前 言為促進公司新十年戰略實施落地，加強在建項目工程質量管理，緊密結合新型建造體系及設計理念，逐步減少、消除質量通病，提高公司在建項目工程質量，公司歸納、分析了各區域公司在近年來施工過程中存在的質量通病及常見問題，結合已有的

QC、工法、論文、專利等優秀成果，制定了對應的防治措施，形成《建筑工程質量通病防治手冊》（2019

版）。本手冊按照土建工程、安裝工程兩個專業劃分，內容由土方工程、鋼筋工程、模板工程、混凝土工程、砌筑工程、防水工程、抹灰工程、裝配式工程、電氣工程、水暖工程十章組成。本手冊在編寫時，力求做到圖文并茂、可操作性強、通俗易懂。在推廣執行中，如存在與國家及地方現行規范、標準不一致，應優先保證國家、地方現行規范、標準及施工圖紙等要求。本手冊在編制過程中得到了各區域公司、工程公司的大力支持與協助，在此一并表示衷心感謝。質量通病防治是一項全員參與、持續改進的工作，如有修改和補充建議、意見，請與公司質量管理部聯系，以便不斷提高、持續改進。江蘇省蘇中建設集團股份有限公司二〇一九年九月編委會組成名單主 任：

陳永明副

主

任：

錢 紅、王德兵主編人員：

沈松柏、唐小衛、夏夕虹、江明山、周斌、蘇克忠、郭金宏、焦遠俊、周華俊錢 群、韓加建、孫 偉、賈元龍、王曉東、夏厚榮、史亞斌、孫珍榮、徐福軍張 春、潘麗玲、陳 州、王 燕目 錄第一部分 土建工程·············································································································································································-1

-第一章

土方工程···············································································································································································-2-1.1

基坑積水··

································································································································································································································

-

3

-1.2

地基淹泡··

································································································································································································································

-

4

-1.3

開挖放坡不足··

························································································································································································································

-

5

-1.4

邊坡坍塌··

································································································································································································································

-

6

-1.5

基底土擾動··

····························································································································································································································

-

7

-1.6

回填土不密實··

························································································································································································································

-

8

-第二章

鋼筋工程···············································································································································································-9-2.1

鋼筋原材料銹蝕··

··················································································································································································································-

10

-2.2

箍筋、拉筋彎鉤長度不足··

··································································································································································································

-

11

-2.3

箍筋、拉筋彎鉤角度不足··

··································································································································································································

-

12

-2.4

鋼筋綁扎缺陷··

······················································································································································································································-

13

-2.5

鋼筋偏位··

······························································································································································································································

-

14

-2.6

混凝土表面露筋··

··················································································································································································································-

15

-2.7

直螺紋成型質量較差··

··········································································································································································································

-

16

-2.8

直螺紋套絲外露過多··

··········································································································································································································

-

17

-2.9

鋼筋電渣壓力焊軸線偏位、焊包不飽滿··

··········································································································································································

-

18

-2.10

鋼筋錨固長度不足··

·············································································································································································································

-

19

-2.11

鋼筋綁扎搭接長度不足··

·····································································································································································································

-

20

-2.12

板預留洞鋼筋處理不當··

·····································································································································································································

-

21

-2.13

剪力墻預留洞鋼筋處理不當··

·····························································································································································································

-

22

-2.14

剪力墻水平鋼筋的起步距離過大··

·····················································································································································································

-

23

-2.15

鋼筋植筋不牢固··

·················································································································································································································

-

24

-第三章

模板工程·············································································································································································-25

-3.1

模板支撐不牢固····················································································································································································································-

26

-3.2

模板支撐選用不當················································································································································································································

-

27

-3.3

模板接縫不嚴························································································································································································································

-

28

-3.4

板模板缺陷····························································································································································································································

-

29

-3.5

墻模板缺陷（1）··················································································································································································································

-

30

-3.6

墻模板缺陷（2）··················································································································································································································

-

31

-3.7

樓梯模板缺陷························································································································································································································

-

32

-3.8

圓柱模板缺陷························································································································································································································

-

33

-3.9

預留洞口模板缺陷················································································································································································································

-

34

-3.10

變形縫模板缺陷···················································································································································································································

-

35

-3.11

后澆帶模板缺陷···················································································································································································································

-

36

-3.12后澆帶模板支撐設置不當···································································································································································································

-

37

-3.13

大截面框架柱模板剛度不足·······························································································································································································

-

38

-3.14

模板根部漏漿（木模板）···································································································································································································

-

39

-3.15

模板根部漏漿（鋁模板）···································································································································································································

-

40

-第四章

混凝土工程··········································································································································································-41

-4.1

混凝土試塊留置不規范········································································································································································································

-

42

-4.2

高低標號混凝土分隔不清····································································································································································································

-

43

-4.3

接茬部位混凝土缺陷············································································································································································································

-

44

-4.4

剪力墻漲模、陽角漏漿現象································································································································································································

-

45

-4.5

樓板下部不規則塑性裂縫····································································································································································································

-

46

-4.6

樓板上表面龜裂、腳印、不平整························································································································································································

-

47

-4.7

樓梯施工縫位置留置錯誤····································································································································································································

-

48

-4.8

廚衛間降板成型質量差········································································································································································································

-

49

-4.9

樓板厚度偏差大····················································································································································································································-

50

-4.10

鋁模施工混凝土表面氣泡麻面···························································································································································································

-

51

-4.11

混凝土邊角缺棱掉角···········································································································································································································

-

52

-4.12墻柱底部施工縫處理不當···································································································································································································

-

53

-第五章

砌筑工程·············································································································································································-54

-5.1

砌筑砂漿配合比不符要求····································································································································································································

-

55

-5.2

廚衛間砌筑墻導墻成型質量差····························································································································································································

-

56

-5.3

構造柱模板支設缺陷············································································································································································································

-

57

-5.4

馬牙槎留置不規范················································································································································································································

-

58

-5.5

圈梁混凝土成形差················································································································································································································

-

59

-5.6

灰縫缺陷································································································································································································································

-

60

-5.7

砌塊排版混亂························································································································································································································

-

61

-5.8

窗臺壓頂不符要求················································································································································································································

-

62

-5.9

預留洞口過梁缺陷················································································································································································································

-

63

-5.10

頂砌不符要求·······················································································································································································································

-

64

-5.11

線槽表觀質量差···················································································································································································································

-

65

-第六章

防水工程·············································································································································································-66

-6.1

地下室灌注樁樁頭防水處理································································································································································································

-

67

-6.2

地下室外墻施工縫防水構造缺陷························································································································································································

-

68

-6.3

地下室后澆帶滲漏················································································································································································································

-

69

-6.4

屋面設備基礎根部防水做法不規范····················································································································································································

-

70

-6.5

屋面透氣管根部防水不符要求····························································································································································································

-

71

-6.6

屋面女兒墻泛水構造不符規定····························································································································································································

-

72

-6.7

屋面變形縫防水構造不符合規定························································································································································································

-

73

-6.8

屋面水落口部位排水不順暢································································································································································································

-

74

-6.9

廚衛間滲漏····························································································································································································································

-

75

-6.10

外墻螺桿洞滲漏···················································································································································································································

-

76

-第七章

抹灰工程·············································································································································································-77

-7.1

抹灰墻面空鼓、開裂、起砂································································································································································································

-

78

-7.2

陰陽角垂直度或方正度缺陷································································································································································································

-

79

-7.3

門窗、洞口部位空鼓、開裂································································································································································································

-

80

-7.4

不同材質墻體部位空鼓、開裂····························································································································································································

-

81

-第八章

裝配式工程··········································································································································································-82

-8.1 PC

構件損壞·························································································································································································································

-

83

-8.2

豎向構件定位不準確············································································································································································································

-

84

-8.3

墻柱豎向預留鋼筋偏位········································································································································································································

-

85

-8.4

疊合板接縫處漏漿················································································································································································································

-

86

-8.5

灌漿不密實····························································································································································································································

-

87

-8.6

梁柱節點鋼筋密集安裝困難································································································································································································

-

88

-第二部分 安裝工程···········································································································································································-89

-第一章

電氣工程·············································································································································································-90

-1.1

焊接電線管與線盒連接··

······································································································································································································

-

91

-1.2

預埋電氣鋼管連接缺陷··

······································································································································································································

-

92

-1.3

預埋電氣塑料線管、線盒敷設不規范（一）··

··································································································································································

-

93

-1.4

預埋電氣塑料線管、線盒敷設不規范（二）··

··································································································································································

-

94

-1.5

預埋線盒固定不牢固··

··········································································································································································································

-

95

-第二章

水暖工程·············································································································································································-96

-2.1

剛性穿墻防水套管缺陷··

······································································································································································································

-

97

-2.2

套管與管道安裝偏位··

··········································································································································································································

-

98

-第一部分 土建工程-1

-第一章

土方工程-2

-1.1

基坑積水序號現象和問題圖片原因防治措施二維碼交底1基

坑

場

地

范

圍內

局

部

或

大

面積出現積水，未及時排除問題圖片（1）場地周圍未做排水溝或場地未做成一定排水坡度，或存在反向排水坡。（2）測量偏差，使場地標高不一、高洼不平。（1）平整前，對整個場地的排水坡、排水溝、截水溝、下水道進行有組織排水系統設計，使整個場地排水流暢。排水坡的設置應按設計要求進行，設計無要求時，地形平坦的場地，縱橫方向應做成不小于

0．5％的坡度，以便排水。在場地周圍或場地內，設置排水溝(截水溝)。（2）做好測量的復核工作，防止出現標高誤差。排水溝做法編號：SZZLTB-TJ-TF-001-3

-1.2

地基淹泡序號現象和問題圖片原因防治措施二維碼交底（1）開挖基坑（槽）未

設

排

水

溝

或

擋

水堤，地面水流入基坑（1）開挖基坑（槽）周圍應設排水溝或擋水堤。（槽）。（2）地下水位以下挖地基被水淹泡，問題圖片（2）在地下水位以下土前應提前降低地下2造成地基承載力挖土，未采取降水措水位，使水位降低至降低施將水位降至基底開挖面以下。（3）土方開挖至設計標高后，未及時進行后續工序施工。開

挖

面

以

下

0.5

～1.0m。（3）土方開挖應分段進行驗收，及時澆筑混凝土墊層。輕型井點降水做法編號：SZZLTB-TJ-TF-002-4

-1.3

開挖放坡不足序號現象和問題圖片原因防治措施二維碼交底（1）未認真查看地質資料，對地質情況不熟悉。（2）對施工人員（1）開挖前要仔細查閱開挖措施，弄清要求，施工前要認真查驗施工單位的技術交底。（2）測量人員在對現場進行開挖放線時應嚴格按圖紙設計及措施要求進行，并在現場做出明顯的標記。（3）開挖過程中各級管理人員應熟悉措施，及時制止不符合措施或設計要求的開挖現象，并提出正確的處理方法，現場按要求開挖。機械或人工開挖問題圖片交底不清，開挖時3放坡未達到設計施工人員未認真要求查看設計或措施要求。（3）現場開挖測量標記不清。正確放坡做法編號：SZZLTB-TJ-TF-003-5

-1.4

邊坡坍塌序號現象和問題圖片原因防治措施二維碼交底（1）采用機械開挖，未遵循由上而下、分段分層開挖的順序，坡度過陡或將坡腳破壞，使邊坡失穩，造成塌方或溜坡。（2）在有地表水、地下水作用的地段（1）開挖邊坡時應遵循由上而下、分段分層開挖的順序，

合理放坡，

同時避免破壞坡腳，防止邊坡失穩而造成塌方。（2）在有地表滯水或地下水作用的地段，應在

挖

方

過

程

中問題圖片開挖邊坡，未采取有做好降排水措施，攔截或挖方后，邊坡效的降、排水措施，地表水，

避免沖刷坡4土

方

局

部

或

大面

積

塌

陷

或

滑塌地表水或地下水侵入坡體內，使土的粘聚力降低，坡腳被沖蝕掏空，邊坡在重力作用下失穩而引起坍塌。（3）軟土地段，在邊坡頂部大量堆土，或堆建筑材料，或行駛施工機械設備、運輸車輛。面、掏空坡腳，防止坡體失穩。特別在軟土地段開挖邊坡，必須降低地下水位，防止邊坡產生側移。（3）施工中禁止在坡頂堆土或存放建筑材料，邊坡周邊道路避免行駛重型施工機械設備和車輛，以減輕坡體負擔，防止塌方。參考做法編號：SZZLTB-TJ-TF-004-6

-1.5

基底土擾動序號現象和問題圖片原因防治措施二維碼交底（1）基槽開挖時

排

水

措

施差，尤其是在基底積水或土壤含水量大的情況下進行施工，土很容易被擾動。（1）做好基坑排水和降水。降水工作應待基礎回填土完成后，方可停止。（2）土方開挖應連續進行，盡量縮短施工時間。雨季施工或基坑（槽）開挖后不能及時進行下一道工序施工時，

可在基底標高以上留15~30cm

的土不挖，待下一道工序開工前再挖除。（3