背誦經典50篇(帶翻譯)珍貴值得收藏>01TheLanguageofMusicApainterhangshisorherfinishedpictureonawait.Acomposerwritesawork,butnoonecanhearituntiProfessionalsingersandplayershavegreatresponsibilities,forcomposerisutterlydependentonthem.Astudentofmusicneedsaasarduousatrainingtobecomeabecomeadoctor.Mosttrainingisconcernedwithtechnique,formusicianshavetohavethemuscularproficiencyofanathleteoraballetdancer.Singerspracticebreathingeveryday,astheirvocalchordswouldbeinadequatewithoutcontrolledmuscularsupport.Stringplayerspracticemovingthefingersofthelefthandupanddown,whiledrawingthebowtoSingersandinstrumentalistshavetobeabletotune.Pianistsaresparedthisparticularanxiety,forthenoalreadythere,waitingforthem,anditisthepianotuner'sresponsibilitytotunetheinstrumentforthem.Buttheyhavetheirowndifficulties:thehammersthathitthestringshavetolikepercussion,andeachoverlappingtonehThisproblemofgettingcleartextureisonethatconfrontssconductors:theyhavetolearntoknoweverynoteofthemusicandhowitshouldsound,andtheyhavetoaimatconTechniqueisofnouseunlessitiscombinedwithmusicalknowledgeandunderstanding.Greatartistsarethosewhothelanguageofmusicthattheycanenjoyperformingworkswritteninany畫家將已完成的作品掛在墻上，每個人都可以觀賞到。作曲家寫完了一部作品，得由一名學音樂的學生要想成為一名演奏者，需要經受長期的、嚴格的訓練，就象一名醫科的學生要成為一名醫生一樣。絕大多數的訓練是技巧性的。音樂家們控制肌肉的熟練程度，必須達到與運動員或巴蕾舞演員相當的水平。歌手們每天帶將不能滿足演唱的要求。弦樂器的演奏者練習的則是在左手的手指上下滑動的同時，用給鋼琴調音是調音師的職責。但調音師們也有他們的難處：他們必須耐心地調理敲擊琴是學生指揮們所面臨的難題：他們必須學會了解音樂中的每一個音及其發音之道。他們還藝術家之所以偉大在于他們對音樂語言駕輕就熟，以致于可以滿懷喜悅地演出寫于任何時ItiscommonlybelievedintheUnitedStatesthgotogetaneducation.NevertheleschildreninterrupttheireducationtobetweenschoolingandeducationimpliedbythisremarkisimporEducationismuchmoreopen-endedandall-inclusivethanEducationknowsnobounds.Itcantakeplaceshowerorinthejob,whetherinakitchenboththeformallearningthattakesplaceinschoouniverseofinformallearning.Theagentsofeducationcanrangefromareveredgrandparenttopeopledebatingpoliticsontheradio,fromachildtoadiWhereasschoolinghasacertainpredictability,educationquiproducessurprises.Achanceconversationwittodiscoverhowlittleisknownofotherreligions.Peopleareengagedinterm.Itisalifelongprocess,aprocessthatstartslongbofschool,andonethatshouldbeanintegralpartofone'sentirgeneralpatternvarieslittlefromonesThroughoutacountry,childrentextbooks,dohomework,takeexams,andsoon.Thesaretobelearned,whethertheyarethealphabetoranunderstandingoftheworkingsofgovernment,haveusuallybeenlimitedbytheboundariesofthenotlikelytofindoutintheirclassesthetruthaboutpointheircommunitiesorwhatthenewestfilmmakTherearedefiniteconditionssurroundingtheformalizedprocessof在美國，人們通常認為上學是為了受教育。而現在卻有人認為孩子們上學打斷了他們受教與上學相比，教育更具開放性，內容更廣泛。教育不受任何限制。它可以在任何場合下進行，在淋浴時，在工作時，在廚房里或拖拉機上。它既包括在學校所受的正規教育，也包括一切非正規教育。傳授知識的人可以是德高望重也可以是知名的科學家。上學讀書多少有點可預見性，而教育往往能帶來意外的發現。與人們從幼時起就開始受教育。因此，教育是一個內涵很豐富的詞，它自始至終伴隨人的一生，早在人們上學之前就開始了。教育應成為人生命中不可缺少的一部分。然而，上學卻是一個特定的形式化了的過程。在不同場合下，它的基本形式大同小異。在全國各地，孩子們幾乎在同一他們所學的現實生活中的一些片斷，如字母表或政府的運作，往往受到科目范圍的限制。例如，高中生們知道，在課堂上他們沒法弄清楚他們社區里政治問題的真情，也不會了解學校教育這一形式化的過程是有特定的限制的。>03TheDefinitionof"PPricesdeterminehowresourcesaretobeused.Theyarealsothemeansbuyers.ThepricesystemoftheUnitedStatesisacomplexnetworkcomposedofthepricesofalltheproductsboughtandsoldintheeconomyaswellasthoseofamyriadofservices,includinglabprofessional,transportation,andpublic-utilitysinterrelationshipsofallthesepricesmakeupthe"system"ofprices.Thepriceofanyparticularproductorserviceislinkedtoabroad,complicatedsystemofpricesinwhicheverythingtodependmoreorlessuponeverythingelse.Ifoneofrandomlyselectedindividualstodefine"price",manywouldreplythatpriceisanamountofmoneypaidbythebuyertothesellerofaproductorserviceor,inotherwords,thaproductorserviceasagreeduponinaunderstandingofapriceinanyparticulartransaction,muchmorethantheamountofmoneyinvolvedmustbeknown.Boththebuyerandthesellershouldbefamiliarwithnotonlythemoneyamount,buqualityoftheproductorservicetobeexchanged,thetimeandplaceatwhichtheexchangewilltakeplaceandpaymentwillbemade,theformofmoneytobeused,thecredittermsanddiscountsthatapplytransaction,guaranteesontheprprivileges,andotherfactors.Inotherwords,bothbuyerabefullyawareofallthefactorsthatcomprisethetotal"exchangedfortheasked-foramountofmoneyinorderthattheymay"價格"的定義價格決定資源的使用方式。價格也是有限的產品與服務在買方中的配給手美國的價格系統是復雜的網狀系統，包括經濟生活中一切產品買賣的價格，也包括名目繁所有這些價格的內在聯系構成了價格系統。任何一種個別產品或服務的價格都與這個龐大問他們如何定義"價格",許多人會回答價格就是根據賣方提供的產換句話說，價格就是市場交易中大家認同的產品或服務的貨幣量。該定義就其本身來說自但要獲得對價格在任何一樁交易中的完整認識，就必須考慮到大量"非貨幣"因素的影響。也就是說，為了能估算索價，買賣雙方必須通曉構成交易物價格的通盤細節。Themodernageisanageofelectricity.Peolights,radio,televisions,andtelephonesthatitishardtoimaginewhatlifewouldbelikewithoutthem.WhenthereisagropeaboutinftherearenotrafficlightstogYet,peoplebegantounderstandhowelectricityworksonlyalittlemoreago.Naturehasapparentlybeenexperimentinginthisfieldformillionsofyears.Scientistsarediscoveringmoreandmorethatthelivinholdmanyinterestingsecretsofelectricitythatcouldbenefithumanity.Alllivingcellssendouttinypulsesofelectricity.Astheheartbeats,itsendsoutpulsesofrecord;theyformanelectrocarddoctorcanstudytodeterminehowwelltheheartisworking.Ttoo,sendsoutbrainwavesofelectricity,whichcanberecordedinanelectroencephalogram.Theelectriccurrentsgenerneededtorecordthem.Butinsomeanimals,certainmusclecellsbecomesospecializedaselectricalgeneratorsmusclecellsatall.WhenlargenumbersofthesecellsareTheelectriceelisanamazingstoragebattery.Itcamuchaseighthundredvoltsofelectricitythroughthewaterinwhichitmanyasfour-fifthsofallthecellsintheelespecializedforgeneratingelectricitcandelivercorrespondsroughlytothelengthofitsbody.電當今時代是電氣時代。人們對電燈、收音機、電視和電話早已司空見慣以致很難想象當停電時，人們在搖曳不定的燭光下暗中摸索；因沒有紅綠燈的指示，汽車在道路上遲疑紀前一點才開始了解電的使用原理，自然界卻顯然在這方面經歷過了數百萬年。科學家不許多生物細胞發出的電流都是極微小的，小到要用靈敏儀器才能記錄和測量。但一些動物的某些肌肉細胞能轉化成一個個發電機，以致完全失去肌肉細胞的功能。這種細胞大量地連接在一起時產生的效果將是非常令人吃驚的。電鰻就是一種令人驚異的蓄電池。它可以在水中發出相當于800伏特電壓電流(家庭用戶的電壓只有120伏特)。在電鰻的身體里，多至五分之四的細胞都專門用>05TheBeginningofDramaTherearemanytheoriesaboutthebeginningofdramainancientGrTheonemostwidelyacceptedtodayisbasedonthebeginning,humanbeingsviewedthenaturalforcesoftheworld-eventheseasonalchanges-asunpredictable,andtheysoughtthroughvariousmeanstocontroltheseunknownandfearedpowers.Thosemeasurappearedtobringthedesiredresultswerethenretainedandrepeateduntiltheyhardenedintofixedrituals.Evexplainedorveiledthemysteriesoftherites.Astimepassedsomeritualswereabandoned,butthestories,latThosewhobelievethatdramaevolvedoutofritualalsoarguethatthoseritescontainedtheseedoftheaterbecausemusic,dantobeprovidedforperformancesandwhentheentirecodidnotparticipate,acleardivisionwasusuallymadebetween"auditorium."Inaddition,therewereperformers,and,sinceconsiderableimportancewasattachedtoavoidingmienactmentofrites,religiousleadersusuamasksandcostumes,theysupernaturalbeings,andmimedthedesiredeEventuallysuchdramaticrepresentatAnothertheorytracesthetheater'soriginfromthehumaninteresstorytelling.Accordingtothisvfeats)aregraduallyelaborated,atfiaction,anddialoguebyanarratorandthenthroughtheassumpoftherolesbyadifferentperson.Acloselyrelatedtheorytracestheatertothosedancesthatareprimarilyareimitationsofanim戲劇的起源關于古希臘戲劇的起源存在著多種理論，其中一個最普遍為人接受的理論假設這個觀點是這樣進行論證的：一開始，人類把世界上的自然力量，甚至季節的變化都看成是不可預料的。他們試圖通過各種方式去控制這些未知的、令人恐懼的力量。那些似乎帶來了滿意結果的手段就被保留下來并且重復直到這些手段固隨著時間的推移，一些儀式被廢棄了，但這些后來被稱作神話的故事流傳下來并且為藝術另外，儀式中還有演員，而且宗教領袖通常承擔演出任務，因為在儀式的執行中避免錯誤另一個追溯戲劇起源的理論認為它來自人們對敘述故事的興趣。根據這個觀點，故事(關于狩獵、戰爭或者其它偉績)是逐漸豐富起來的。Television--themostpervasiveandpersuasiveofmoderofextraordinarysophisticationandversatility,whichpromisestoreshapeourlivesandourworld.Itisanepossiblebythemarriageoftelevisionandcomputertechnologie(visio:sight)roots,canliterallybeinterpresystemofelectronics,televisionprovidesthecapabilityof(focusedonaspecielectronicallyreconTelevisionismorethanjustanelectroniofexpression,aswellasapowerfultoolforreachingotherhThefieldoftelevisioncanbedividedintotwocategoriesdeterminedbyitsmeansoftransmission.Firsttelevision,whichreachesthemassesthroughbroad-basedairwavetransmissionoftelevisionsignals.Second,thereistelevision,whichprovidesfortheneedsofindividuainterestgroupsthroughcontrolledtransmissiontechniques.Traditionally,televisionhasbeenamediumofthemasses.Wearemostfamiliarwithbroadcasttelevisionbecauseithasbeenwithusforaboutthirty-sevenyearsinaformsimilartowhatexisthoseyears,ithasbeencontrolled,forthemonetworks,ABC,NBC,andCBS,whohavebeenthemajorpurveyorsofnews,information,andentertainment.Thesegiantsshapednotonlytelevisionbutourperceptionofitaswellcometolookuponthepicturetubeasasourceofentertainmeourroleinthisdynamicmediumasthepass電視電視--以快速變化與發展為標志的最普遍、最具有影響力的一項現代技術，正在步入這個時代承諾重新塑造我們的生活和我們的世界。這可來源于希臘語詞根(tele:遠)和拉丁語詞根(vision:景象),可以從字面上理解為來自遠處的景簡單說來，電視是以這種方式工作的，通過一個復圖像(這幅圖像被聚焦在一部攝像機內的一塊特殊的光導底片上)轉換成能經過導線或電纜當這些電子脈沖信號被輸入一部接收機(電視機)時，就可以用電子學的方法把脈沖信號重第一類為廣播電視，通過電視信號的寬帶無線電波發射展現在大眾面前；第二類為非廣播前的方式存在了大約37年。在那些年頭中，電視絕大部分一直由ABC、NBC、CBS這些廣播電視公司控制著，這些廣播電視公司一直是新聞、信息和娛樂的主要提供者。這些廣播業的巨頭實際上不僅塑造了電視，而且也塑造了我們對電視的理解。我們漸漸把顯像AndrewCarnegie,knownastheKingtheUnitedStates,and,intheprocess,becameoneofthewealthiestmeninAmerica.Hissuccessresultedinpartfromhisabilitytosellthandinpartfromhispolicyofexpandingduringperiodsofeconomicdecline,whenmostofhiscompetitorswerereducingtheirinvestments.Carnegiebelievedthatindividualsshouldprogresswork,buthealsofeltstronglythatthefortunesforthebenefitofsociety.Heopposedcharity,prefinsteadtoprovideeducationalopportunitiesthatwouldallowotherstohelpthemselves."HewhoAmonghismorenoteworthycontributionstosocietyarethosethattheCarnegieInstituteofPittsburgh,whicarts,andamuseumofnationalhistory.HealsofoundedaschooloftechnologythatisnowpartofCarnegie-MellonUniversity.OtherphilanthropicgiftsaretheCarnegieEndowtopromoteunderstandingbetweennations,theCarnegieInstituteofWashingtontofundscientificresearch,andCarnegieHalltopFewAmericanshavebeenleftuntouchedbyAndrewCarnegie'sgenerosity.Hiscontributionsofmorethanfivemilliondollarsestablished2,500librariesinsmallcommunitiesthroughoutthecountryandformedthenucleusofthepubliclibrarysystemthatweall安德魯?卡內基被稱作鋼鐵大王的安德魯?卡內基在美國建立了鋼鐵工業。在這個過程中，他的成功，部分來自于他銷售產品的能力，部分來自于經濟蕭條時期的擴充策略。在蕭條取福利。他反對施舍救濟，更愿意提供教育機會，使別人自立。這些貢獻包括匹茲堡卡內基學校。這個學校有一個圖書館，一個美術館和一個國家歷史博物館；他還創立了一所技術學校，這所學校現在是卡內基梅隆大學的解的"卡內基國際和平基金",為科學研究提供經費的華盛頓卡內基學院以及給各種藝術活動提供活動中心的卡內基音樂廳。安德魯?卡內基的慷慨大度幾乎影響到每個美國人的生活。個圖書館得以建立起來，遍布在美國各地的小村鎮，形成了我們今天還在享用的公共圖書TheAmericanRevolutionwasnotarevolutioninthesenseofaraditotalchange.ItwasnotasuddenandpoliticalandsocialfandRussia,whenbothwerealreadyindepenSignificantchangeswereusheredin,buttheywerbreathtaking.Whathappenedwasacceleratedevolutionratherthanoutrightrevolution.Duringtheconflictitselfpeoplewentonworkingandpraying,marryingandplaying.Mostofthemwerenotseriouslydisturbedbytheactualfighting,andmanyofthemoreisolatedcommunitiesscarcelyknewthatawarwason.America'sWarofIndependenceheraldedthebirthofthreemodernnations.OnewasCanada,winfluxofEnglish-speakingpopulationfromthethousandsofloyalistswhofledtherefromtheUnitedStates.AnothpenalcolonynowthatAmericawasnolongeravailableforprisonerdebtors.Thethirdnewcomer--theUnitedStateYeteventhepoliticawarlargelyratifiedacoloniofficials,everywhereousted,werereplacedbyahome-growngoverningclass,whichpromptlysoughtaloc美國革命美國革命其實并不算是一場革命，因為它并未導致完全的和徹底的變化。這革命帶來了重大的變化，但并非翻天覆地，所發生的只是進化的加速，而不是一場徹底的革命；在沖突期間，人們仍然上班、做禮拜、結婚、玩耍。多數人并沒有受到實際戰斗的嚴重影響。許多較閉塞的社區對這場戰爭幾乎一無所知。美國加拿大的第一大批講英語的流入人口來自于成千上萬英王的效忠者，這些人從美國逃到了加拿大。另一個國家是澳大利(注：獨立戰爭前，英國政府將罪犯流放到美國)。第三個國家就是美國，它完全建立在共四處被驅逐的英國官員都被本土的統治階級所替代，這個統治階級迅速地以地方權力機關來替代國王和議會。Ifby"suburb"ismeantanurbanmarginthatgrowsmorerapidlythanitsalreadydevelopedinterior,theprocessofsuburbanizationbeganduringtheemergenceoftheindustrialcityinthesecondquarterofthenineteenthcentury.Beforethatperiodthecitywasasmallhighlwhichpeoplemovedaboutonfootandglocatedalongwaterwaysandnearrailheadsattheedgesofcities,andhousingwasneededforthethousandsofpeopledrawnbytheprospectofemployment.Intime,thefactotownsofapartmentsandrowhousesthatabuttecities.Asadefenseagainstthisencroactaxbases,thecitiesappropri1854,forexample,thecityofPhiladelphiaannexedmPhiladelphiaCounty.SimilarmunicipalmaneuverstookplaceinChicagoandinNewYork.Indeed,mostgreatcitiesoftheUnitedStasuchstatusonlybyincorporatingthecommunitiesaloWiththeaccelerationofindustrialgrowthcameacuaccompanyingsocialstress--conditionsthatbegantoapproportionswhen,in1888,thefirstcommerciallysuctractionlinewasdevtrolleyswereretiredanconnectedeverymajorurbanarea,fosteringawaveofsuburbanizationthattransformedthecompactindustrialcdispersedmetropolis.Thisfirstphaseofmass-scalesuburbanizationwasreinforcedbythesimultaneousemergenceoftheurbanMiddleClass,whosedesiresforhomeownershipinaginginnercityweresatisfiedbythedevelopersofsingle-familyhous郊區的發展如果"郊區"指的是比已建好的城市內部發展更為迅速的城市邊緣地帶，那么郊區化可以說始于1825年至1850年工業化城市出現期間。在這之前，城市只是高度密集的小聚居群。在其中，人們步行走動，商品靠馬車來運送。但是建于18世紀三四十年漸漸地，在與舊有的主要城區相毗鄰的地方，不斷涌現出由排房了工業化的臨近地帶，比如1854年費城的城區就兼并了費縣的絕大部分地區。相似的城市化也發生在芝加哥和紐約。今1888年第一條商業上成功的電氣化鐵軌被制造出來時，壓力開始接近危機的程度。幾年之此時城市中產階級的出現進一步加強了第一波大規模郊區化。這些中產階級希望在遠離老舊城市的地區擁有住宅，單一家庭住宅地區的開發者滿足了他們的愿望。Standardusageincludesthosewordsandexpressionsunderstood,usandacceptedbyamajorityofthespeakersofalanguageinanysituregardlessofthelevelofformality.Assuch,thesewordsantheotherhand,arefamiliarwordsandidiomsthatareunderstooallspeakersofalanguageandusedininformalspeechorexpressionsarecolloquiallanguage.Slangexpressionsunderstoodbyalargenumberofspeakersbutnotacceptedasgood,formalusagebythemajority.Colloquialexpressionsaevenslangmaybefoundinstandarddiidentified.Bothcolloquialusageandslangpassesintostandardspeech,butotherscertainslangphrasesbutneverthelessretainsthemintheircollectivememories.EverygenerationseemstorequireitsownsetofwordstoIthasbeenpointedoutbyanumberoflinguiststhatthreeculturalconditionsarenecessaryforthecreationofalargebodyofslangexpressions.First,theilargenumberofsubgroups;third,associationamongthesubgroupsandtheFinally,itisworthnoting"slang"existonlyasabstractlabelsatinynumberofthespeakersofanylanguagewillbeawarethattheyareusingcolloquialorslangexpressiduringappropriatesituations,selectanduseall語言的類型標準用法包括那些為使用這種語言的大多數人在任何場合下理解、使用和接受這些詞和短語的意義已很確定并被列入了標準詞典中。相反，俗語是指那些幾乎所有講這使用，卻不適用于更正規的一些場合的詞和短語。幾乎所有的習慣用語都屬于俗語，而俚每一代人似乎都需要獨有的一套詞匯來描述熟知的物體和事件。很多語言學家指出，大量能夠意識到他們是在使用俗語或俚語。講英語的多數人能夠在適當的場合中選擇使用所有Archaeologyisasourceofhistory,notjustahumbleauxiliarydiscipline.Archaeologicaldataarehistoricalillustrationstowrittentearchaeologiststudiesandtriestoreconstitutetheprcreatedthehumanworlweareeachcreaturesofourageandsocialenvironment.Archaedataareallchangesinthematermoresuccinctly,thefossilizedresultsofhumanbehavior.Thesumttheseconstituteswhatmaybecalledthearchaeologicalrecord.ThisrecordexhibitscertainpeculiaritiesanddeficienciestheconsequencesofwhichproducearathersuperficialcontrastbetweenarchahistoryandthemorefamiliarkindbaseduponwrittenrNotallhumanbehaviorfossilizes.ThewordsIutterandyouhearasvibrationsintheairarecertainlyandmaybeofgreathistoricalsignificance.Yettheyleavenosortoftraceinthearchaeologicalrecordsunlesstheyarecapturdictaphoneorwrittendownbyaclebattlefieldmay"changethecourseofhistory,"butthisisequallyephemeralfromthearchaeologorganicmaterialsareperishable.Everythingmadeofwood,hide,relativelybriefperiodthearchaeologicalrecordisreducedtomerescrapsofstone,bone,glass,metal,andearthenware.Stillmodernarchaeology,byapplyingappropriatetechgooddealofthegap.考古學是歷史學的一個來源，而不是地位卑微的輔助學科。考古學資料本身也是一種歷史正象任何一位歷史學家那樣，考古學家研究調查并盡力去重構一個過程。這個過程創造了我們都是我們所處的時代和社會環境的產物。考古學的資料就是人類行為所造成的物質變化。更簡潔地說，是石化了的人類行為。這些變化的總和構成了我們所說的考古學記錄。這些記錄自有其獨特和不足之處，因而導當膚淺的對比。并不是所有的人類行為都留下化石。我說的話，你通過空氣振動聽見，這戰場上軍隊的行動可能"改變歷史的進程",但從考古學的觀點來看，這同樣是難以捕捉的；可能更糟的是，多數有機物質會腐爛。任何由木頭、生皮、絨線、亞麻、草、毛發以及相似物質做成的東西除非在一些非常特殊FromBostontoLosAngeles,fromNewYorkCitytoChicagotoDallasmuseumsareeitherplanning,building,orwrappingprograms.TheseprogramsalreadyhaveradicallyaltplansorareexpectedtodosInNewYorkCityalone,sixmajorinstitutionshavesprtheairspaceandneighborhoodsaroundThereasonsforthisconfluencisaconsiderationeverywhere--sptheneedsandfunctionsofmuseumschanging,emptyspacehasbecomeaveryProbablynowhereinthecountryisthismoretruethanatthePhMuseumofArt,whichhasneededadditionalspacefordecadesandwhichreceiveditslastsignificantfacelifttenyearsago.Becauseofthecrunch,theArtMuseumhasbecomeincreasinglycautiousinconsideacquisitionsanddonationsofart,insomecasespassingopportunitiestostrengthenitsDeaccessing-orsellingoff--worksofarthastakenonnewimportabecauseofthemuseum'sspaceproblems.Andincreasingly,curatorshavebeenforcedtojugglegalleryspace,rotatingonemasterpieceintopublicDespitetheclearneedforadditionalg"themuseumhasnoplan,noplantobreakoutofitsenvelopeinthenextfifteenyears,"accordingtoPhiladelphiaMuseumofArt'spresident.博物館從波士頓到洛杉機，從紐約到芝加哥、到達拉斯，所有的博物館或者正在籌劃、建造或者正在完成大規模的擴建計劃。這些計劃或者已經根本性地改變了博物館門單單在紐約市，六個主要機構或者已經向空中和周圍擴展，或者正準備這樣做。大家一致行動的原因是復雜多樣的，但其中的一個因素是普遍考慮的空間問題。隨著收藏品的增多，也隨著博物館的需要和功能的變化，空間已經變成了一項非常珍貴的這個博物館幾十年來一直需要額外的空間，十年前進行了最后一次重大的翻新。由于空間機會。由于博物館的空間問題，將藝術品脫手或者說賣掉已經有了新的重要意義。博物館Inthelate1960's,manypeopleinNorthAmericaturnetoenvironmentalproblems,andnewsteel-and-criticized.EcologistspointedoutthataclusteroftallbuildingsinacityoftenoverburdenspublictransportationandparkinglSkyscrapersarealsolavishconsumers,aonerecentyear,theadditionof17millionsquarefby120,000kilowatts--enouggain)throughawallofhalf-inchplateglassismorethantentimesthatthroughatypicalmasonrywallfilledwithinsulationboard.Tolessenthestrainonheatingandair-conditioniskyscrapershavebeguntousedouble-glazedpanelsofglassescoatedwithsilverorgoldmirrorfilmaswellasheatgain.However,temperatureofthesurroundingairandaffectneighboringbuildingsfullyoccupied,thetwoWorldTradeCentertowersinNewalonegenerate2.25milliongallonsofrawsewageeachyear--ascitythesizeofStanford,Connecticut,whichhasapopulationofmorethan60年代后期，許多北美人把注意力轉向了環境問題，那些嶄新的玻璃鋼摩天大樓受到了廣生態學家指出，城市中密集的高層建筑經常給公共交通與停車場的承載能力造成過重的負擔。摩天大樓還是電能的過度消費者與浪費者。最近的某一年，紐約市摩天寫字樓1,700萬英尺辦公面積的增加使電能的最高日需求量提高了120,000千瓦。這些電能足以供紐約的整個奧爾巴尼市使用一天。玻璃表面的摩天大樓特別地浪費。通過半英寸的平板玻璃墻壁損失(或增加)的熱量是典型的加入絕緣板的石為了減輕取暖設備或空調設備的壓力，摩天大樓的建造者們已經開始使用雙面上釉的玻璃鑲板和涂上了金色或銀色反光薄膜的反光玻璃，來減單單紐約市的二個世界貿易中心大樓如果完全被占滿的話，每年就會產生2,250,000加侖的污水。這相當于康涅狄格州的斯坦福市這樣大的城市一年所產生的污水量，而康州的斯坦福市擁有109,000人口。Thepreservationofembryosandjuvenilesisarateoccurrenceinthefossilrecord.Thetiny,delicateskeletonsareusuallysscavengersordestroyedbyweatheringbeforetheycanbefossilized.Ichthyosaurshadahigherchanceofbeingpreservedthandidterrestrialcreaturesbecause,asmasuiteoffactors:aslowrateofdecayscavengingbyotheranimals,alackofswiftcurrentsandwavestojumblefactors,someareashavebecomeatreasuryofwell-preservedforanalysis.Theichthyosaurremmarineshalesdepositedathousandsofspecimensofmarinereptiles,fishandinvertebrateshavebeenrecoveredfromtheserocks.ThequalityofpreservationiswhatisevenmoreimpressiveisthenumberofichthyosfossilscontainingpreservedIchthyosaurswithembryoshavebeenreportedfrom6differentlevelsofthewasusedbylargenumbersofichthyosaursrepeatedlyovertime.Theembryosarequiteadvancedintheirphysicaldevforexample,arealreadywellformed.Onespecimenisbirthcanal.Inaddition,theWhyaretheresomanypregnantfemaresorareelsewhere?Thequalityofpreservationisalmostunmatchedaquarryoperationshavebeencarriedoutcarefullywithanawarenessofthevalueofthefossils.Butthesefactorsdonotaccointerestingquestionofhowtherecametobesuchaconcentrationofpregnantichthyosaursinaparticularplaceveryclosetotheirtimeof罕見的化石記錄胚胎與幼體被保存下來在化石記錄中是少見的事情。微小纖細的骨骼通常魚龍比起陸地的動物有更大的幾率被保存下來，因為它們作為海洋動物常生活在腐蝕性較小的環境中。但是它當這些因素存在時，某些地區就會變成一個充滿保存完好的魚龍化石的寶庫。在德國獲爾茲梅登，那兒的沉積物給人們提出了一個有趣的分析案例。人們在黑色的、含瀝青的海洋頁巖中發現了約19,000年前沉積下來的魚龍化石。幾年時間內，在這些巖石中取得了數以千計的海洋爬行它們的保存質量非常的好，但更令人稱奇的是保存下來的育有胚胎的魚龍化石數目。在獲爾茲梅登附近一個小地區的六個不同的頁巖化石。這表明大量的魚龍經年累月重復使用一個特定的地點。那些胚胎已經發育得相當完整了。比如，它們的蹼槳已經完全形成了。有一個標本甚至被保存在產道中。而且，那塊頁巖包含著很多在20到30英寸之間的新孕雌獸和幼體在獲爾茲梅登卻那么多呢?因為其保存質量幾乎舉大家都認識到這些化石的價值極其珍貴，但這些因素并不能解釋這個有趣的問題：為什么在一個特定的地點會如此集中地出現即將臨Forthelast82years,Sweden'sNobelAcademyhasdecidedwhowillreceivetheNobelPrizeinLiterature,therebydeterminingwhowillbeelevatedfromthegreatandtheneargreattotheimmortal.Buttocomingunderheavycriticismbothfromthewithoutandfromwithin.CriticontendthattheselectionofthewinnersoftenhaslesstodowithtruewritingabilitythanwiththepeculiarinternalpoliticsoftheAcademyandofSwedenitself.AccordingtoIngmarBjorksten,theculturaleditorforoneofthecountry'stwomajornewspapers,theprizecontinuestorepresentAcademyhasdefendeditselfagainstsuchchargesofprovincialisminitsselectionbyassertingthatitsphysicaldistancefrcapitalsoftheworldactuallyservestoprotecttheAcademyfromoutsideinfluences.Thismaywellbetrue,butcriticsrespondthatthisverydistancemayalsoberesponsiblefortheperceiveaccuratelyauthentictrendsintheliteraryRegardlessofconcernsovertheselectionproccontinuetosurvivebothasanindicatoroftheliteraturethatwemosthighlypraise,andasanelusivegoalthatwritersseek.Ifforeason,theprizewillcontinuetobedesirableforthefinancialrewardsthataccompanyit;notonlyisthecashprizeitselfconsiderablalsodramaticallyincreasessalesofanauthor's過去的82年里，瑞典的諾貝爾委員會決定了誰將獲得諾貝爾文學獎，因此也就決定了誰但在今天，該委員會卻遭到了評選委員會內外的猛烈批評。批評者們爭論說："評選獲獎會以及瑞典特有的內部政治。按照瑞典兩家主要報紙之一的文化版編輯IngmarBjorksten這也許是對的，但批評者們反駁說，也正因為相距如此遙遠，該委員會才不能準確地把握>16TheWarbetweenBritainanInthelateeighteenthcentury,battlesragedinalmosteverycoEurope,aswellasintheMiddleEast,SouLatinAmerica.Inreality,hthistime,thewarbetweenBritainandFrance.Allotherbattleswereancillarytothislargerconflict,andwereoftendominationofEurope.ThisgoalwasobstructedbyBritishindependenceandBritain'seffortsthroughoutthecontinenttothwartNapoleon;throughtreaties,Britainbuiltcoalitions(notdissimilarinconcepttotoday'sNATO)guaranteeingBritishparticipationinallmajorEuropeanconflicts.ThesetwoantagonistveryunequalsFrenchknewthat,shortofdefeatingtheBritishnavy,theironlyhopeofvictorywastoclosealltheportsofEuropetoBritishships.Accordingly,FrancesetouttoovercomeBritainbyextendingitsdominationfromMoscowtoLisbon,froentailedtremendousrisk,becauseFrancedidnothavethemilitaryresourcestocontrolthismuchterritoryandstillprotectitselfandFrenchstrategistscalculatedthatanavyof150shipforcenecessarytodefeattheBritishathree-to-twoadvantageoverBritain.ThisadvantagewabecauseofBritain'ssuperiorseaskillsandtechnology,andalsobecauseBritainwouldbefightingadefensiveforces.Napoleonneverlostsightofhisgoal,becauseBritainimpedimenttohiscontrolofEurope.Ashisforcenearedthatgoal,Napoleongrewincreasinglyimpatientandbeganplanninganimme在18世紀后期，戰爭爆發于歐洲大陸的幾乎每一個角落，在中東、南非、西印度群島、拉然而實際上，在這一時期只有一場主要的戰爭，那就是英法之間的戰爭。所有其他戰爭都服從于這一更大的爭端，至少是與這兩個對手的目標和戰略有某些關聯。法國力圖統治整個歐洲，而英國的自主及其力圖在整個歐洲努力都是法國實現這一目標的障礙。英國通過條約建立了聯盟(和今天北約的概念沒有什么這兩個對頭并不是一對好對手，因為他們的力量極不均衡：法蘭西在陸地上稱王，英格蘭則在海上稱霸。法國人明白，如果不能擊敗英國海軍，他們勝利的唯一希望就是讓歐洲的所有港口都對英國艦船關閉。于是，法國將其軍事占領從莫斯科延伸到里斯本，從尤特蘭延伸到卡拉布里亞，企圖以此來制服英國。所150艘軍艦，則將足以擊跨英國海軍。這樣的武力將使法國對英國具有3比2的優勢。拿破侖從未忘卻他的目標，因為英國是他統治全歐的最后一個重大的障礙。隨著他的力量Sleepisveryancient.IntheewithalltheprimatesandalmostalltThereissomeevidencethatthetwotypesofsleep,dreaminganddrdependonthelife-styleoftheanimal,andthatpredatostatisticallymuchmo