地球環境

自然科學概論地球的起源10-44秒后10-34秒后10萬年后150億年后(現在)牛頓雜志，第129期，p116，1994宇宙誕生大霹靂宇宙的放晴現在的宇宙肥皂泡模型資料來源：莊榮輝，臺大生技系，.tw/JRH/talks.htm

地質年代LatestPrecambrian/EarlyPaleozoic

SupercontinentRodinia,centeredaboutthesouthpole,breaksapart.NorthAmerica(Laurentia),Baltica,andSiberiamovedNorth.

MarineInvertebrates.

NorthAmerica:arconthesouth.BalticaandSiberiamovedinfromtheSE.

Texas(505-570Ma):Flatplain;remnantsoferodedcollisionalbelt(Llano).ShallowmarineseasacrossmuchofTexas.Sandysedimentonshore,limestoneoffshore.Trilobites,brachiopods.LatestPrecambrian/EarlyPaleozoic

SupercontinentRodiniacontinuestobreakapart.Piecesmovenorth.-Fish.-Glaciation.NorthAmerica:Numerousplatesandcontinentalblocksmoveinfromthesouthandeast.TheTaconicarccollides,formingtheTaconicorogeny.

Texas438-505Ma:ShallowmarineseasacrossmuchofinlandTexas.Warm-waterlimestone.Corals,brachiopods.

Middle/LatePaleozoicRemainsofRodinia(Gondwana)movenorthwardtocollidewithLaurasia--creatingthesupercontinentPangaeaandtheTethysOcean.Firstland-plants.

BalticacollideswithNorthAmericaintheCaledonian-Acadianorogeny.

Texas403-438Ma:ShallowmarineseasacrossmuchofwestTexas-limestone.Corals,brachiopods.

Middle/LatePaleozoicMostdriftingRodiniablocksassembledintothesupercontinentofLaurussia.Amphibians.Fishreallygetgoing.Ferns.Glaciation.NorthAmerica:Caledonian-AcadianorogenymarksassemblageofLaurussia.Gondwanaclosedinfromthesouth.AnarcformedalongwesternNorthAmerica.Texas360-408Ma:shallowmarinesandstonesandlimestonesinwestTexas.

Middle/LatePaleozoicGondwana,withalarge,developingglacier,nearssouthernLaurussia.Fern-forests.NorthAmerica:TheAntlerarccollideswithwesternNorthAmericacreatingtheAntlerorogeny.Texas320-360Ma:shallowmarineseasinland.Shalesandlimestones.Middle/LatePaleozoicRodiniablocksofLaurussiaandSiberiacollidetoformLaurasia.

Reptiles.NorthAmerica:Gondwanacollidesfromthesouth.TheresultingAppalachian,Ouachita,Marathon,Ural,Variscan,andHercynianorogeniesformedsomeofthelargestmountainsofalltime.TheAncestralRockiesform.Texas286-320Ma:OuachitaMountains.Collisionformedinlandbasinsfilledbyseas.Limestone,sandstone,shale.LatestPaleozoic/EarlyMesozoicThesupercontinentPangeaedominatesthePermianEarth,lyingacrosstheequator.Extinctions!Trilobitesgoaway.NorthAmerica:AnewarcapproacheswesternNorthAmerica.AnewspreadingcenterformsasCimmeriariftsfromGondwanaandopenstheTethyianOcean.ThewesternfringeofPangaealayalongtheeasternmarginofthePacific"ringoffire”subductionzone.Texas245-286Ma:Shallowmarineinlandofmountains.Reefs.Evaporites.Redshales.LatestPaleozoic/EarlyMesozoic

Mammals.NorthAmerica:ArccollisionalongwesternedgeformstheSonomanorogeny.AstheTethysOceanexpands,Cimmeria(Turkey,Iran,andAfghanistan)movenorthwardtowardsLaurasia.Texas208-245Ma:shalesandsandstonesinNW.StartopeningtheGOM-redsandstone,shale,evaporites.

MiddleMesozoicPangaearotates;differentcomponentsatdifferentrates/indifferentdirections--riftsform.

Birds.NorthAmerica:SouthernNorthAtlanticOceanopens,continuingwestintotheGulfofMexico.TheCordilleranarcdevelopsalongPacificmargin.Arcformsonwesternside.Nevadanorogenybegins.CimmeriabeginscollisionwithLaurasia-Cimmerianorogeny.Texas144-208Ma:Changeinsedimentdirection.Shallowwaterdeposition/evaporitesinGOM.MiddleMesozoicTheAtlanticcontinuestoexpandasPangaeabreaksup.TheCimmerianorogenycontinues.NorthAmerica:Arcsandmicrocontinentsslamintowesternregion.LaramideorogenyinRockies.Texas66-144Ma:InfluxofsedimentfromRockies.ShallowCretaceousseawayacrossTexas.Shallowliestones,shales.LateCretaceous/Present

RiftsseparateAfricaandSouthAmericaandthenIndia,Australia,Antarctica.NorthAmericariftsfromEurope.OldGondwanalands(Africa,India,Australia)movenorthtowardEurasia,closingtheTethysOceanandformingtheAlpine-Himalayanmountains.TheAtlanticlengthens/widens,theSevierorogenycontinues,andtheCaribbeanarcforms.Texas65-144Ma:continuingshallowlimestoneandshaledepositiontothesoutheast(fromRockies).Paleocene/Eocene

HimalayanOrogeny.AlpsandPyreneesform.ThemodernpatternsofPlanetEarthappear.Atlanticcontinuestoopen.RockyMountainsgrow.Texas65-35Ma:shaleandsandstoneinsoutheastregionprogradeshoreline(fromtheRockies).VolcanicactivityinPanhandle.OligoceneandMioceneOrogenycontinuesintheMediterraneanregionandIndianearsitsjunctionwithsouthernAsia.Antarcticaisolated.SouthwesternNorthAmericainterceptstheEastPacificRiseandagreatextensionalevent,theBasinandRangeorogenybegins.Texas35-5Ma:continuedsandstone/shaledepositionandprogradationofshoreline(erosionofRockies)PresentNote:Bestdatasetavailable.地球構造地球的形狀與大小非對的楕球體，如西洋梨。但是，地球內部的形貌如何？分幾層？溫度多少？怎么知道有對流