話題28科技發(fā)展與科學(xué)家精神主題群四科學(xué)與技術(shù)Ⅰ.閱讀理解JoseHernandezmadehisdreamofbecominganastronautarealityandhedidsodespiteunbelievabledifficulties.“IwasworkinginafieldnearStockton，andIheardonmyradiothatFranklinChang－DiazhadbeenselectedfortheAstronautCorps，”saidJose，whowasaseniorinhighschoolatthetime.“Iwasalreadyinterestedinscienceandengineering，”Joseremembered.“ButthatwasthemomentIsaid，‘Iwanttoflyinspace.’”Asoneoffourchildreninamigrant(移民)farmingfamilyfromMexico，Jose—whodidn’tlearnEnglishuntilhewas12yearsold—spentmuchofhischildhoodtravelingwithhisfamilyfromMexicotosouthernCaliforniaeachMarch，thenworkingnorthwardtotheStocktonareabyNovember，pickingstrawberriesandcucumbersatfarmsalongtheroute.TheywouldthenreturntoMexicoforChristmasandstartthecyclealloveragaininthespring.“Somekidsmightthinkitwouldbefuntotravellikethat，”Joselaughed.“Butwehadtowork.”Aftergraduatingfromhighschool，JosewasadmittedintotheUniversityofthePacific.In1987，heacceptedafull－timejobwithLawrenceNationalLaboratory.In2001，JosejoinedtheJohnsonSpaceCentre，wherehecameface－to－facewithFranklinChang－Diaz.“Weactuallyhadcommonexperiences—asimilarupbringing，thesamelanguageissues.Thatbuiltupmyconfidence.Anybarriersthatexisted，hehadalreadyovercomethem，”Josesmiled.“Nowit’smyturn！”“NASArejectedmenotonce，nottwice，notthreetimesbut11times.Itwasn’tuntilthe12thtimethatIgotselected，”hesaid.Josewasselectedaspartofthe19thclassofastronautsin2004.Hecircledtheglobe217timesbutremainsadowntoEarthguy.JoseHernandezreceivedthe2016NationalHispanicHeroAwardandhecontinueshislonghistoryinthefieldofengineeringandspace.【語篇解讀】

本文是記敘文。文章主要講述了出身農(nóng)民家庭的Jose在中學(xué)時(shí)期受FranklinChang－Diaz的事跡激勵(lì)而夢(mèng)想成為一名宇航員，他為此付出了極大的努力并最終取得了傲人的成績(jī)，實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想的故事。1.WhatmadeJosedeterminedtobeanastronaut?A.TheinfluenceofAstronautCorps.B.ThesuccessofFranklinChang－Diaz.C.Hisinterestinscienceandengineering.D.Theexperienceofworkinginthefield.解析

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“andIheardonmyradiothatFranklinChang－DiazhadbeenselectedfortheAstronautCorps”和“ButthatwasthemomentIsaid，‘Iwanttoflyinspace.’”可知，當(dāng)Jose通過收音機(jī)得知FranklinChang－Diaz被選為宇航員的那一刻，早就對(duì)理工科感興趣的他立志成為一名宇航員。√2.WhatcanwelearnaboutJoseasachild?A.Hedidmuchfarmwork. B.Hetraveledalotforfun.C.HehatedlearningEnglish. D.Heobeyedhisfamilyineverything.解析

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段內(nèi)容可知，Jose來自墨西哥的移民農(nóng)民家庭，他童年時(shí)做了大量的農(nóng)活。√3.HowdidJosefeelwhenhemetFranklinChang－Diazpersonally?A.Inspired. B.Valued.C.Relaxed. D.Puzzled.解析

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段內(nèi)容可知，當(dāng)Jose見到FranklinChang－Diaz本人時(shí)，他意識(shí)到他倆有很多共同經(jīng)歷，這包括他目前遇到的障礙，但對(duì)方都已經(jīng)克服了這些障礙，這使得Jose充滿信心。由此可推知，他很受鼓舞。√4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.ClimboverBarriers B.ReachfortheStarsC.WorktheHardWay D.LearnfromYourPast解析

標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文內(nèi)容可知，文章主要介紹了出身農(nóng)民家庭的Jose為了成為一名宇航員付出了極大的努力，最終實(shí)現(xiàn)夢(mèng)想，飛上了太空的故事。B項(xiàng)(有九天攬?jiān)轮?能概括文章大意，適合作文章標(biāo)題。√Peoplewhoregularlysleepforsixhoursorlesseachnightinmiddleagearemorelikelytodevelopdementia(癡呆)thanthosewhoroutinelymanagesevenhours，accordingtoamajorstudyintothedisease.Researchersfounda30%greaterriskofdementiainthosewhoduringtheir50s，60sand70sconsistentlyhadashortnight’ssleep，regardlessofotherriskfactorssuchasheartconditionandpoormentalhealth.Sabia，anauthorofthestudyattheUniversityofParisandhercolleaguesanalyzedsurveydatafromUniversityCollegeLondon’sWhitehallstudy，whichlaunchedin1985andfollowedthehealthandlifestylesofmorethan10，000Britishvolunteers.TheFrenchteamfocusedonnearly8，000participantswhoself－reportedtheirsleeppatterns.During25yearsoffollow－up，521participantsdevelopeddementia，withmostdiagnosedintheirlate70s.WritinginNatureCommunications，thescientistsdescribedhowthosewhoroutinelygotsixhoursofsleeporlesseachnightintheir50sand60swere30%morelikelytodevelopdementiathanthosewhotypicallymanagedsevenhours.Thestudydoesnotprovethatsleepingtoolittlecausesdementia，sincesleeplossitselfmaybeoneoftheearliestsymptomsofthedisease.Butsomescientistsbelievetheresultsstrengthenevidencethatcontinuouspoorsleepmayatleastcontributetothedisease.Thefirstpathologicalchangesthatleadtodementiaoccuronetotwodecadesbeforethediseasebecomesobvious，asstickyproteinscalledamyloidbuildupinthebrain.Whenthe1985Whitehallstudyfirstassessedthesleepofvolunteerswholaterdevelopeddementia，thisprocesshadprobablynotstarted.Thismeantthatiftheyweresleepingtoolittle，itwasunlikelytohavebeencausedbydementia－relatedbrainchanges.“Itstrengthenstheevidencethatpoorsleepinmiddleagecouldcauseorworsendementiainlaterlife，”saidDr.LizCoulthard，aconsultantseniorlecturerindementianeurology.“Itmakessensetotakemeasurestoimprovesleepsuchasgoingoutsideduringdaylighthourstohelpmaintainthenaturalrhythmsthatpromotegoodsleep，avoidingtoomuchalcoholorcaffeine，particularlybeforebed，andfindingabedtimeroutinethatworksforyou.”【語篇解讀】

本文是說明文。一項(xiàng)針對(duì)老年癡呆癥的重大研究表明，中年時(shí)每晚經(jīng)常睡6小時(shí)或更少的人比那些每天睡7小時(shí)的人更容易患癡呆癥。文章介紹了研究開展的過程以及研究人員對(duì)此的看法和建議。5.Whatriskfactorfordementiadoesthepassagefocuson?A.Sleeploss. B.Age.C.Poormentalhealth. D.Heartcondition.解析

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段可知，這篇文章關(guān)注的是癡呆的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)因素是睡眠不足。√6.HowdidFrenchscientistsgettheresearchfindings?A.Bymakingacomparison.B.Bymonitoringsleeppatterns.C.ByinterviewingBritishvolunteers.D.Byanalyzingprevioussurveydata.解析

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Sabia，anauthorofthestudy...morethan10，000Britishvolunteers.”可知，法國(guó)科學(xué)家通過分析以前的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)得到研究結(jié)果。√7.Inwhattonedothescientiststalkabouttheresearch?A.Casual. B.Doubtful.C.Negative. D.Cautious.解析

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段可推知，科學(xué)家們用謹(jǐn)慎的語氣談?wù)撨@項(xiàng)研究。√8.Whatisthepurposeofthelastparagraph?A.Togiveexamples. B.Tocollectproofs.C.Tooffersuggestions. D.Topresentarguments.解析

寫作意圖題。根據(jù)最后一段可推知，最后一段的目的是提供建議。√Mostpeopledon’tthinkmuchaboutthefoodscrapstheythrowaway；however，researchersinTokyohavedevelopedanewmethodtoreducefoodwastebyrecyclingdiscardedfruitandvegetablescrapsintorobustconstructionmaterials.Worldwideindustrialandhouseholdfoodwasteamountstohundredsofbillionsofpoundsperyear，alargeproportionofwhichcomprisesedible(可食用的)scraps，likefruitandvegetablepeels.Thisunsustainablepracticeisbothcostlyandenvironmentallyunfriendly，soresearchershavebeensearchingfornewwaystorecycletheseorganicmaterialsintousefulproducts.“Ourgoalwastouseseaweedandcommonfoodscrapstoconstructmaterialsthatwereatleastasstrongasconcrete，”explainsYuyaSakai，theseniorauthorofthestudy.“Butsincewewereusingediblefoodwaste，wewerealsointerestedindeterminingwhethertherecyclingprocessimpactedtheflavoroftheoriginalmaterials.”Theresearchersborroweda“heatpressing”conceptthatistypicallyusedtomakeconstructionmaterialsfromwoodpowder，excepttheyusedvacuum－dried，pulverized(粉狀的)foodscraps，suchasseaweed，cabbageleaves，andorange，onion，pumpkin，andbananapeelsastheconstructionpowders.Theprocessingtechniqueinvolvedmixingthefoodpowderwithwaterandseasonings，andthenpressingthemixtureintoamoldathightemperature.Theresearcherstestedthebendingstrengthoftheresultingmaterialsandmonitoredtheirtaste，smellandappearance.“Withtheexceptionofthespecimenobtainedfrompumpkin，allofthematerialsexceededourbendingstrengthtarget，”saysKotaMachida，aseniorcollaborator.“WealsofoundthatChinesecabbageleaves，whichproducedamaterialoverthreetimesstrongerthanconcrete，couldbemixedwiththeweakerpumpkin－basedmaterialtoprovideeffectivereinforcement.”Thenew，robustmaterialskepttheirediblenature，andtheadditionofsaltorsugarimprovedtheirtastewithoutreducingtheirstrength.Furthermore，thedurableproductsresistedrot，fungi(菌類)，andinsects，andexperiencednoappreciablechangesinappearanceortasteafterexposuretoairforfourmonths.Giventhatfoodwasteisaglobalfinancialburdenandenvironmentalconcern，itiscrucialtodevelopmethodsforrecyclingfoodscraps.Usingthesesubstancestopreparematerialsthatarestrongerenoughforconstructionprojects，butalsomaintaintheirediblenatureandtaste，opensthedoortoawiderangeofcreativeapplications.【語篇解讀】

本文是說明文，主要介紹了一項(xiàng)研究。東京的研究人員開發(fā)了一種新的方法，通過將廢棄的水果和蔬菜殘?jiān)厥粘蓤?jiān)固的建筑材料來減少食物浪費(fèi)，這項(xiàng)科技有很大的發(fā)展空間。9.Whydotheresearcherssearchfornewwaystorecycleorganicmaterials?A.Becausetheconstructionofrobustmaterialneedsmuchfoodwaste.B.Becausefoodwasteisbothcostlyandenvironmentallyunfriendly.C.Becausetheywanttomakeafortunebyrecyclingthefoodwaste.D.Becausetheamountoffoodwasteistoolargetostoreatthemoment.解析

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的“Thisunsustainablepracticeis...torecycletheseorganicmaterialsintousefulproducts.”可知，這種做法浪費(fèi)了很多錢，不環(huán)保，所以科學(xué)家們一直在尋找新的方法，把這些廢料變成有用的東西。√10.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“comprises”meaninthesecondparagraph?A.Contains. B.Processes.C.Presses. D.Originates.解析

詞義猜測(cè)題。分析句子可知，which引導(dǎo)定語從句，指代foodwaste，結(jié)合下文“edible(可食用的)scraps，likefruitandvegetablepeels.”可推斷，食物浪費(fèi)包括可食用的殘羹剩飯，畫線詞與A項(xiàng)“包括”意思相近。√11.Whichofthefollowingisrightaccordingtothetext?A.Allthematerialsobtainedfromfoodwastesurpassresearchers’strengthtarget.B.ThematerialproducedfromChinesecabbageleavesistwotimesstrongerthanconcrete.C.Thereisalotofroomforcreativeuseofthistechnology.D.Thenewmaterialsarestrongenoughforconstructionprojects，butfailtomaintaintheiroriginaltaste.解析

正誤判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的“Usingthesesubstancetopreparematerialsthat...awiderangeofcreativeapplications.”可知，用食物殘余物來做成足夠堅(jiān)固的材料用于建筑工程，為未來技術(shù)打開了大門，因此推斷這項(xiàng)技術(shù)有很大的創(chuàng)造性使用空間。√12.Whereisthetextprobablyfrom?A.Atouristbrochure. B.Arecipebook.C.Abiographybook. D.Asciencemagazine.解析

文章出處題。根據(jù)第一段中的“researchersinTokyohaveorobustconstructionmaterials.”和下文內(nèi)容可知，文章主要介紹了一項(xiàng)研究，因此，文章很可能來自科學(xué)雜志。√(2024·濰坊高三測(cè)試)ToputintowordsmytimeinAntarcticaandSouthGeorgiaisnearlyimpossible.Ihadalwaysdescribeditasaonce－in－a－lifetimeexperience,butassoonasIsteppedfootonthecontinent,IimmediatelyknewIneededtoreturn.1About50%ofthepassengersofourexpedition(遠(yuǎn)征)hadbeentoAntarcticaatleastoncebefore.Thisgoestoshowjusthowmagicalofadestinationitis.Ⅱ.七選五ThatallyoursenseswillbestimulatedisthebestwayIcandescribethetimeonthewhitecontinent.Howtinyyoufeelnexttotoweringglaciersandicebergs.TheicywatermovingthroughyourbodyasyoutaketheinfamousPolarPlunge.Thelearningofheart－touchingstoriesofsurvivalfromexplorersofthepast.2Antarcticamakesyoufeelsosmallandinsignificant,inthebestway.3Yougetfrontrowseatstowitnessthemostincredibleshow：nature.Itisasmuchbeautifulascruel.Forexample,whenyouseeabrownskua(賊鷗)attackingapenguinchick,yourheartaches.ThenyourexpeditionguideregretfullytellsyouthatachickthatissmallinMarchwouldhaveveryslimchancesofsurvivingtheupcomingwinter.Thecyclecontinues,andyou’releftwonderingwhotorootfor.ThingsmovefastinAntarctica,andeverymonthofferssomethingreallyuniqueandspecialtosee.InMarch,theweatherisabitmoreunpredictable,andtheseaiceisbeginningtoformagain.4Intwomoreweeks,expeditionshipswouldnotbeabletobreakthroughtheice.Thepenguinsarecompletingtheiryearlyfeather－changingprocess.5Theexpeditionteammadesurewekeptourdistanceanddidnotscarethemint