Unit

3On

the

moveReading

Self-drivingcars—destinationknown?自動(dòng)駕駛汽車----目的地

已知嗎?MrZhangcasuallyglancesattheemptydriver'sseatandsays,"DestinationGrandHotel.Familymode.Start."Thecarrespondsimmediately,easingsmoothlyintothebusytrafficandavoidingobstaclesontheroad.Insidethecar,thefamilyhavechosentheirentertainmentfromapop-updisplaypanel,readyforthejourneyahead.Thisimaginedsceneprovidesalikelyfuturerealityforself-drivingcars,alsoknownasautonomousvehicles(AVs).張先生漫不經(jīng)心地看了-眼空蕩蕩的駕駛座，說(shuō)道:“

目的地格蘭酒店。家庭模式。出發(fā)?！逼嚵⒓错憫?yīng)，平穩(wěn)駛?cè)敕泵Φ能嚵鳎荛_(kāi)路上的障礙。車?yán)锩?，一家人已?jīng)在彈出式顯示面板上選好了娛樂(lè)項(xiàng)目，為前方的旅途作好準(zhǔn)備。這個(gè)想象中的場(chǎng)景展示了自動(dòng)駕駛汽車，也叫自主汽車，一種可能的未來(lái)的現(xiàn)實(shí)。However,beforethisevolutionintransportbecomesarevolution,itmustbefullyunderstoodhowself-drivingcarswork.Putsimply,self-drivingcarsmust"see"and"behave"appropriatelytobesafeontheroad.Theydothisthroughvarioushardwareanddeep-learningAI.Camerasaswellassensorslikeradarandlidarcaptureavarietyofdatafromtheexternalenvironment.OncethedataissenttotheAIsystem,the"brain"ofthecar,itisanalysedandputtogetherlikeapuzzlesothattheself-drivingcarcan"see"itssurroundingsanddetermineitsposition.Meanwhile,theAlsystemidentifiespatternsfromthedataandlearnsfromthem.Anactionplanisthencreatedtoinstructthecarhowto"behave"inrealtime:stayinthelane,moveintoanotherone,speeduporslowdown.Next,thenecessarymechanicalcontrols,suchastheacceleratorandbrakes,areactivatedbytheAIsystem,allowingthecartomoveinlinewiththeactionplan.然而，在這種交通方式的變革成為一場(chǎng)革命之前，必須充分了解自動(dòng)駕駛汽車的工作原理。簡(jiǎn)言之，要想在路上安全行駛，自動(dòng)駕駛汽車必須恰當(dāng)?shù)亍翱础焙汀白觥?。它們通過(guò)各種硬件和深度學(xué)習(xí)人工智能(AI)

來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。攝像頭以及雷達(dá)、激光雷達(dá)等傳感器從外部環(huán)境中獲取各種數(shù)據(jù)。數(shù)據(jù)一日發(fā)送到人工智能系統(tǒng)，即自動(dòng)駕駛汽車的“大腦”，立即被分析并像拼圖一樣被拼湊起來(lái)，于是汽車就能“看到”周圍的環(huán)境并確定自身方位。同時(shí)，人工智能系統(tǒng)從數(shù)據(jù)中識(shí)別出模式，從中學(xué)習(xí)。然后一份行動(dòng)計(jì)劃被創(chuàng)建出來(lái)，用以指導(dǎo)汽車如何實(shí)時(shí)“行動(dòng)”:沿車道行進(jìn)，變道，加速或減速。接下來(lái)，人工智能系統(tǒng)激活油門、剎車等必要的機(jī)械操縱裝置，讓汽車按照行動(dòng)計(jì)劃行駛。Thismaysoundperfectintheory,butinrealitytechnologicalbarriersinAVdevelopmentexist.Theself-drivingcar'sperceptionsystempresentsone.Roadtrafficintherealworldissocomplicatedthatunfamiliarorunexpectedconditionsmayoccuratanytime.Sinceitisunreasonableforthedatabasetoincludeeverypossibleobjectineverypossibleconditionaheadoftime,thesystemmightnotrecognizeeverythingontheroad.Inonetragicreal-lifecase,aself-drivingcar'sperceptionsystemfailedtoidentifyawhitetruckagainstthebright,sunlitsky.Itassumedthattherewasnoobstacleinitspathanddidnotactivatethebrakes,causingthedeathofthedriverintheself-drivingcar.Accidentslikethisposethequestionofhowself-drivingcarscanbetterlearnandimprovetheirbehavioursontheroadtoensuresafejourneys.這理論上聽(tīng)起來(lái)很完美，但實(shí)際上，自動(dòng)駕駛汽車的開(kāi)發(fā)還存在技術(shù)障礙。其感知系統(tǒng)就是一個(gè)例子。真實(shí)世界中的道路交通如此復(fù)雜，以至于不熟悉或意外的情況時(shí)有發(fā)生。既然數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)將每種可能發(fā)生的情況下的每個(gè)可能存在的物體都預(yù)先包含是不合理的，系統(tǒng)就無(wú)法識(shí)別路上所有東西。在一個(gè)悲慘的真實(shí)案例中，一輛自動(dòng)駕駛汽車的感知系統(tǒng)未能從明亮晴空的背景下識(shí)別一輛白色卡車。它只當(dāng)行進(jìn)路線上沒(méi)有障礙物，沒(méi)剎車，導(dǎo)致自動(dòng)駕駛汽車的司機(jī)死亡。此類事故提出了這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題，即自動(dòng)駕駛汽車怎樣才能更好地學(xué)習(xí)，改進(jìn)行駛中的行為以確保安全出行。Anotheraspectthatneedscarefulconsiderationistheethicalresponsesself-drivingcarswouldmakeinspecificcircumstances.TheTrolleyProblemisoftenusedtodiscussdifficultethicalchoicestheymayface.Forexample,shouldthoseintheself-drivingcaralwaysbeprotectedfirstevenifitmeansendangeringthelivesofpedestrians?Shouldaself-drivingcarhitasinglepedestriantoavoidcrashingintoagroupofpedestrians?Andwoulditmakeadifferentdecisionifthepedestrianwereachildoraseniorcitizen?Themoraldilemmathatcomeswithhowtoethicallyprogramself-drivingcarshasyettoberesolved.另一個(gè)需要仔細(xì)斟酌的方面是自動(dòng)駕駛汽車在特定情況下的倫理反應(yīng)。人們經(jīng)常援引“電車難題”來(lái)討論自動(dòng)駕駛汽車可能面臨的棘手的倫理抉擇。例如，自動(dòng)駕駛汽車內(nèi)的人是否應(yīng)該始終受到優(yōu)先保護(hù)，即使這意味著危及行人的生命?為避免撞到一群行人，自動(dòng)駕駛汽車是否應(yīng)該去撞一個(gè)行人?

這個(gè)行人如果是一個(gè)小孩或老人，自動(dòng)駕駛汽車會(huì)作出不同的決定嗎?如何編寫(xiě)程序讓自動(dòng)駕駛汽車合乎倫理，這個(gè)問(wèn)題帶來(lái)的倫理困境尚待解決。Besidessuchethicalconcerns,thelegalsituationstheAVindustryislikelytobeconfrontedwithhavefuelledheateddebates.Inthisemergingindustry,manufacturingandprogrammingstandardsarenotyetuniform.Moreover,thequalityandsafetyofAVtechnologyisstillbeingchallenged.Thiscouldleadtoextraordinarycaseslikewhoshouldbeheldresponsiblewhenself-drivingcarsareinvolvedinaccidents-shoulditbethedriver,thesoftwareprogrammerorthemanufacturer?Manufacturingandprogrammingstandardsfirsthavetobeagreedupontomakeitpossibleforlawcourtstodecidewhoisatfaultwhenthingsgowrong.AsadvancesinAVdesignandtechnologyareinprogress,thefinalagreementonlawsandregulationsinthisindustryremainstobeseen.除了這些道德方面的擔(dān)憂，自動(dòng)駕駛汽車行業(yè)可能面臨的法律處境已經(jīng)引發(fā)了激烈爭(zhēng)論。在這個(gè)方興未艾的行業(yè)里，制造和編程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尚未統(tǒng)一。此外，自動(dòng)駕駛汽車技術(shù)的可靠性和安全性依然受到質(zhì)疑。這會(huì)導(dǎo)致一些意想不到的情況，例如，當(dāng)自動(dòng)駕駛汽車發(fā)生事故時(shí)，責(zé)任該由哪一方承擔(dān)一

是

自動(dòng)駕駛汽車的司機(jī)，軟件程序員，還是生產(chǎn)商?首先要有統(tǒng)一的制造和編程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，法庭才能在出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題時(shí)裁定誰(shuí)有過(guò)錯(cuò)。自動(dòng)駕駛汽車的設(shè)計(jì)和技術(shù)正在不斷進(jìn)步，而管理該行業(yè)的法律法規(guī)的最終-致尚待確定。

Therecanbelittledoubtthat,despiteallthechallenges,self-drivingcarswillformpartofourfuture.Thequestionis,whatisnext?Somearguethatself-drivingcarsshouldbeallowedtooperatewithouthumancontrol,whileothersaremorecautiousandbelievethathumanoperation,eveniflimited,isnecessaryinsuccessfulAVdesign.Onlytimewillrevealitstruepath.Whilethejourneyaheadisnotwithoutobstacles,theeventualdestinationisboundtobeanothermilestoneforhumankind'samazingvisionandinventiveness.毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，盡管困難重重，但自動(dòng)駕駛汽車將成為我們未來(lái)重要的一部分。問(wèn)題是接下來(lái)會(huì)怎樣?有些人主張應(yīng)該讓自動(dòng)駕駛汽車在無(wú)人控制的情況下運(yùn)行，而另一些人則更謹(jǐn)慎些，認(rèn)為人工操控，即使是有限的，仍然是有必要的。只有時(shí)間才能揭示出正確的道路。雖然前方絕非坦途，但最終目的地必將成為人類驚人遠(yuǎn)見(jiàn)和創(chuàng)造力的又一座里程碑。

Extended

readingRacingtowardsthefuture:alookatChina’shighspeedrailnetwork奔向未來(lái):中國(guó)高速鐵路網(wǎng)一瞥Inthedistance,awhitebullet-nosedtrainisthunderingdownthetrack.Itgrowslargerbytheseconduntiliteventuallyslowsandglidespastthelinesofwaitingpassengers.Asiteasestoastop,itsdoorsopenwithahissandthepassengersboardwitheageranticipation.Thenthedoorscloseandthetraindepartsexactlyontime,itsprogressbarelynoticedasitquicklyandsilentlygathersspeed.Seatedcomfortablyinthewell-equipped,spaciouscarriages,thepassengersknowthattheirjourneyaheadwillbebotheffortlessandrelaxing.遠(yuǎn)處，一列白色子彈頭火車正沿軌道呼嘯而來(lái)。每一瞬間車身都變得更大，直到最終減速級(jí)行，滑過(guò)一排排候車的旅客?；疖嚶赝Ｏ聛?lái)，車門發(fā)出嘶嘶聲、打開(kāi)了，旅客們滿懷期待地上了車。然后，車門關(guān)閉，火車準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)發(fā)車，它的行進(jìn)幾乎察覺(jué)不到，因?yàn)樗臒o(wú)聲息地飛快提速。舒適地坐在設(shè)備齊全、空間寬敞的車廂里，旅客們知道他們前方的旅程將會(huì)是輕松自如的。SuchscenesofcontentedpassengersbeingswiftlytransportedtotheirdestinationsarerepeatedmanytimesadayalloverChina,asfarasthehigh-speedrail(HSR)networkextends.Since2008,theHSRnetworkhastransportedover10billionpassengers,settingaworldrecord.Therearenowmorethan3,000high-speedtrainsrunningdaily,somereachingspeedsofupto350kilometresperhour,thefastestintheworldoftraintransport.Alreadycovering92percentofcitieswithpopulationsthatexceedhalfamillionasof2020,theHSRnetworkreacheseverycornerofthecountry.Withanoveralllengthofaround40,000kilometresinoperation,itnotonlygreatlyenhancesthenationalrailroad'sefficiency,butalsoservesastheenginethatkeepsthecountry'seconomiclifebloodflowing.旅客們心滿意足地被飛快送到目的地，這種場(chǎng)景每天都在中國(guó)各地?zé)o數(shù)次重演，遠(yuǎn)至高速鐵路網(wǎng)延伸的地方。自2008年起，高速鐵路網(wǎng)已運(yùn)載100多億旅客，創(chuàng)造了世界紀(jì)錄?，F(xiàn)在每天有超過(guò)7000多列高鐵在疾馳，有些時(shí)速可達(dá)350公里，是世界火車運(yùn)行速度之最。高速鐵路網(wǎng)有總長(zhǎng)約4萬(wàn)公里的高鐵運(yùn)營(yíng)里程，覆蓋中國(guó)大陸所有省區(qū)市。它不僅大大提高國(guó)家鐵路的運(yùn)行效率，而且成為國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)命脈流動(dòng)的引擎。However,China'shigh-speedrailnetworkwasnotbuiltovernight.TheHSRprojectbeganinthe1990sandithasgrownenormouslysincethen.AkeymilestonewasthereleaseoftheHSRnetworkblueprintin2004,whentheplanfor"fourverticalandfourhorizontal"corridorswasputforward.Twelveyearslater,itwasupgradedto"eightverticalandeighthorizontal"corridors.Today,Chinaboaststheworld'slongestandmostextensivelyusedHSRnetwork,andisrightlyconsideredtheworldleaderinHSRconstruction.然而，中國(guó)的高速鐵路網(wǎng)并非一蹴而就。高鐵計(jì)劃開(kāi)始于20世紀(jì)90年代，自此進(jìn)展非常迅速。一個(gè)重要里程碑是2004年高速鐵路網(wǎng)藍(lán)圖的發(fā)布，當(dāng)時(shí)“四縱四橫”通道計(jì)劃誕生。十二年后，該計(jì)劃升級(jí)為“八縱八橫”通道。今天，中國(guó)擁有世界上里程最長(zhǎng)、使用最廣的高速鐵路網(wǎng)，成為當(dāng)之無(wú)愧的高鐵建設(shè)世界領(lǐng)跑者。

ThisenormoussuccessisinseparablefromthevisionaryleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChinaaswellasthegreatwisdomoftheChinesepeople.Withinnovationandperseverance,theyhaveclimbedoverhurdlesandpassedonemilestoneafteranother.TheBeijing-Shanghailine,theworld'slongestlinebuiltinonestage,hasthefastesthigh-speedtrains,reducingthetraveltimebetweenBeijingandShanghaifrom14hourstolessthan5hours.TheHarbin-Dalianline,thefirsthigh-coldhigh-speedrailwayintheworld,canoperateat350kilometresperhourintemperaturesaslowas-40℃.TheBeijing-Zhangjiakouline,theworld'sfirstsmarthigh-speedrailway,hassetthestandardforHSRautomaticdriving.TheFuxingElectricMultipleUnit(EMU),whichmadeitsdebutin2017,isanotherremarkableaccomplishmentthatdemonstratestechnicalskillinHSRdesignandconstruction.DevelopedandmanufacturedtotallybyChina,theEMUtrainboastsmodernizedfeatures,elegantdesignsandadvancedtechnologiesthataresuperiortothoseofpreviousmodels.Itisbuiltwithalongerlifespanandanenergy-savingdesigntoreduceairresistance.Alltheseachievementsshowcasethewholehearteddevotionofengineers,thetirelesseffortofrailroadworkers,andthestrongsupportofalltheChinesepeople.這個(gè)巨大的成功離不開(kāi)中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和中國(guó)人民的偉大智慧。他們勇于創(chuàng)新，矢志不移，爬坡過(guò)坎，跨過(guò)一個(gè)又一個(gè)里程碑。京滬高鐵線路是世界上一次建成最長(zhǎng)、速度最快的高鐵線路，將兩地之間的通行時(shí)間從14小時(shí)縮短至不到5小時(shí)。哈大高鐵線路是世界首條高寒高鐵線路，可在低至40°C的溫度下以350公里的時(shí)速運(yùn)行。京張高鐵線路是世界上第一條智能高鐵線路，為高鐵自動(dòng)駕駛樹(shù)立了標(biāo)桿。2017

年首次亮相的“復(fù)興號(hào)”電力動(dòng)車組(EMU)是彰顯高鐵設(shè)計(jì)和建設(shè)專門]技術(shù)的又一項(xiàng)卓越成就。

“復(fù)興號(hào)”完全由中國(guó)研發(fā)和制造，功能現(xiàn)代化，設(shè)計(jì)優(yōu)雅，技術(shù)先進(jìn)，優(yōu)于以往車型。它使用壽命更長(zhǎng)，并配有降低風(fēng)阻的節(jié)能設(shè)計(jì)。所有這些成就展示了工程師的全身心投入、鐵路工人的不懈努力以及全體中國(guó)人民的大力支持。

ItisnosurprisethenthatChina'sHSRnetworkhasgrabbedtheattentionofthewholeworld.Inthespiritofinternationalcooperation,Chinahasgenerouslyexporteditstechnologyandskillstomanycountries,andhelpedthemconstructhigh-speedrailwaylines.ThisisinlinewiththeBeltandRoadInitiative,whichaimstorevivetheancientSilkRoadandconnectthecountriesalongtheroute.TheWorldBankhaspraisedChina'sHSRsuccessanditspositiveimpactswhichgowellbeyondtherailwaysectortoincludeurbandevelopment,regionaleconomicgrowthandreductionsingreenhousegasemissions.TheHSRnetworkhasbecomeanewsymbolofChina,and"ChinaStandard"hasbecomethe"WorldStandard".毫不意外，中國(guó)的高鐵網(wǎng)吸引了全世界的目光。秉承國(guó)際合作精神，中國(guó)向許多國(guó)家慷慨輸出了技術(shù)和技能，幫助他們建設(shè)高鐵線路。這符合“一帶一路”倡議，旨在復(fù)興古代絲綢之路，連通沿線各國(guó)。世界銀行稱贊了中國(guó)高鐵的成功及其積極影響，其影響遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不只是鐵路領(lǐng)域，還涉及城市發(fā)展、區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)和溫室氣體減排等方面。高鐵網(wǎng)成為新的中國(guó)符號(hào)，“中國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”成為“世界標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。Inthepast/Lookingback,theHSR'spathwasfilledwithobstaclesandachievements.Racingtowardsthefuture,China'sHSRnetworkwillcontinuetogrow,improvingthelivesofitspeopleandstrengtheningunityamongthem.Now,itisshiningabrightlightonthetrackaheadtoevengreatersuccess.So,sitbackandenjoytheride!過(guò)去，高鐵之路充滿坎坷與成就。奔向未來(lái)，中國(guó)高鐵網(wǎng)將繼續(xù)發(fā)展壯大，改善人民生活，增進(jìn)民族團(tuán)結(jié)。如今，它照亮了通往前方更大成功的軌道。讓我們坐下來(lái)，享受這段旅程！Grammarandcompositionp34Subjunctivemood(1):UnrealconditionalsAExploringtherules探索規(guī)則Rachelisreadingablogpostaboutacity'stransportsystem.Findthesentenceswithunrealconditionalsandfillinthetablebelow.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.Rachel正在讀一篇關(guān)于城市交通系統(tǒng)的博文。找出帶有虛擬條件句的句子，并填寫(xiě)下表。第一個(gè)已經(jīng)為你做好了。Onceasmallancienttown,ourcityhasmushroomedoverthepastdecades,becomingoneofthelargestinmycountry.Thisrapidgrowthhas,notsurprisingly,resultedinincreasedtraffic.Luckily,cityplannershavetackledtheproblemtokeepeverythingrunningefficiently.Todayoureffectivetransportsystemcatersforeveryone'sneedsandweareveryproudofit.Thecity'sroadnetworkisspreadlikeaweb,andbusesarethemostconvenienttransportoption.Citizenscangettoworkandschoolandvisittheirfavouritecityhotspotsquicklyandcomfortably.Anotherpopulartransportoptionistheunderground,whichwasfirstputtousetenyearsago.Ifthecityhadn'tbuilttheundergroundsystem,gettingaroundwouldn'tbesoconvenient.Nowthecityhasplansformoreundergroundlines,whichisexcellent!Ourcityhasoneairport,whichhasservedtravellersfaithfullyforyears.Ifthisairporthadn'tbeenconstructed,ourcitywouldn'thaveattractedsomanytourists.However,theincreaseddemandfortravelling,bothdomesticallyandinternationally,meanstheairtransportfacilitiesneedtobeupgraded.Aproposalforanewbiggerinternationalairportisunderreview,creatingmuchexcitement.Ifabiggerairportwerebuilt,travellers'experiencesshouldbegreatlyimproved.Whenvisitorscometoourcity,theycanenjoyawiderangeoftransportoptions.Irecommendtheytryourriverferries.Abigpartofourcity'shistory,ferrytransportoffersmanyscenicjourneys.Iftheylivedinourcity,theycouldusetheferryeveryday.Withsomanyeasywaystogetaround,everyonecanexpecttheirtravelsinourcitytobefullofinterestingexperiences!曾經(jīng)是一個(gè)古老的小鎮(zhèn)，我們的城市在過(guò)去的幾十年里迅速發(fā)展，成為我們國(guó)家最大的城市之一。這種快速增長(zhǎng)，毫不奇怪，導(dǎo)致了交通量的增加。幸運(yùn)的是，城市規(guī)劃者解決了這個(gè)問(wèn)題，讓一切運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)有效。今天，我們有效的交通系統(tǒng)滿足了每個(gè)人的需要，我們?yōu)榇烁械椒浅Ｗ院?。城市的道路網(wǎng)絡(luò)像網(wǎng)絡(luò)一樣分布，公共汽車是最方便的交通選擇。市民可以快速、舒適地上班、上學(xué)、參觀他們最喜歡的城市熱點(diǎn)。另一個(gè)受歡迎的交通選擇是地鐵，十年前首次投入使用。如果城市沒(méi)有建造地鐵系統(tǒng)，出行就不會(huì)這么方便了?，F(xiàn)在城市計(jì)劃修建更多的地下線路，這太棒了!我們的城市有一個(gè)機(jī)場(chǎng)，多年來(lái)一直忠誠(chéng)地為旅客服務(wù)。如果沒(méi)有這個(gè)機(jī)場(chǎng)，我們的城市就不會(huì)吸引這么多游客。然而，本地及國(guó)際旅游需求增加，意味著航空運(yùn)輸設(shè)施需要改善。一個(gè)新的更大的國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)的提議正在審查中，引起了很多興奮。如果建造一個(gè)更大的機(jī)場(chǎng)，旅客的體驗(yàn)將會(huì)大大改善。當(dāng)旅客來(lái)到我們的城市，他們可以享受到各種各樣的交通選擇。我建議他們?cè)囋囄覀兊亩纱Ｗ鳛槲覀兂鞘袣v史的重要組成部分，渡輪運(yùn)輸提供了許多風(fēng)景優(yōu)美的旅程。如果他們住在我們的城市，他們可以每天使用渡輪。有這么多方便的途徑，每個(gè)人都可以期待他們的旅行，在我們的城市充滿有趣的經(jīng)驗(yàn)！Integratedskillsp36DealingwithtrafficaccidentsAAliceisgoingtogiveaspeechforTrafficSafetyDay.ShehasfoundanarticleonthewebsiteoftheTransportDepartment.Readthearticlebelowandanswerthefollowingquestions.愛(ài)麗絲要在交通安全日發(fā)表演講。她在運(yùn)輸部的網(wǎng)站上找到了一篇文章。閱讀下面的文章并回答以下問(wèn)題。Drivers:beaware!Thefactsspeakforthemselves:anestimated1.3millionpeopledieinroadtrafficcrashesgloballyeveryyear，whiledrivererrorisresponsibleformorethan90percentofthem.Therefore，driversshouldberemindedaboutthecommoncausesofcaraccidentsandthemeasurestopreventthem.Onecommoncauseisdriversnotpayingattention.Driverstendtoloseconcentrationwhentheyarecheckingtheirphones，orevenadjustingcontrolsinthecar.Feelingtiredorgettingannoyedintrafficcanproveequallydistractingfordrivers.However，changesontheroadcanhappenintheblink