20xx年12月高校英語(yǔ)六級(jí)閱讀模擬

練習(xí)題

20xx年12月高校英語(yǔ)六級(jí)閱讀模擬練習(xí)題

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Earthquakes

A)Anearthquakeisoneofthemostterrifying

phenomenathatnaturecandishup.Wegenerally

thinkofthegroundwestandonas”rock?solid”and

completelystable.Anearthquakecanshatter(粉

碎)thatperceptioninstantly,andoftenwithextreme

violence.

B)Upuntilrelativelyrecently,scientistsonlyhad

unprovenguessesastowhatactuallycaused

earthquakes.Eventodaythereisstillacertainamount

ofmysterysurroundingthem,butscientistshavea

muchclearerunderstanding.Therehasbeenenormous

progressinthepastcentury.Scientistshaveidentified

theforcesthatcauseearthquakes,anddeveloped

technologythatcantellusanearthquakesmagnitude

andorigin.Thenexthurdleistofindawayof

predictingearthquakes,sotheydon'tcatchpeopleby

surprise.Inthisarticle,we'llfindoutwhatcauses

earthquakes,andwe'llalsofindoutwhytheycanhave

suchadevastatingeffectonus.

C)Anearthquakeisavibration(振動(dòng))thattravels

throughtheearth/scrust.Technically,alargetruckthat

rumblesdownthestreetiscausingamini-earthquake,

ifyoufeelyourhouseshakingasitgoesby;butwe

tendtothinkofearthquakesaseventsthataffecta

fairlylargearea,suchasanentirecity.Allkindsof

thingscancauseearthquakes:volcaniceruptions,

meteor(流星)impacts,undergroundexplosions(an

undergroundnucleartest,forexample),collapsing

structures(suchasacollapsingmine).Butthemajority

ofnaturally-occurringearthquakesarecausedby

movementsoftheearth'splates.

D)Weonlyhearaboutearthquakesinthenews

everyonceinawhile,buttheyareactuallyan

everydayoccurrenceonourplanet.Accordingtothe

UnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey,morethan3million

earthquakesoccureveryyear.That'sabout8,000aday,

oroneevery11seconds!Thevastmajorityofthese3

millionquakesareextremelyweak.Thelawof

probabilityalsocausesagoodnumberofstronger

quakestohappeninuninhabitedplaceswherenoone

feelsthem.Itisthebig

quakesthatoccurinhighlypopulatedareasthat

getourattention.

E)Earthquakeshavecausedagreatdealof

propertydamageovertheyears,andtheyhave

claimedmanylives.Inthelasthundredyearsalone,

therehavebeenmorethan1.5million

earthquake-relatedfatalities.Usually,itsnotthe

shakinggrounditselfthatclaimslives;it'sthe

associateddestructionofman-madestructuresand

othernaturaldisastersitcauses,suchastsunamis,

avalanches(雪崩)andlandslides.

F)Thebiggestscientificbreakthroughinthe

historyofseismology—thestudyof

earthquakes—cameinthemiddleofthe20thcentury,

withthedevelopmentofthetheoryofplate

tectonics（筑造學(xué)）.Scientistsproposedtheideaofplate

tectonicstoexplainanumberofpeculiarphenomena

onearth,suchastheapparentmovementof

continentsovertime,theclusteringofvolcanicactivity

incertainareasandthepresenceofhugeridgesatthe

bottomoftheocean.

G）Thebasictheoryisthatthesurfacelayerofthe

earth—thelithosphere—iscomprisedofmanyplates

thatslideoverthelubricating（潤(rùn)滑的）asthenosphere

layer.Attheboundariesbetweenthesehugeplatesof

soilandrock,threedifferentthingscanhappen.

H）Platescanmoveapart.Iftwoplatesaremoving

apartfromeachother,hot,moltenrockflowsupfrom

thelayersofmantlebelowthelithosphere.This

magma（巖漿）comesoutonthesurface（mostlyatthe

bottomoftheocean）,whereitiscalledlava（熔巖）.As

thelavacools,ithardenstoformnewlithosphere

material,fillinginthegap.Thisiscalledadivergent

plateboundary.

I)Platescanpushtogether.Ifthetwoplatesare

movingtowardeachother,oneplatetypicallypushes

undertheotherone.Thisplatebelowsinksintothe

lowermantlelayers,whereitmelts.Atsome

boundarieswheretwoplatesmeet,neitherplateisina

positiontopushundertheother,sotheybothpush

againsteachothertoformmountains.Thelineswhere

platespushtowardeachotherarecalledconvergent

plateboundaries.

J)Platesslideagainsteachother.Atother

boundaries,platessimplyslidebyeachother—one

movesnorthandonemovessouth,forexample.While

theplatesdon'tdriftdirectlyintoeachotheratthese

transformboundaries,theyarepushedtightlytogether.

Agreatdealoftensionbuildsattheboundary.

K)Weunderstandearthquakesalotbetterthan

wedideven50yearsago,butwestillcan/tdomuch

aboutthem.Theyarecausedbyfundamental,

powerfulgeologicalprocessesthatarefarbeyondour

control.Theseprocessesarealsofairlyunpredictable,

soitsnotpossibleatthistimetotellpeopleexactly

whenanearthquakeisgoingtooccur.Thefirst

detectedearthquakewaveswilltellusthatmore

powerfulvibrationsareontheirway,butthisonly

givesusafewminutes/warning,atmost.

L)Sowhatcanwedoaboutearthquakes?The

majoradvancesoverthepast50yearshavebeenin

preparedness,particularlyinthefieldofconstruction

engineering.In1973,theUniformBuildingCode,an

internationalsetofstandardsforbuilding

construction,7added?specifications7to7strengthen7

buildings?against7the7force7of7earthquake7

waves.7This7includes?strengthening?support7

material7as7well7as7designingbuildingssotheyare

flexibleenoughtoabsorbvibrationswithoutfallingor

deteriorating.Itsveryimportanttodesignstructures

thatcanundergothissortofattack,particularlyin

earthquake-proneareas.

M)Anothercomponentofpreparednessis

educatingthepublic.TheUnitedStatesGeological

Survey(USGS)andothergovernmentagencieshave

producedseveralbrochuresexplainingtheprocesses

involvedinanearthquakeandgivinginstructionson

howtoprepareyourhouseforapossibleearthquake,

aswellaswhattodowhenaquakehits.

N)Inthefuture,improvementsinpredictionand

preparednessshouldfurtherminimizethelossoflife

andpropertyassociatedwithearthquakes.Butitwill

bealongtime,ifever,beforewe'llbereadyforevery

substantialearthquakethatmightoccur.Justlike

severeweatheranddisease,earthquakesarean

unavoidableforcegeneratedbythepowerfulnatural

processesthatshapeourplanet.Allwecandois

increaseourunderstandingofthephenomenonand

developbetterwaystodealwithit.

1.Earthquake-relatedfatalitiesareusuallycaused

bybuildings,collapseandotherensuingnatural

disasters,notbytheshakinggrounditself.

2.Besidesmovementsoftheearth/splates,other

forcessuchasvolcaniceruptions,meteorimpactsand

soon,canalsocauseearthquakes.

3.Earthquakesactuallyoccureveryday;mostof

themarenotbigenoughtogetourattention.

4.Peoplegenerallythinkthegroundbeneaththeir

feetiscompletelystable,butearthquakesshatterthat

ideainnotime.

5.Wecannotpreventearthquakesbutwecan

activelyfindbetterwaystofacethem.

6.Earthquakesarehardlypredictable,andpeople

cannotbetoldwhenanearthquakeisgoingtooccur.

7.Scientistshavefoundoutforcesthatcause

earthquakesthroughyearsofefforts.

8.Architectsnowhavedesignedflexiblebuildings

tominimizethedamagesofearthquakes.

9.Scientistsusethetheoryofplatetectonicsto

explaintheapparentmovementofcontinentsover

time.

10.Theconvergentplateboundariesrefertothe

lineswhereplatespushtowardeachother.

文章精要

地震危害巨大，了解地震對(duì)削減其帶來(lái)的損失有

著重要意義。本文講解了引發(fā)地震的因素、與地震

有關(guān)的地殼板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)和地震的危害，并指出盡管人類

還無(wú)法精確預(yù)料地震，但一些必要的防備措施能夠

削減地震帶來(lái)的損失。

答案解析

1.E本題是對(duì)E段最終一句話的同義轉(zhuǎn)述。定位

關(guān)鍵詞是Earthquake-relatedfatalitieso原文用it's

not...thatclaimslives;結(jié)構(gòu)指出“通常不是地殼晃

動(dòng)引起的死亡，而是伴隨而來(lái)的房屋倒塌或其他自然

災(zāi)難導(dǎo)致的死亡”，題目用...becausedby...notby...

結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)了同樣的意思。

2.C本題是對(duì)C段最終兩句的歸納，題目將兩句

話的含義概括為一句話。定位關(guān)鍵詞是movements

oftheearth$splates,volcaniceruptions,meteor

impactSo

3.D本題是對(duì)D段的總結(jié)。定位關(guān)鍵詞是getour

attentionoD段首句就提到每天都會(huì)發(fā)生地震，最終

一句提到只有大地震才能引起人們的留意，本題就是

對(duì)這兩句話的概括。