeingswi11continuctoadapttothechangingc1imatcinbothordinary

andastonishingways.But:hemostsensibleformofadaptationissurelytoadapt

ourenergysystemstoemitlesscarbonpollution.Afterall,ifweadaptinthat

way,wemayavoidtheneedtochangeinsomanyothers.

1.TheunderlinedpartinParagraph2implies.

A.adaptationisanever-changingprocess

B.thecostofadaptationvarieswithtime

C.globalwarmingaffectsadaptationforms

D.adaptationtoclimatechangeischallenging

2.WhatisspecialwithregardtoRezwan,sproject?

A.Theprojectreceivesgovernmentsupport.

B.Differentorganizationsworkwitheachother.

C.Hisorganizationmakesthebestofabadsituation.

I).Theprojectconnectsflcodedroadsandhighways.

3.WhatdidtheIccMandotoreducetheeffectofglobalwarming?

A.Storingiceforfutureuse.

B.Protectingtheglaciersfrommelting.

C.Changingtheirrigationtime.

D.Postponingthemeltingcftheglaciers.

4.WhatdowelearnfromthePeruexample?

A.Whitepaintisusuallysafeforbuildings.

B.Theglobalwarmingtrendcannotbestopped.

C.Thiscountryisheatinguptooquickly.

I).Sunlightreflectionmayrelieveglobalwarming.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,pollutingindustriesshould.

A.adapttocarbonpolluticn

B.planthighlyprofitablecrops

C.leavecarbonemissionalone

D.fightagainstcarbonpollution

6.What'stheauthortspreferredsolutiontoglobalwarming?

A.Settingupanewstandard.

B.Reducingcarbonemission.

C.Adaptingtoclimatechange.

D.Monitoringpollutingindustries.

答案

1.A2.C3.A4.D5.D6.B

Passage4（2015江蘇，D）詞

數：596

FreedomandResponsibility

Freedom*schallengeintheDigitalAgeisaserioustopic.Wearefacingtoday

astrangenowworldandwcarcallwonderingwhatwoarcgoingtodowithit.

Some2,500yearsagoGreecediscoveredfreedom.Beforethattherewasno

freedom.Thereweregreatcivilizations,splendidempires,butnofreedom

anywhere.EgyptandBaby1onwornhothtyrannios,onnverypnworfillmannilingovor

helplessmasses.

InGreece,inAthens（雅典），alittlecityinalittlecountry,therewereno

helplessmasses.AndAthenianswillinglyobeyedthewrittenlawswhichthey

themselvespassed,andtheunwritten,whichmustbeobeyediffreemenlive

together.Theymustshoweachotherkindnessandpityand:hemanyqualitieswithout

whichlifewouldbeverypainfulunlessonechosetolivealoneinthedesert.The

Atheniansneverthoughtthatamanwasfreeifhecoulddowhathewanted.Amanwas

freeifhewasself-contrclled.Tomakeyourselfobeywhatyouapprovedwas

freedom.TheywornsavedfromlockingalIhoir1ivesastheirownprivainafTair.Each

onefeltresponsibleforthewelfareofAthens,notbecauseitwasforcedonhimfrom

theoutside,butbecausethecitywashisprideandhissafety.Theessentialbelief

ofthefirstfreegovernmentintheworldwaslibertyforallmenwhocouldcontrol

themselvesandwou1dtakeresponsibi1ityforthestate.

Butdiscoveringfreedemisnotlikediscoveringconputei's.Itcannotbe

discoveredonceforall.Ifpeopledonotprizeit,andworkforit,itwillgo.Constant

watchisitsprice.Athenschanged.Itwasachangethattookplacewithoutbeing

noticedthoughitwasoftheextremeimportance,aspiritualchangewhichaffected

thowholest.ato.TthadboontheAthenian'sprideandjoytogivetntheircity.That

theycouldgetmaterialbenefitsfromherneverenteredtheirminds.Therehadto

beacompletechangeofattitudebeforetheycouldlookatthecityasanemployer

whopaidhercitizensfordoingherwork.Nowinsteadofmengivingtothestate,the

statewastogivetothem.Whatthepeoplewantedwasagovernmentwhichwou1dprovide

acomfortablelifeforthen：andwiththisastheprimaryobject,ideasoffreedom

andself-relianceandresponsibilitywereneglectedtothepointof

disappearing.Athenswasmoreandmorelookedonasacooperativebusinesspossessed

ofgreatwealthinwhichallcitizenshadarighttoshare.

Athensreachedthepointwhenthefreedomshereallywantedwasfreedomfrom

responsibility.Therecouldbeonlyoneresult.Ifmeninsistedonbeingfreefrom

theburdenofself-dependenceandresponsibilityforthecommongood,theywould

ceasetobefree.Responsibi1ityisthepriceeverymanmustpayforfreedom.Itis

tobehadonnootherterirs.Athens,theAthensofAncientGreece,refused

responsibi1ity;shereachedtheendoffreedomandwasnevertohaveitagain.

But,“theexcellentbecomesthepermanent,“Aristotlesaid.Athenslostfreedom

forevei',butfreedomwasnetlostforeverfortheworld.Agreat.American,James

Madison,referredto:"Thecapacity（實力）ofmankindforself-government.MNodoubt

hehadnotanideathathewasspeakingGreek.Athenswasnotinthefarthest

backgroundofhismind,butoncemanhasagreatandgoodidea,itisnevercompletely

lost.TheDigitalAgocannotdestroyit.Somehowinthisorthat,man'sthoughtsuch

anidea1ivesthoughunconsideredbytheworldofaction.Onecanneverbesurethat

itisnotonthepointofbreakingoutintoactiononlysurethatitwi11doso

sometime.

1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tyrannies“inParagraph2referto?

A.Countrieswheretheirpeopleneedhelp.

B.Powerfulstateswithhighercivilization.

C.Splendidempireswherepeopleenjoyfreedom.

D.Governmentsruledwithabsolutepower.

2.Peoplebelievinginfreedomarethosewho.

A.regardtheirlifeastheirownbusiness

B.seekgainsastheirpriiraryobject

C.behavewithinthelawsandvaluesystems

D.treatotherswithkindnessandpity

3.WhatchangeinattitudetookplaceinAthens?

A.TheAtheniansrefusedtctaketheirresponsibi1ity.

B.TheAtheniansnolongertookprideinthecity.

C.TheAtheniansbenefitedspirituallyfromthegovernment.

D.TheAthenianslookedonthegovernmentasabusiness.

4.Whatdoesthesentence“Therecouldbeonlyoneresult."inParagraph5mean?

A.Athenswouldcontinuetcbefree.

B.Athenswouldceasetohavefreedom.

C.Freedomwouldcomefromresponsibi1ity.

D.FreedomwouldstopAthensfromself-dependence.

5.WhydoestheauthorrefertoAristotleandMadison?

A.Theauthorishopefulaboutfreedom.

B.Theauthoriscautiousaboutself-government.

C.TheauthorisskepticalofGreekcivilization.

D.Theauthorisproudofiran'scapacity.

6.Whatistheauthor*sunderstandingoffreedom?

A.Freedomcanbemorepopularinthedigitalage.

B.Freedommaycometoanendinthedigitalage.

C.Freedomshouldhavepricrityoverresponsibi1ity.

D.Freedomneedstobeguaranteedbyresponsibility.

答案

l.D2.C3.A4.B5.A6.D

Passage5（2014江蘇,B）詞

數：399

Howeverwealthywemaybe,wecanneverfindenoughhoursinthedaytodo

everythingwewant.Economicsdealswiththisproblemthroughtheconceptof

opportunitycost,whichsimplyreferstowhethersomeone'stimeormoneycouldbe

betterspentonsomethingelse.

Everyhourofourtimehasavalue.Foreveryhourweworkatonejobwecould

quiteeasilybedoinganother,orbesleepingorwatchingafilm.Eachoftheseoptions

hasadifferentopportunitycost-namely,whattheycostusinmissedopportunities.

Sayyouintendtowatchafootballmatchbuttheticketsareexpensiveandit

willtakeyouacoupleofnourstogettoandfromthestadium.Whynot,youmight

reason,watchthegamefromhomeandusetheleftovermoneyandtimetohavedinner

withfriends?This-thealternativeuseofyourcashandtime-istheopportunity

cost.

Foreconomists,everydecisionismadebyknowledgeofwhatonemustforgo-in

termsofmoneyandenjoyment-inordertotakeitup.Byknowingpreciselywhatyou

arereceivingandwhatyouaremissingouton,yououghttobeabletomake

better-informed,morereasonabledecisions.Considerthatmostfamouseconomicrule

ofall:there,snosuchthingasafreelunch.Evenifsomeoneofferstotakeyou

outtolunchforfree,thetimeyouwi11spendintherestaurantstillcostsyou

somethingintermsofforgoneopportunities.

Somepeoplefindtheideaofopportunitycostextremelydiscouraging:imagine

spendingyourentirelifecalculatingwhetheryourtimewouldbebetterspent

elsewheredoingsomethingmoreprofitableorenjoyable.Yet,inasenseit'shuman

naturetodopreciselythat—woassesstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofdecisions

allthetime.

Inthebusinessworld,apopularphraseis“valueformoney."Poop1ewanttheir

cashtogoasfaraspossible.However,anotherisfastobtaininganadvantage:"value

fortime."Thebiggestrestrictiononourresourcesisthenumberofhourswecan

devotetosomething,sowelooktomaximizethereturnwegetonourinvestmentof

time.Byreadingthispassageyouaregivingoverabitofyourtimewhichcouldbe

spentdoingotheractivities,suchassleepingandeating.Inreturn,however,this

passagewi11helpyoutothink1ikeaneconomist,closelyconsideringtheopportunity

costofeachofyourdecisions.

1.Accordingtothepassage,theconceptofaopportunitycost“isapplied

to.

A.makingmoremoney

B.takingmoreopportunities

C.reducingmissedopportunities

D.weighingthechoiceofepportunities

2.The“leftover…time"inParagraph3probablyreferstothetime.

A.sparedforwatchingthematchathome

B.takentohavedinnerwithfriends

C.spentonthewaytoandfromthematch

D.savedfromnotgoingtowatchthematch

3.Whatareforgoneopportunities?

A.Oppoi'tunitiesyouforgetindecision-making.

B.Opportunitiesyougiveupforbetterones.

C.Opportunitiesyoumissaccidentally.

I）.Oppoi'tunitiesyoumakeupfor.

答案

l.D2.C3.B

B組,統一命題、省（區、市）卷題組

Passage1（2024課標全國［,C）詞

數:294

Languageshavebeencoiningfindgoingforihousciiidsofyears,bulinleuenlLimes

therehasbeenlesscoiningandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulated

byhunter-gatherers,small.tightlyknit（聯系）groupsdevelopedtheirownpatterns

ofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000years

ago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000

languagesbetweenthem.

Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobecomefarmers,

andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,

trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadof

universalcoinpu）soiyeduurilion,especiallyglobrilisalioncindbelleicoiiuuuiiicalions

inthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominanl

languagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.

Atpresent,thewor1dhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionofthese

languagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfew

languages,oftenspokenbynanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspoken

bysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages：theAmericasabout

1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuinea

aloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber（中位數）ofspeakersisamere

6,000,whichmeciiisllialhalf'Ilieworld,slanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeopleLliun

that.

Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction（消

亡），withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon（eight

remainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnited

States(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneof

theseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.

1.Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter-gatherertimes?

A.Theydevelopedveryfast.

B.Theywerelargeinnumber.

C.Theyhadsimilarpatterns.

D.Theywerecloselyconnected.

2.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant“underlinedinparagraph2?

Aplex.B.Advanced.C.Powerful.D.Modern.

3.Howmanylanguagesarcspokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?

A.About6,800.B.About3,400.

C.About2,400.1).About1,200.

4.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?

A.Newlanguageswi11becreated.

B.People's1ifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.

C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.

D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.

答案

l.B2.C3.B4.C

Passage2(2024課標全國II,B)詞

數：258

ManyofusloveJulybecauseit'sthemonthwhennature'sberriesandstone

fruitsarcinabundance.ThesecolourfulandsweetjewelsfromBritishColumbia*s

fieldsarelittlepowerhousesofnutritionalprotection.

Ofthecommonberries,strawberriesarehighestinvitaminC,although,because

oftheirseeds,raspberriescontainalittlemoreprotein(蛋白質)，ironandzinc(not

thatfruitshavemuchprotein).Blueberriesareparticularlyhighi