定語從句定語從句三步：第一找出先行詞；第二看先行詞在定語從句中的語法功能（做主語、賓語或狀語）；第三選擇合適的關聯詞。（一）限制性定語從句（RestrictiveAttributiveClause）常用關系代詞的格和其在從句中作何成分1、常用關系代詞who，whom，whose，which，that等，他們的格見下表：主格賓格所有格指代人指代物2、關系代詞在從句中通常所作的成分見下表：主語賓語定語表語whowhomwhosewhichthatasthanbut問題二：關系代詞who和whom在運用中須注意什么？注意分析關系代詞在從句中究竟是作主語還是賓語。如：ThisisProfessorLuxon,who(NOTWHOM)Ithinkhassomethinginterestingtotellus.Ithink是插入語。問題三：關系代詞所有格有哪些表示形式？ 表示人的所有格用whose。表示物的所有格用ofwhich，但有時也用whose。如：Peoplebelievethatsurgeonsareprofessionalswhoseskillssometimesmeanthedifferencebetweenlifeanddeath.Thepathwhosesides/ofwhichthesides/thesidesofwhicharecoveredwithtreesextendstotheforest.問題四：在何種情況下只能用關系代詞that？ 關系代詞that只能引導限制性定語從句，在從句中，that可以代替who，whom和which。但在下述情況下，我們通常只用that。1、下列情況只用that：（1）當先行詞是_________________________________________________等不定代詞時。如： Thereisnothingthatcanbeusedtoreplacetheworkofhumanbrains.（2）當先行詞被__________________________________________________等修飾時。如： Thefirstthingthatyouhavetodoisfindoutthetruth.（3）當先行詞被___________________________修飾時。如： ThisistheverylaptopthatIamdyingfor.2、當關系代詞既___________________時。如： Thetricycleknockedoveragirlandherpetthatweregambolingaboutinfrontofthefountain.3、當關系代詞在限制性定語從句中作________________時。如： Heisnotthenaughtyboythatyouthoughthimtobe.4、當先行詞為疑問代詞，或主句是以who或which開頭的特殊疑問句時，避免重復。如： Whothathasbeenhelpedbyhimcanforgethisheroicaction? 但當先行詞中有that或those時，通常用which、who或whom。如： Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.5、在There/Herebe句型中。如： Hereisthepaperthatyouleftbehindtheotherday.問題五：關系代詞as該如何運用？1、as在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語。通常用于such…as…,so…as…,thesame…as…中引導限制性定語從句。如： Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.2、定語從句such/so…as和狀語從句such/so…that…的區別： 定語從句such/so…as中，as在從句中充當主語、賓語或表語；結果狀語從句such/so…that…中，that在從句中不作成分，從句的動詞有其自己的賓語。 Hereissoheavyacase_________noonecanmove. Hereissoheavyacase______________noonecanmoveit.問題六：關系副詞when，where和why在運用中須注意什么？1、when指代時間，在從句中作時間狀語，相當于一個相應的介詞加上which。如： Hewon’tforgetthedaywhen/onwhichhehadhislegbrokeninthetrafficaccident.2、where指代地點，在從句中作地點狀語，相當于一個相應的介詞加上which。如： Stratford-on-Avonistheplacewhere/inwhichShakespearewasborn.【注意】where引導的定語從句不僅可以修飾地點名詞，還可以修飾其他如________________________________等表示“情況，方面”的名詞。這時，where意為“在這種情況下”。如： Theywereinadifficultsituation______________alleffortswereinvain. Weareinaposition___________________wemaylosealargesumofmoney.3、why引導的定語從句通常修飾reason等表示原因的名詞，在從句中作原因狀語，相當于forwhich。如：Smallchildrendon’treallyknowthereasonwhy/forwhichFatherChristmaswillcomeandbringthempresentsduringtheirsleep.問題七：定語從句中充當賓語的關系代詞在運用中須注意什么？1、在定語從句中充當介詞賓語的關系代詞which和whom可以同介詞一起位于主句與從句之間，也可以把該介詞置于從句中相關動詞后。如： Thelittlegirlwhomtheuglymanwassmilingatwasscaredtodeath. Thelittlegirlatwhomtheuglymanwassmilingwasscaredtodeath.2、通常一些含有介詞的短語動詞不能與其介詞分開，介詞必須接在相應動詞后。常見的此類短語動詞有___________________________________________________________等。如： Thebabieswhomthenursesarelookingafterareveryhealthy.問題八：關系代詞在什么情況下可以省略？1、在定語從句中充當動詞________________的關系代詞可以省略。如：2、在從句中作_______________的關系代詞可以省略。如： Themoderncomputerisnotthemachine(that)itwaswhenfirstinvented.3、way后面引導定語從句的inwhich或that可以省略。如： Weallhavethetwenty-fourhoursoftheday,butdifferintheway(that/inwhich)weusethem.問題九：關系代詞than和but該如何運用？ Than在定語從句中作主語或賓語，通常用于“比較級＋than”中。But在定語從句中通常作主語。意義相當于who…not,that…not,或which…not。如： Thereisnorulebuthasexceptions.(=…whichdoesnothaveexceptions.) Therearefewbutadmirehistalents.(=…whodonotadmirehistalents.)Don’tgivethechildrenmoremoneythanisnecessary.（二）非限制性定語從句（Non-restrictiveAttributiveClause） 除了關系代詞that，than，和but以及關系副詞why，其他的關系代詞和關系副詞都可以用于非限制性定語從句。問題一：在何種情況下只能用非限制性定語從句？ 限制性定語從句與先行詞關系密切，是先行詞不可或缺的定語；而非限制性定語從句與先行詞關系不密切，只是對先行詞作______________。1、當先行詞的所指非常明確時，通常用非限制性定語從句。當先行詞是sun，moon等世上獨一無二的事物或當先行詞是father,mother,husband,wife等唯一有關者時。如： Theboy’smother_______________loveshimverymuch,hasmademanysacrificesforhishappiness.2、當關系代詞作介詞of的賓語，而且前有被這一介詞短語修飾的數詞、代詞或名詞時，通常用非限制性定語從句。如：Thestudents__________________________hadalreadystartedtoleavetheclassroom,werecalledbackbytheteacher. Thesearetwodifferentwords,thespellings_______________________areeasilyconfused.3、當關系代詞which或whom作復雜介詞如atthebackof,attheendof,atthebottomof,asaresultof,becauseof,bymeansof,infrontof,inthecenter/middleof等的賓語時，通常用非限制性定語從句。如： Wevisitedthefamousopera,inthecenterofwhichstandsanancientGreeksculpture.4、修飾整個主句部分時，要用以which或as引導的非限制性定語從句。此時的關系代詞which或as代表整個句子。問題二：引導非限制性定語從句的which和as有何區別？1、which引導的非限制性定語從句只能置于主句之后；as引導的非限制性定語從句可置于_________________________________。如： Richardpassedallhisexaminations,_________________pleasedhisparents. ________________isexpected,theresultissatisfactory.2、which僅表示“這件事，這（個/點）”等，相當于andthis或andthat；而as表示“正如、正像”等，在下列一些固定結構中用as：______________________________________________等。（三）定語從句其他注意點問題一：什么時候用關系代詞，什么時候用and？ 必須搞清楚以which，who或whom引導的是定語從句，而以and連接的是并列句。例如： Hefailedtokeephispromise,_____________disappointedme. Hefailedtokeephispromise,_______________thatdisappointedme. Hehasalotofmagazines,some_____________areaboutsport. Hehasalotofmagazines,and__________________areaboutsport. Therearefiftystudentsintheclass,three-fifths__________________aregirls. Therearefiftystudentsintheclass,andthree-fifths____________________aregirls.問題二：如何分析含有插入語的定語從句？ 經常在定語從句中做插入語的有：I/webelieve/think/know,everybodybelieves/thinks/knows等。如： JimisthenewcomerwhoIbelievehasgreatpotential.問題三：如何區別定語從句和強調句？1、強調句型Itis/was…that…可以強調名詞、副詞、介詞短語或從句。當強調名詞時，注意勿與主句部分是個“主語＋系動詞＋表語”的結構的定語從句混淆。如： Itwasinthatfactory_________Iworked_____________Imetthepopstar.Itwasintheschool___________wasnamedafterafamouseducator_____________IstudiedwhenIwasyoung.---Wheredidyoumeethimtheotherday?---Itwasattherestaurant_________________________Iworkedasadoorboy.問題四：定語從句中的主謂一致問題有哪些？1、定語從句中的代詞單復數取決于先行詞，而不是關系代詞。所以，從句中的謂語動詞要與先行詞的人稱和數相一致。如：I,who___________yourtruefriend,havetopointouttheseriouserroryou’vemadebecauseofyourneglectofduty.2、在“oneof＋復數名詞＋定語從句”結構中，以及在“the(only)oneof＋復數名詞＋定語從句”結構中的主謂一致。如： Thatisoneofthemovieswhichhavepleasedme. Thatistheonlyoneofthemovieswhichhaspleasedme.3、當先行詞是集體名詞時，若集體名詞是指整體，則關系代詞用which，關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句中謂語動詞用單數。若集體名詞是指其中的各個成員，則關系代詞用who或whom，關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句中謂語動詞用復數。如： Thefootballteam,whichisplayingwell,willcomeoutfirst. Thefootballteam,whoarehavingarest,willgiveaninterviewtothereporters.問題五：定語從句可以轉化成哪些形式？1、定語從句與介詞短語的轉換： Thevasewhich/thatisontheshelfisverynice. Thevaseontheshelfisverynice.2、定語從句與分詞短語的轉換： Theylivenearthebridgewhichwasbuiltin1878. Theylivenearthebridgebuiltin1878.（2）當全句是敘述習慣性的、一般性的或不變的情況，并非指某一次的行為或習慣，可將定語從句轉換成現在分詞短語。如： Thechildrenwhoattendthehighschoolreceiveagoodeducation. Thechildrenattendingthehighschoolreceiveagoodeducation.（3）如果從句中動詞所表示的動作發生在主句動作之前或從句中有明顯的時間狀語，這時只能用定語從句，不能用分詞短語表示。如： HaveyouheardoftheearthquakewhichhappenedinTangshanin1976? Heisthemanwhoespeciallycametovisityouthismorning.（4）分詞短語作后置定語時，沒有完成式。如： Theproblemwhichhasbeendiscussedatthemeetingisveryimportant. Theproblemdiscussedatthemeetingisveryimportant.3、定語從句與不定式短語的轉換：（1）當定語從句的先行詞有“thefirst,thesecond,thelast,theonly,the+形容詞最高級”時，定語從句可以轉換成不定式短語。如： Thisistheonlystepthatwecantake. Thisistheonlysteptotake. AreyougoingtothepartywhichwillbeheldthisFridayevening? AreyougoingtothepartytobeheldthisFridayevening?（3）當關系代詞在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時，可轉換成“介詞＋關系代詞whom/which＋不定式”；也可省略關系代詞，轉換成“不定式＋介詞”。如： Sheisagoodcolleaguewithwhomyoucanwork. Sheisagoodcolleaguewithwhomtowork. Sheisagoodcolleaguetoworkwith. Hehasnotreachedtheproperageatwhichhecanmarry. Hehasnotreachedtheproperageatwhichtomarry. Hehasnotreachedtheproperagetomarryat. Thepoorfellowhasnomoneywithwhichhecanbuyfood. Thepoorfellowhasnomoneywithwhichtobuyfood. Thepoorfellowhasnomoneytobuyfoodwith. IwantachaironwhichIcansit. Iwantachaironwhichtosit. Iwantachairtositon. Theoldmanhasnohouseinwhichhecanlive. Theoldmanhasnohouseinwhichtolive. Theoldmanhasnohousetolivein.定語從句1.Women_______drinkmorethantwocupsofcoffeeadayhaveagreaterchanceofhavingheartdiseasethanthose_________don't.A.who;/B./;whoC.who;whoD./;/2.Wesawseveralnativesadvancingtowardsourparty,andoneofthemcameuptous,_______wegavesomebellsandglasses.A.towhichB.towhomC.withwhomD.withwhich3.Iwasgiventhreebooksoncooking,thefirst________Ireallyenjoyed.A.ofthatB.ofwhichC.thatD.which4.Isawawomanrunningtowardsmeinthedark.BeforeIcouldrecognizewhoshewas,shehadrunbackinthedirection______shehadcome.A.ofwhichB.bywhichC.inwhichD.fromwhich5.Lookout!Don'tgettooclosetothehouse_____roofisunderrepair.A.whoseB.whichC.ofwhichD.that6.-----Doyouhaveanythingtosayforyourself?-------Yes,there'sonepoint______wemustinsiston.A.whyB.whereC.howD./7.ShewaseducatedatBeijingA.afterthatB.fromthatC.fromwhichD.afterwhich8.----Mom,whatdidyourdoctorsay?-----Headvisedmetolive________theairisfresher.A.inwhereB.inwhichC.theplacewhereD.where9.Theownerofthecinemaneededtomakealotofimprovementsandemploymorepeopletokeepitrunning，________meantspendingtensofthousandsofpounds.A.whoB.thatC.asD.which10.Ifyouaretraveling______thecustomsarereallyforeigntoyourown,pleasedoastheRomansdo.A.inwhichB.whatC.whenD.where11.We'rejusttryingtoreachapoint________bothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.A.whereB.thatC.whenD.which12.Ifashophaschairs_______womencanparktheirmen,womenwillspendmoretimeintheshop.A.thatB.whichC.whenD.where13.Icanthinkofmanycases_______studentsobviouslyknewalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldn'twriteagoodessay.A.whyB.whichC.asD.where14.Iwalkedinourgarden,________TomandJimweretyingabigsignontooneofthetrees.A.whichB.whenC.whereD.what15.------Isthatthepersonyouoftenreferto?------Right,justtheone______youknowIusedtoworkwithforyears.A.thatB.whichC.whoD.whom16.______ismentionedabove,thenumberofthestudentsinseniorhighschoolisincreasing.A.AsB.WhichC.ThatD.What17.Helenismuchmorekindtoheryoungestchildthantotheothers,_______,ofcourse,makestheotherunhappy.A.whoB.whichC.sheD.that18.Isthismuseum________someGermanfriendsvisitedthedaybeforeyesterday?A.whichB.thatC.whereD.theone19.Hisparentswouldn’tlethimmarryanyone______familywaspoor.A.ofwhomB.whomC.ofwhoseD.whose20.Sheheardaterriblenoise,_______broughtherheartintohermouth.A.itB.whichC.thisD.that21.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson_____shecouldturnforhelp.A.thatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towhom22.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,_________wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.it23.AfterlivinginPairsforfiftyyearshereturnedtothesmalltown____hegrewupasachild.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.when24．Dorothywasalwaysspeakinghighlyofherroleintheplay,________,ofcourse,madetheo