CohesionandCoherenceCohesionandcoherencearetermsusedindiscourseanalysis

（話語分析）andtextlinguistics（篇章語言學）

todescribethepropertiesofwrittentexts.TexttexturecoherenceandcohesionContentsCohesionCohesiveDevicesCohesionCoherentDevicesComparisonbetweentheTwoExamples(1)A:Howoldisyourson?B:Heisseven.(2)A:Howoldisyourson?B:Sheisplayinginthegarden.(3)A:ClaireandKentclimbedMt.McKinleylastsummer.B:Shephotographedthepeak,andhesurveyedit.CohesionCohesionisdefinedas“theuseofexplicitlinguisticdevicestosignalrelationsbetweensentencesandpartsoftexts”.

Cohesioncanbethoughtofasallthegrammaticalandlexicallinksthatlinkonepartofatexttoanother.Thisincludesuseofsynonyms,lexicalsets,pronouns,verbtenses,timereferences,grammaticalreference,etc.Cohesionisapartoftextformingcomponentinthelinguisticssystem.Itlinkstogethertheelementsthatarestructurallyunrelatedthroughthedependenceofoneontheotherforitsinterpretation.Withoutcohesionthesemanticsystemcannotbeeffectivelyactivatedatall.(4)MyfatheronceboughtaLincolnconvertible.Hediditbysavingeverypennyhecould.Thatcarwouldbeworthafortunenowadays.However,hesoldittohelppayformycollegeeducation.SometimesIthinkI'dratherhavetheconvertible.(4)Myfather

once

boughtaLincolnconvertible.He

diditbysavingeverypenny

hecould.Thatcar

wouldbeworthafortunenowadays.However,he

sold

ittohelppayformycollegeeducation.SometimesIthinkI'dratherhavetheconvertible.CohesiveDevices1.Reference照應、指稱2.Substitution替代3.Ellipsis省略4.Conjunction關聯5.Lexicalcohesion

詞匯銜接ReferenceAparticipantorcircumstantialelementintroducedatoneplaceinthetextcanbetakenasareferencepointforsomethingthatfollows.

Exophora外指

/Endophora

內指Anaphora前指/Cataphora

后指Personalreference人稱指稱Demonstrativereference指示指稱Comparativereference比較指稱Exophora外指Itindicatessituationalreferences.Anaphorasignalsthatreferencemustbemadetothecontextofsituation.Itisoutsidethetextsoitiscalledanaphoricreference.E.g.Forhe’sajollygoodfellowandsosayallofus.Endophora內指Itisageneralnameforreferencewithinthetext.Thisreferencecanbeoftwotypes.Anaphora前指: ReferencebackCataphora后指: Referenceforwarde.g.Ms.Smithhasresigned.Sheannouncedheredecisionthismorning.Child:Whydoesthatonecomeout?Parent:Thatwhat？Child:Thatone.Parent:Thatonewhat?Child:Thatlevertherethatyoupushtoletthewaterout.Threetypesofreference

PersonalReference人稱指示人稱指稱關系的指稱詞一般為第三人稱代詞，如，him、his、everybody等；DemonstrativeReference指示指稱指示指稱詞包括this、that、these、those之類的指示代詞以及定冠詞the和sucha一類的詞，也包括here、there、now、then等地點指示詞和時間指示詞；ComparativeReference比較指稱比較指稱關系中的比較通常可以通過一些具有比較意義的詞語如same、as、equal、such、similar、different、other、else等來實現。

SubstitutionInsubstitution,anitemisreplacedbyanotheritem.

nominalsubstitution:(one/ones/thesame)verbalsubstitution:

(do/does/did)clausalsubstitution:

(so/not)Substitution1)A:Haveyouanyknives?Ineedasharpone.B:Icangetyouseveralverysharpones,butthisisthebest(one)Ihave.2)BobsaysheisgoingtojointheLabourParty.Itwillbeinterestingtoseewhetherhedoes(do).3)A:‘Bruceisagoodactor.’B:‘Idon’tthinkso.’EllipsisEllipsisinvolvestheomissionofanitem.Itisthe“substitutionbyzero”.Inotherwords,inellipsis,anitemisreplacedbynothing.NominalellipsisVerbalellipsisClausalellipsi

Ellipsise.g.HehadtoadmitthatSarah’sdrawingswereasgoodashisown.NigelfinishedtheexamatthesametimeasGeorge.Themengotbackatmidnight.Bothweretiredout.Takethesepillsthreetimesaday.Andyou’dbetterhavesomemoreofthosetoo.EllipsisAreyoumarried?’‘Notyet.’‘Areyouinlove?’‘Yes.’‘WiththeEnglishgirl?’‘Yes.’‘Poorbaby.Isshegoodtoyou?’‘Ofcourse.’E.Hemingway,AFarewellToArmsConjunctionConjunctioninvolvestheuseofformalmarkerstocombineclauses,sentencesandparagraphssuchastheuseof“and”,“however”,“but”,etc.Additive:and,inaddition,moreover,besides,further,etc.

Transition：however,nevertheless,eventhough,still,yet,but,etc.Causeandeffect：consequently,so,accordingly,asaresult,forthisreason,etc.Condition

：otherwise,ifso,ifnot,etc.Introducers：

that,whether,who,etc.eg.Speakingandwritingaredifferentinmanyways.Speechdependsonsounds;writing,ontheotherhand,useswrittensymbols.Speechwasdevelopedabout500000yearsago,butwrittenlanguageisarecentdevelopment,inventedonlyaboutsixthousandyearsago.Speechisusuallyinformal,whilethewordchoiceofwriting,bycontrast,isoftenrelativelyformal.Althoughpronunciationandaccentoftentellwherethespeakerisfrom,theyareignoredinwiringbecauseastandarddictionandspellingsystemprevailsinmostcountries.Speechreliesongesture,loudness,andtheriseandfallofthevoice,butwritinglacksthesefeatures.Carefulspeakersandwritersareawareofthesedifferences.

LexicalCohesionLexicalcohesioninvolveseitherthereiteration,repetitionofanitem,ortheuseofasynonym,nearsynonym,orsuperordinateterm.Lexicalcohesioncouldalsobeusedinreferencetolexicalcollocation.Collocationinvolvestheassociationoflexicalitemsthatregularlyco-occur,forinstance,climb/ascend;order/obey;laugh/joke;garden/dig;andbeach/waves/sand/swim/lifeguard.Synonymy同義詞、近義詞:buy-purchase;Antonym反義詞:love-hateHyponymy下義詞:fruit-appleMetonymy換喻詞:tree-leafLexicalrepetition詞匯重復AccordingtoLee(2002),coherenceisdefinedastherelationshipsofvariousideasinatextthatarelinkedtogethertocreateameaningfuldiscourse.

Coherenttextsmakesensetothereader.Whensentences,ideas,anddetailsfittogetherclearly,readerscanfollowalongeasily,andthewritingiscoherent.Theideastietogethersmoothlyandclearly.CoherenceCoherenceCoherencecanbethoughtofashowmeaningsandsequencesofideasrelatetoeachother.Itsuggestssemanticunity.Typicalexampleswouldbegeneral>particular;statement>example;problem>solution;question>answer;claim>counter-claim.Leeidentifiesfivefeaturesofacoherenttextasfollows:Thetexthasamacrostructurethatprovidesasenseappropriatetoitscommunicativepurposesandfunctions.Themacrostructureisanoutlineofthemaincategoriesorfunctionsofthetext,e.g.whenthewriter’spurposeistotellastory,itiscommontoarrangetheeventsinachronologicalorder.Thetexthasaninformationstructurethatguidesthereaderinunderstandinghowinformationisorganizedandhowthetopicofthetextisdeveloped.Thisinvolvesthegivingofoldinformationbeforenewinformation.Thetextshowsconnectivityoftheunderlyingcontentevidencedbyrelationsbetweenpropositions.Atextiscoherentifthepropositionsitcontainsarejustifiedorexemplifiedwithdetail.Thetexthascohesivedevicestoestablisharelationshipbetweensentencesandparagraphs.Thisfeaturesisassociatedwiththesurfacestructureofcoherencewhichlinkssentencesandpointsbeingmade.Thetextcontainsappropriatemetadiscoursefeatures.

Metadiscoursemarkersintextshelpreadersorganize,interpretandevaluateinformation.Someexamplesofthesemarkersaresequencers(first,second,finally),andcertaintymarkers(certainly,nodoubt),etc.CoherentDevices

Textmarkers語篇標記Lexicalcoherence詞匯連貫Thetopicalpattern話題類型

Fivepatternsoforganizationarechronological年代的,spatial空間的,compare-and-contrast比較對比,advantage-disadvantage優劣勢,cause-effect因果,problem-solution問題及解決途徑.(句型、結構有形可循)Differences

betweenCohesionandCoherenceCoherenceexpressesthecontinuitythatexistsbetweenonepartoftextandanotherandtheoverallrelationofallparts.Cohes