Unit1

ScopeofFreightForwardingServiceUnit1ScopeofFreightForwardingService（一）基本要求了解：Thefreightforwarder’soriginalduty熟悉：Scopeoftheforwarders’servicesonbehalfoftheconsignor掌握：Scopeoftheforwarders’servicesonbehalfoftheconsignee（二）考試內(nèi)容1.Thefreightforwarder’soriginalduty2.Scopeoftheforwarders’servicesonbehalfoftheconsignor3.Scopeoftheforwarders’servicesonbehalfoftheconsignee2.Theforwarders’servicesonbehalfofconsignor(exporter)Choosetheroute,modeoftransportandasuitablecarrier.Bookspacewiththeselectedcarrier.Takedeliveryofthegoodsandissue

relevantdocumentssuchastheForwarders’CertificateofReceipt,（FCR收貨憑證）theForwarders’CertificateofTransport,（FCT運輸憑證）etc.Studytheprovisions（規(guī)定）oftheletterofcredit

andallGovernmentregulationsapplicabletotheshipmentofgoodsinthecountryofexport,thecountryofimport,aswellasanytransitcountry;hewouldalso

prepare

allthenecessarydocuments.2.Theforwarders’servicesonbehalfofconsignor（exporter）Pack

thegoods,takingintoaccounttheroute,themodeoftransport,thenatureofthegoodsandapplicableregulations,ifany,inthecountryofexport,transitcountiesandcountryofdestination.Arrangewarehousingofthegoods,ifnecessary.Weightandmeasurethegoods.Drawtheconsignor’sattentiontotheneedforinsuranceandarrangefortheinsuranceofgoods,ifrequiredbytheconsignor.Transportthegoodstotheport,arrangeforcustomsclearance,relateddocumentationformalitiesanddeliverthegoodstothecarrier.2.Theforwarders’servicesonbehalfofconsignor（exporter）EconomicrisksAttendto

（處理）foreignexchangetransactions,ifany.Payfeesandotherchargesincludingfreight.Obtainthesignedbillsofladingfromthecarrierandarrangedeliverytotheconsignor.Arrange

fortransshipmentenrouteifnecessary.Monitor

themovementofgoodsallthewaytotheconsigneethroughcontractswiththecarrierandtheforwarders’agentsabroad.Notedamagestoorlossesofthegoods,ifany.Assisttheconsignorinpursuingclaims（索賠）,ifany,againstthecarrierforlossofthegoodsorfordamagetothem.3.Theforwarders’servicesonbehalfofconsignee（importer）Monitorthemovementofgoodsonbehalfoftheconsigneewhentheconsigneecontrolthefreight(goods).Receiveandcheckallrelevantdocumentsrelatingtothemovementofthegoods.Takedeliveryofthegoodsfromthecarrierand,ifnecessary,paythefreightcosts.Arrangecustomsclearanceandpayduties,feesandotherchargestothecustomsandotherpublicauthorities.3.Theforwarders’servicesonbehalfofconsignee（importer）1342Arrangetransitwarehousing,ifnecessary.Assisttheconsignee,ifnecessary,inwarehousinganddistribution.Delivertheclearedgoodstotheconsignee.Assisttheconsigneeinpursuingclaims,ifany,againstthecarrierforlossofthegoodsorfordamagetothem.Unit2TermsofShipmentintheContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoodsUnit2TermsofShipmentintheContractsfortheInternationalSaleofGoods（一）基本要求了解：TermsofShipment熟悉：WaysofStipulatingTimeofShipment掌握：Interpretationoftermsandpointsofthetimeofshipmentinthecontract:（二）考試內(nèi)容1.Timeofshipment2.Interpretationofterms3.Pointstonotewhenthetradersdiscussthetimeofshipmentinthecontract1.WaysofStipulatingTimeofShipmentShipmentnotlaterthanJuly31st,2008ShipmentonoraboutJune20,2008Shipmentwithin15daysafterreceiptofremittance(匯款)ShipmenttobemadeduringJune/July,2008BADCEShipmentwithin30daysafterreceiptofL/C2.InterpretationoftermsIftheexpression

“onorabout”orsimilarexpressionsareused,bankswillinterpretthemasastipulationthatshipmentistobemadeduringtheperiodfromfivedaysbeforetofivedaysafterthespecifieddate,bothenddaysincluded.Thewords

“to,until,till,from,between”andwordsofsimilarexpressionsapplyingtoanydateorperiodinthecreditreferringtoshipmentwillbeunderstoodtoincludethedatementioned.2.InterpretationoftermsTheword“beforeandafter”willbeunderstoodtoexcludethedatementioned.Theterms“firsthalf,secondhalf”

ofamonthshallbeconstruedrespectivelyasthe1sttothe15th,andthe16thtothelastdayofsuchmonth,alldatesinclusive.Theterms“beginning,middle,orend”

ofamonthshallbeconstruedrespectivelyasthe1sttothe10th,the11thtothe20th,andthe21sttothelastdayofsuchmonth,alldatesinclusive.3.Pointstonote(1)Theexportershouldconsiderwhetherhecangetthegoods

readybeforetheshipmentdate

andwhethertheshipisavailableifthegoodsareready.(2)Thetimeofshipmentshouldbestipulatedin

aclearandflexibleway.Expressionssuchas“prompt”,“immediately”,“assoonaspossible”andthelikeshouldnotbeused.(3)Sometimes,theL/Csimplystipulatesanexpirydatewithoutashipmentdatewhichmeansthesetwodatesarethesame.3.Pointstonote(4)Iftheexpirydateofthecredit（信用證有效期）and/orthelastdayoftheperiodoftimeforpresentationofdocuments（交單期）stipulatedbythecreditfallsonadayonwhichthe

banktowhichpresentationhastobemadeisclosed,thestipulatedexpirydateand/orthelastdayoftheperiodoftimeafterthedateofshipmentforpresentationofdocuments,asthecasemaybe,shallbeextendedtothefirstfollowingdayonwhichsuchbankisopen.3.Pointtonote(5)Thelatestdateforshipment（最遲裝運期）shallnotbeextendedbyreasonoftheextensionoftheexpirydateand/ortheperiodoftimeafterthedateofshipmentforpresentationofdocuments.

Ifnosuchlatestdateforshipmentisstipulatedinthecreditoramendments,bankswillnotaccepttransportdocumentsindicatingadateofshipmentlaterthantheexpirydatestipulatedinthecreditoramendments.Unit3

DocumentaryCreditUnit3DocumentaryCredit（一）基本要求了解：BasicContentsofanL/CandBasicProcedureofaDocumentaryLetterofCredit熟悉：Definition,CharacteristicsofSettlementbyL/C掌握：PartiestoanL/C,TypesofLettersofCredit（二）考試內(nèi)容：1.Definition2.PartiestoanL/C

3.BasicContentsofanL/C4.BasicProcedureofaDocumentaryLetterofCredit5.CharacteristicsofSettlementbyL/C6.TypesofLettersofCredit信用證操作的流程簡述如下：1.買賣雙方在貿(mào)易合同中規(guī)定使用跟單信用證支付。

2.買方通知當?shù)劂y行（開證行）開立以賣方為受益人的信用證。

3.開證行請求另一銀行通知或保兌信用證。

4.通知行通知賣方，信用證已開立。

5.賣方收到信用證，并確保其能履行信用證規(guī)定的條件后，即裝運貨物。

6.賣方將單據(jù)向指定銀行提交。該銀行可能是開證行，或是信用證內(nèi)指定的付款、承兌或議付銀行。

信用證操作的流程簡述如下：7.該銀行按照信用證審核單據(jù)。如單據(jù)符合信用證規(guī)定，銀行將按信用證規(guī)定進行支付、承兌或議付。

8.開證行以外的銀行將單據(jù)寄送開證行。

9.開證行審核單據(jù)無誤后，以事先約定的形式，對已按照信用證付款、承兌或議付的銀行償付。

10.開證行在買方付款后交單，然后買方憑單取貨。1.DefinitionAletterofcreditis

thewrittenpromiseofabank（銀行書面保證文件）toactattherequestandontheinstructionsoftheapplicantandtoundertakepaymenttothebeneficiary（承諾付款給受益人）intheamountspecifiedinthecredit,providedthatthebeneficiarycomplieswiththetermsandconditionsofthecredit.2.PartiestoanL/CApplicant:

thepartywhichappliestothebankforopeningL/C(buyerorimporter)Issuingbank:thebankthatissuesaL/CattherequestoftheapplicantAdvisingbank:

thebankthatadvisesthebeneficiaryofanL/CBeneficiary:

thepartyinwhosefavoranL/Cisopenedandwhichshouldcomplywiththetermsandconditionsofthecreditinordertoreceivetheproceeds(seller,exporter)Negotiatingbank(議付銀行):

thebankthatnegotiatesthebeneficiary’sdraft.Itmaybetheadvisingbankoranotherbankauthorizedtonegotiatethedocuments5.CharacteristicsofSettlementbyL/C1）Theissuingbankhastheprimaryliabilitiesforpayment;2）AnL/Cisaself-sufficientinstrument（自足文件）;3）Itissimplyadocumenttransaction.Therelevantpartiesdealwith

documentsonly,ratherthanwiththegoodsorservices（銀行處理的是單據(jù)，而不是單據(jù)所涉及的貨物、服務）。Ifthegoodsdonotconformtothedocumentsaftertheapplicantpaystheissuingbank,theapplicantcanonlytakethismatterupwiththedefaultingparties(違約方).Ithasnothingtodowiththebank.Onthecontrary,ifthegoodsareinorder,butthedocumentarenotcorrect,theissuingbankandtheapplicanthavetherighttorefusetopaytheseller.6.TypesofLettersofCreditDocumentarycredits(shippingdocumentsrequired)Cleancredits(光票信用證onlydraftsrequired)Irrevocabledocumentarycredits(cannotbecancelled)Confirmedcredits(confirmedbyanotherbank)Unconfirmedcredits(非保兌notconfirmedbyanotherbank)Sightcredits(effectpaymentimmediately)Timecredits(effectpaymentnotimmediately)OtherCredit：Payment（付款）credits,acceptance（承兌）credits,negotiation（議付）credits,anticipatory（預支）credit,revolving（循環(huán)）credits,transferable（可轉讓）credits,back-to-backcredits,etc.Unit4ThePracticeofInternationalOceanCargoTransportationUnit4ThePracticeofInternationalOceanCargoTransportation（一）基本要求了解：Transportgeography熟悉：DifferentTypesofShippingServices掌握：ShippingDocuments（二）考試內(nèi)容1.Transportgeography2.DifferentTypesofShippingServices3.ShippingDocuments1.TransportgeographyAninternationalfreightforwardershouldbefamiliarwithinternationaltraderoutes.Heorsheshouldhaveknowledgeofmaintrafficroutes,locationofports,transshipmentpoint(轉運地)andinlandcenter.2.DifferentTypesofShippingServices2.1Conferencelines（班輪公會航線）(1)definition

Ashippingconference（班輪公會）isagroupofshippinglinesoperatinginanyparticularrouteunderagreementtoprovidedascheduledservicewithacommontariffandafixeditineraryofportofcall.(2)purposetoeliminatepricecompetitionamongmemberlinestoreduceoutsidecompetition(3)advantagestoshippersarestabilityoffreightratesandregularityofservices.(4)disadvantagesRatesareusuallyhigh.RatesdonotfluctuateaccordingtosupplyanddemandRatesandproceduresareinflexible.2.3Non-vesseloperatingcommoncarrier(NVOCC)（無船承運人）AnNVOCC

isacarrierwhooperatesaregularscheduledservice.Hedoesnotownoroperatethevesselsbywhichseatransportationisprovided.AlthoughtheNVOCCisacarrierinhisrelationshipwiththeactualshipper,heisashipperinhisrelationshipwiththeactualcarrier.Herendersausefulservicebyprovidinggroupageorconsolidationservices,particularlytosmallshipperwhodonothavemuchbargainingpowerinnegotiatingrates.2.2Non-Conferencelines（非班輪公會航線）Thisisattributabletothedevelopmentofcontainerizationandemergenceofmanyindependentcarriers.2.4Trampservice（不定期船運輸）Trampservicehasnofixeditinerary（航線）orscheduleandisoperatedonanyrouteaccordingtosupplyanddemand.3.Shippingdocuments(1)Thebilloflading（提單）

Thebilloflading

byitselfisnotacontractofcarriageasitsignedonlybythecarrier.However,itprovidesevidenceofcontractofcarriage.Itservesasareceiptforgoodsdeliveredtothecarrier.Besides,thebillofladingservesasadocumentoftitleenablingthegoodstobetransferredfromtheshippertotheconsigneeoranyotherpartybyendorsement.(2)Seawaybill（海運單）

Aseawaybillisthereplacementofthetraditionaloceanbilloflading.Thewaybillisanon-negotiabledocument

andmadeouttoaconsigneewhoisallowed,uponproductionofproperidentification,toclaimthegoodswithoutpresentingthewaybill.3.Shippingdocuments(3)Cargomanifest（艙單）

Acargomanifest

provides

informationregardingcargoonboard.Themanifestispreparedbythecarrier’sagentbutthefreightforwarderhavetohandleitwhiledealingwiththecustomsandportauthorities.(4)Shipping(Booking)note（托運單）

Ashippingnoteisissuedbytheshippertothecarrierrequestingallocationofshippingspace.Itisacommitmentonthepartoftheshippertoshipthegoodsandservesasthebasisforthepreparationofthebilloflading.3.Shippingdocuments(5)Deliveryorder（提貨單）

Adeliveryorder

isissuedbythe

carrierorhisagenttoenabletheconsigneeorhisforwardingagenttotakedeliveryofthecargofromthevessel.(6)Mate’sreceipt（大副收據(jù)/收貨單）

Amate’sreceiptisthereceiptissuedbythemateintheacknowledgementofthegoodsreceivedonboardwhichissubsequentlyexchangedforthebilloflading.Unit5

Charteringusiness

Unit5CharteringBusiness（一）基本要求了解：Bareboatchartering熟悉：TimeChartering掌握：VoyageChartering

（二）考試內(nèi)容1.VoyageChartering2.TimeChartering3.BareboatcharteringCharteringCharteringisthebusinessofprovidingemploymentforavesselandarrangingsuitableseatransportforavarietyofcommodities.船舶租賃是提供船舶和薇各種貨物安排死黨海上運輸?shù)臉I(yè)務。1.Voyagechartering航次租船(1)DefinitionThevoyagecharteringmeansthattheshipownerpromisestocarryonboardaspecificshipaparticularcargoforasinglevoyagefromoneormoreloadingportstooneormoredischargingports.

航次租船是指船東承諾按一個單程航次裝運約定的貨物，從一個或多個港口運至另一個或多個港口。1.Voyagechartering航次租船(2)ContentsAvoyagecharterpartyshallmainlycontainthenamesoftheparties,thenameandnationalityoftheship,itsbaleorgraincapacity,descriptionofthegoodstobeloaded,portofloadinganddischarge,timeforloadinganddischarge,paymentoffreight,demurrage,dispatchandotherrelevantmatters.

航次租船合同應當主要包含雙方的名字,船的名字和國籍、噸位和艙容。描述裝載貨物的裝貨、卸貨港、裝貨、卸貨時間,支付運費、滯期費、速遣費以及其他有關事項。

1.Voyagechartering航次租船(3)CostsallocationUnderavoyagechartertheshipownerretainstheoperationalcontrolofthevesselandisresponsibleforalltheoperatingexpensessuchasportcharges,bunkers,taxes,etc.Loadinganddischargingcostsaredividedbetweentheshipownerandthechartererinaccordancewiththeagreementfromcasetocase.在航次租船中，船東仍保有對船舶的控制，負責港口使費、燃油，稅費等所有運營費用。裝卸費用由出租人和承租人按照協(xié)議中不同情況的規(guī)定。

1.Voyagechartering航次租船(4)FormsTherearemorestandardformsofvoyagecharterpartyused.Typicallyexampleis

Genconform

whichisgeneralcharterpartiesdesignedtobeusedintradeswherenospecificformexists.有更多的標準形式的航次租船合同使用。典型的例子是金康合同形式,租船合同設計的一般用于在交易沒有特定的形式存在的情況。2.Timechartering(1)Meaning:Thetimecharteringmeansthattheshipownerprovidesadesignatedmannedshiptothecharterer,andthechartereremploystheshipforaspecificperiodagainstpaymentofhire.Thehireispayableinadvanceforamonthorotherperiod.Ifthehireisnotpaidpromptlytheshipownermaybeentitledtocancelthecharter.定期船舶合同是指船東將配備好還原的制定船舶提供給承租人、在約定的期限內(nèi)，由承租人控制船舶的營運并支付租金。租用費用是提前一個月支付或其他時間支付。如果租用費用沒有及時支付，出租人有權解除合同。2.Timechartering(2)Liabilities:Underatimecharterthecrewisemployedbytheshipowner,whoisalsoresponsibleforthenauticaloperationandmaintenanceofthevesselandsupervisionofthecargo.Thechartererisliableforcostsdirectlyconnectedwiththeuseofthevessel,forexample,bunkercostsandportchargesandpaysfortheloadinganddischarging.根據(jù)合同船員是受雇于出租人的,他們也負責船舶的航海操作和維護和監(jiān)督的貨物。承租人承擔船舶的使用費用。例如,燃料成本和港口裝卸費用和支付。Theliabilityforthecargomaybedeterminedindifferentwaysandmayrestwiththeshipownerorwiththechartererormaybedividedbetweentheminonewayoranother.貨物的責任可能以不同的方式，或許取決于出租人或承租人，或者以這樣或那樣的方式讓他們分別承擔責任的一部分。

2.Timechartering(3)Forms:Therearealsosomestandardformsoftimecharterpartyusedinthetimecharteringbusiness.ThetwomajorformsareNYPEandBALTIME.ByfarthelargestnumberoftimecharteringarefixedonthebasisoftheNYPE（紐約土產(chǎn)格式）CharterParty.也有一些標準形式的定期租船合同用于租船業(yè)務。兩種主要形式是NYPE和BALTIME。定期租船到目前為止最多的是以NYPE為基礎的租船合同。Unit6MarineB/L

Unit6MarineB/L（一）基本要求了解：ElectronicDeliveryofMarineBillsofLading熟悉：GeneralConceptofMarineBillsofLading,DrawingupMarineBillsofLading掌握：FunctionsofMarineBillsofLading,TypesofMarineBillsofLading（二）考試內(nèi)容：1.GeneralConceptofMarineBillsofLading2.FunctionsofMarineB/L3.TypesofMarineBillsofLading4.DrawingupMarineBillsofLading5.ElectronicDeliveryofMarineBillsofLading1.GeneralConceptofmarinebillsoflading海運提單概念Abillofladingisadocumentwhichservesasanevidenceofthecontractofcarriageofgoodsbyseaandthetakingoverorloadingofthegoodsbythecarrier,andbasedonwhichthecarrierundertakestodeliverthegoodsagainstsurrenderingthesame.Aprovisioninthedocumentstatingthatthegoodsaretobedeliveredtotheorderofanamedperson,ortoorder,ortobearer,constitutessuchanundertaking.（提單，是指用以證明海上貨物運輸合同和貨物已經(jīng)由承運人接收或者裝船，以及承運人保證據(jù)以交付貨物的單證。提單中載明的向記名人交付貨物，或者按照指示人的指示交付貨物，或者向提單持有人交付貨物的條款，構成承運人據(jù)以交付貨物的保證。）2.FunctionsofmarinebillofladingItisreceiptforthegoodsshipped（這是貨物收據(jù)）

areceiptissuedbyacarrierthatidentifiableconsignmentofgoodshasbeenreceivedbyhimforshipment,oractuallyloadedonboardhisshipAdocumentoftitletothegoods（貨物的物權憑證）

ThepossessionofaB/Lisequivalentinlawtopossessionofthegoods.Evidenceofthetermsofthecontractofaffreightment.（租船合同的條款的證據(jù)。）

Thetermsofthebillofladingcontainthetermsofthecontract.3.Typesofmarinebillsoflading3.1Orderbillsoflading（提示提單）Orderbillsareissuedbythecarrierstotheorderofshipperorconsignee.Anorderbillofladingisanegotiabledocument.Orderbillsmadeouttoconsigneeorordercanbetransferredbythembyendorsement.3.2Straightbillsoflading（記名提單）

Straightbillsofladingarethosemadeouttonamedconsigneeswithouttheadditionofthewords“ororder”.Theyarenotnegotiableandcannotbetransferredtothirdparties.Deliveryofgoods,therefore,canonlybetakenbythenamedconsignee.3.Typesofmarinebillsoflading3.3Shippedbillsoflading（已裝船提單）

Shippedbillsstatedefinitelythatthegoodshavebeenloaded.Itconfirmsthatthegoodsareactuallyonboardthevessels.3.4Receivedforshipmentbillsoflading（收貨待運提單）Receivedforshipmentbillsofladingstatethatthegoodshavebeenreceivedforshipment,anddonotindicatetheactualdateoflading.3.Typesofmarinebillsoflading3.5Directbillsoflading（直接提單）Directbillsofladingarethosecoveringshipmentbetweendirectportsofloadinganddischarge.3.6Throughbillsoflading(聯(lián)運提單)Throughbillsofladingcovershipmentfromortoportsinvolvingtransportbytwoormoreshippingorrailwayscompanies.3.Typesofmarinebillsoflading3.7Cleanbillsoflading（清潔提單）Thecleanbillofladingbearsanindicationthatthegoodswerereceivedwithoutdamages,irregularitiesorshortshipment,usuallytheword“apparentgoodorderandconditionisindicatedontheB/L.3.8Foulbillsoflading（不清潔提單）Foulbilloflading(uncleanbilloflading,dirtybillofladingorclausedbilloflading)istheoppositeofthecleanbilloflading.Itbearsanindicationthatthegoodswerereceivedwithdamages,irregularities（異常）orshortshipment,usuallythewords“uncleanonboard”orthelikeareindicatedontheB/L,forexample,“insufficientpacking”,“missingsafetyseal”and“onecartonshort”.4.DrawingupmarinebillsofladingAbillofladingcontainssomemainelements,suchasquantityofcargo,accuratecargodescriptionandcondition,dateofthebilloflading,namesofshipperandconsignee,portofloadinganddischarging,ship’sname,termsandconditionsofcarriageandpaymentoffreight.提單包含一些主要元素,如貨物數(shù)量,準確的貨物描述和狀態(tài),日期的提單,托運人和收貨人的名稱,港口裝卸,運輸船舶名稱、條款和條件和支付運費。

Themainpartiesonabillofladingareshipper,consignee,notifypartyandcarrier.Theshipper

istheperson,usuallytheexporter,whosendsthegoods.

Consignee

referstothepersonentitledtotakedeliveryofthegoods.Carrier

isthepersonorcompanywhohasconcludedacontractwiththeshipperforcarriageofgoods.Notifypartyisthepartythatthecarriermustnotifywhenthegoodsarriveattheportofdestination.Thecarrierissuesanarrivalnotice

informingthenotifypartyaboutthecargodischargepoint,numberofpackagesandotherinformation.提單主要涉及的方面有：發(fā)貨人,收貨人,通知方和承運方。發(fā)貨人通常是出口商,發(fā)送貨物。收貨人是指有權提貨的人。承運人主要指個人或公司，其與發(fā)貨人訂立貨物運輸?shù)暮贤Ｍㄖ疆斬浳锏竭_目的港承運人必須通知的人。承運人發(fā)出到貨通知，告知通知方卸貨點,件數(shù)和其他信息。Itisimportanttodatebillsofladingcorrectly,andasperdateonwhichthecargoisactuallyloaded.Cargoquantityandconditionshouldalsobeadequatelyandcorrectlydescribedinthebillsoflading.提單上的裝運日期正確,并使貨物按日期實際規(guī)定進行裝運是非常重要的。提單中貨物的數(shù)量和描述也應該充分、準確。Unit7

（一）基本要求了解：TypesofOceanFreightRates熟悉：ConsiderationforDeterminingtheOceanFreightRates掌握：Surcharges（二）考試內(nèi)容1.TypesofOceanFreightRates2.ConsiderationforDeterminingtheOceanFreightRates3.SurchargesUnit7Oceanfreightratesmaybebroadlydividedintotrampratesandlinerfreightrates.海運運費率可大致分為不定期船運費率和班輪運費率。1）Trampratesfluctuatewiththemarketconditionsofsupplyanddemand.不定期船運費率隨航運市場的供求關系而波動。2）Linerfreightratesarefixedbyshippingconferencesandotherlineroperators.Theyarerelatedmoretothecostsofoperationthatremaincomparativelysteadyoveraperiodtime.班輪運費率由班輪公會和其他的班輪運營人確定；他們多與營運成本密切相關，在一定時期內(nèi)保持相對穩(wěn)定。Whendeterminingthefreightrate,thecarrierwillalsoconsider:Stowagefactor（積載因素）DistanceTheprincipleof“Whatthetrafficcanbear”.（運輸所能承受的原則）

“servicecost”principleTheopenmarketratesCurrencyadjustmentfactorBunkeradjustmentfactor

Portcongestion（擁擠）surchargesContainerfreightCommodityboxrates（包箱費率）isalumpsumrate（整比運費費率）forthecarriageofacontainerloadedwithaparticularcommodityFreightallkindsrates（均一費率）allcommoditiesarechargedthesamerateforthesamevoyageregardlessoftheirvalueUnit8

MarineCargoInsuranceUnit8MarineCargoInsurance（一）基本要求了解：Principlesofmarinecargoinsurance

熟悉：Insurancepremiumandpolicy掌握：TypesofBasicCoverage,InstituteCargoClause（二）考試內(nèi)容：1.Principleofmarinecargoinsurance.

2.Insurancepremium.3.Insurancepolicy.4.Typesofbasiccoverage5.Institutecargoclause2.InsurancePremium

Thepremiumistheconsiderationwhichtheinsurersreceivefromtheassuredinexchangefortheirundertakingtopaythesuminsuredintheeventinsuredagainst.Thegeneralguidingrateoftheinsurancepremiumis1%oftheamountinsured.Thepremiumratesmayvary,forexample,from0.5%to1.5%ormoreorlessdependingonfactorssuchas:typeofgoods,thecountryanddistanceofdestination,valueofthegoods,modeoftransportation,thetypeofriskscovered,containerorbulkshipmentandtypeofpacking.TheminimumamountinsuredshouldbetheCIFortheCIPvalueofthegoodsplus10%.最低保險金額應CIF或CIP貨物加10%的價值。3.InsurancePolicyInsurancepolicy

isanevidenceofinsurancecontractissuedbytheinsurerorunderwritertotheassured.Theformatofinsurancepolicyformsvariesfrominsurertoinsurer.Insurancepolicyorcertificate,andendorsement(背書)

arethemainonesusedindailybusiness.

Thepolicymustbeissuedandsignedbyaninsurancecompanyoritsagent.Ifmorethanoneoriginalisissuedandissoindicatedinthepolicy,alltheoriginalsmustbepresentedtothebank,unlessotherwiseauthorizedintheletterofcredit.4.TypesofBasicCoverage4.1FreefromParticularAverage(FPA)平安險TheriskscoveredinFPAcoveragebasicallymeansthatonlytotalorconstructivetotallossofthewholeconsignmentofcargobutnopartiallossordamageisrecoverablefromtheinsurerresultingfromnaturalcalamities,suchasheavyweather,lightning,tsunami（海嘯）,earthquakeandflood.Totallossorpartiallossisrecoverablefromtheinsurerincurredasaresultofspecificcasualties,e.g.,collision,stranding,sinkingofthevessel.Italsocoversgeneralaverageandsalvagecharges,reasonablecostsincurredbytheassuredinsalvagingthegoodsoravertingorminimizingalossrecoverableunderthepolicy.1.平安險平安險的英文意思為“單獨海損不賠”。其責任范圍主要包括：A.被保險貨物在運輸途中由于惡劣氣候、雷電、海嘯、地震、洪水等自然災害造成的整批貨物的全部損失或推定全損。B.由于運輸工具遭受擱淺、觸礁、沉沒、互撞、與流冰或其他物體碰撞以及失火、爆炸等意外事故造成貨物的全部或部分損失。C.在運輸工具已經(jīng)發(fā)生擱淺、觸礁、沉沒、焚毀等意外事故的情況下，貨物在此前后又在海上遭受惡劣氣候、雷電、海嘯等自然災害所造成的部分損失。D.在裝卸或轉運時由于一件或數(shù)件整件貨物落海造成的全部或部分損失。E.被保險人對遭受承保責任內(nèi)危險的貨物采取搶救、防止或減少貨損的措施而支付的合理費用，但以不超過該批被救貨物的保險金額為限。F.運輸工具遭遇海難后，在避難港由于卸貨所引起的損失以及在中途港、避難港由于卸貨、存?zhèn)}以及運送貨物所產(chǎn)生的特別費用。G.共同海損的犧牲、分攤和救助費用。H.運輸合同中訂有“船舶互撞責任”條款，根據(jù)該條款規(guī)定應由貨方償還船方的損4.2WithAverage(WA)WAprovideslargercoverthanFPAsincepartiallossanddamageisrecoverablefromtheinsurerresultingfromnaturalcalamities.ThatistheonlydifferencebetweenWAandFPAinPICCOceanMarineCargoClauses.該險的責任范圍除平安險的各項責任外，還負責被保險貨物由于惡劣氣候、雷電、海嘯、地震、洪水等自然災害所造成的部分損失。2.水漬險ThistypeofcoverageisthemostwidelyusedinthetransportofgeneralcargobecauseitprovidesbettercoveragethanWA/WPAtype.AsidefromtheriskscoveredunderWA/WPAtype,italsoprovidesinsuranceagainstallrisksoflossofordamagetothecargoinsuredarisingfromexternalcausesinthecourseoftransit.TheAllRisksdoesnotcoverrisksof

war,strikeandotherspecialadditionalriskssuchasfailuretodelivery,importduty,ondeck,rejection,aflatoxinetc.Thegeneraladditionalriskssuchastheft,pilferage&non-deliveryrisks,freshwaterand/orraindamagerisks,shortagerisks,intermixtureandcontaminationrisks,leakagerisks,clashandbreakagerisks,taintofodourrisks,sweatandheatingrisks,hookdamagerisks,breakageofpackingrisksandrustrisksarecoveredinAllRiskscoverage.4.3AllRisks該險除包括水漬險的責任范圍外，還負責賠償被保險貨物在運輸途中由于外來原因所致的全部或部分損失；外來原因指偷竊、提貨不著、淡水雨淋、短量、混雜、玷污、滲漏、串味異味、受潮受熱、包裝破裂、鉤損、碰損破碎、銹損等原因。注意，一切險是最高險，責任范圍最廣。它除了平安險和水漬險的責任外，還包括保險標的在運輸途中由于外來原因所造成的全部或部分損失。所謂外來原因系指一般附加險所承保的責任。所以，一切險實際上是平安險、水漬險和一般附加險的總和。3.一切險lossordamagecausedbytheintentionalactorfaultoftheinsured;（造成損失或損害被保險人的故意行為或錯誤;）lossordamagefallingundertheliabilityoftheconsignor;（損失或損害為托運人的責任）lossordamagearisingfromtheinferiorqualityorshortageoftheinsuredgoodspriortotheatta