1.簡單副詞e.g.just,only,very,quite,well,here,back,up,down,out,

soon…2.復合副詞e.g.somehow,somewhere,everywhere,upstairs,downstairs,

overnight,someday…

3.派生副詞（1）形容詞（包括分詞）+-lye.g.actually,angrily,fortunately,evidently,obviously,seemingly,

interestingly,determinedly,hurriedly…按照構成形態分類1許多簡單副詞表示位置和方向。提示（2）方向副詞+-ward(s)e.g.eastward(s),northward(s),homeward(s),outward(s)…（3）名詞+-wisee.g.clockwise,crabwise(橫向地),crosswise,sidewise,money-wise(在金錢方面)…大多數派生副詞都有-ly后綴。常常可以解釋為ina…manner,toa…degree,ina…respect。提示1提示2少數以-ly為后綴的形容詞如friendly，不能再加-ly后綴，可代之以含manner，way或fashion的介詞詞組表意，如“Theygrinnedatherinafriendlyway

andshereturnedtheirsmiles.”。提示3沒有-s的形式常見于美式英語或書面英語，有-s的常見于英式英語。提示-wise的構詞力有限，主要表示某種方式、尺度或方面。提示1.方式副詞：表示動作或過程的進行方式。e.g.angrily,happily,rudely,politely,coldly,warmly,quickly,

slowly,suddenly…e.g.“Goatoncethen!”sherepliedangrily.

Quickly,shejumpedtoherfeetandlookedaround.2.程度副詞：表示動作或狀態的發展程度。e.g.almost,awfully,completely,considerably,greatly,nearly,partly,pretty,slightly,hardly,(a)little,much…e.g.Iamawfully

gladsheisn’tdead.（強化作用）Thetrafficwasmovingpretty

slowly.（弱化作用）按照詞匯意義分類2方式副詞多以-ly結尾，相當于ina…manner/way。提示對形容詞和副詞常起到強化或弱化的作用。提示3.頻度副詞：表示動作或狀態發生的頻度。e.g.always,usually,often,sometimes,frequently,occasionally,

rarely,seldom,hardlyever,never…e.g.Heisalwaysveryhelpfultootherpeople.They

seldom

watch

television

these

days.4.時間副詞：表示動作或狀態發生的時間。e.g.ago,already,before,early,late,lately,lateron,recently,finally,immediately,now,justnow,recently,yesterday,

today,tomorrow,shortly,soon…頻度大小依次為always>usually/regularly/normally/generally>often/frequently>sometimes/occasionally>rarely/hardlyever/scarcelyever/seldom>never。提示e.g.Prices

have

gonedown

recently.

Later

on

I

learnedhowto

read

music.5.地點副詞：表示動作或狀態發生的地點。e.g.above,abroad,around,across,along,away,back,backwards,

below,up,down,here,there,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,elsewhere,in,on,over,out,home,near,past,inside,outside…e.g.I

carried

her

bags

upstairs.Heshowedhistickettotheconductorandgoton.today，tomorrow，yesterday等也可用作名詞。提示above，around，across，along，below，in，on，over等也可用作介詞。提示1.動詞詞組中修飾動詞e.g.Theycompletelyignoredmyviews.

（completely強調ignored的程度）Shekindofhopedtobeinvited.(=tosomeextent)2.形容詞詞組中修飾形容詞e.g.Twomenwereinthestreet,oneofwhomseemedslightly

familiar.IwasthathungryIcouldhaveeatenahorse.(=so)副詞在詞組中作修飾語1kindof/sortof在極通俗的口語中可用作副詞，意為“在某種程度上”。提示that在非正式語體中可作副詞，用于強調感情或品質的程度，意為“那樣”。提示3.副詞詞組中修飾副詞e.g.Doitrightnow.Shecookswellenough.

4.介詞詞組中修飾介詞e.g.Ican’treachit;it’swellovermyhead.（遠遠地）

Hisparentsaredeadagainstthetrip.（完全地）5.修飾限定詞e.g.Virtuallyallthestudentsparticipatedinthediscussion.Ididn’thavemorethanadollaronme.副詞在各類詞組中作修飾語，對所修飾的動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞等起強調、強化、弱化等作用，同詞組中的其他成分共同構成各類詞組。提示6.修飾名詞詞組（程度副詞quite，rather等）e.g.That’squiteastory.She’sratherafool.

注意：副詞在詞組中作后置修飾語的兩種情況1.enough，indeed修飾形容詞、副詞時后置e.g.Thisshirt

isn’t

big

enough.

This

machine

isvery

good

indeed.

2.有些表示方位和時間的副詞作名詞修飾語時，習慣上后置e.g.thesentencebelow,theweathertomorrow,yourfriendhere,themeetingyesterday…作此用法的quite，rather用作強化語，尤其在英式英語中。提示意義：表示動作、過程、狀態等發生和存在的時間、地點、方式等。類別：主要由時間副詞、地點副詞、方式副詞等充當。1.時間副詞詞組位置：句尾、句中、句首e.g.Theyhadanaccidentrecently.

Theyrecentlyhadanaccident.

Recentlytheyhadanaccident.

Themanwastakentoapolicestation.Therehewassearched

andfoundtobecarryingaquantityofheroin.（銜接上文）副詞詞組在句中作修飾性狀語2置于句首往往與句子的信息結構有關，用以突出強調狀語或者銜接上文。提示2.方式副詞詞組位置：句尾（通常）、句首（有時）e.g.Healwaysdrivescarefully.

Suddenlyavoicewasheardontheloudspeaker.3.地點副詞詞組位置：句尾（通常）、句首（有時）e.g.Thecaptaintoldthesailorstogobelow.I

carried

her

bags

upstairs.

Itwaswarmandcomfortableinthelittlecottage.Outside,

itwasgettingdark.（對照）在敘事文中，方式副詞可置于句首，以取得制造懸念等戲劇性效果。提示置于句首可以表示對照或強調。提示4.句中位置狀語的順序（1）如有助動詞，狀語通常緊接其后，或在第一個助動詞之后。e.g.Thosekidsare

alwayshangingaroundthestreets.

Thingswill

soonbelookingup.（2）緊接在普通動詞be之后。e.g.Thiscamerais

definitelyfaulty.（3）如有一般時態動詞，狀語放在動詞之前。e.g.Weusually

dealwiththemailfirst.

5.句尾位置狀語的順序（1）如有賓語，狀語通常置于其后。e.g.Iwrappedtheparcelcarefully.（2）通常較短的狀語放在較長的前面。e.g.Apolicemaninspectedthecarthoroughly

inaveryofficious

manner.（3）時間、地點、方式的通常語序是：方式

地點

時間。e.g.Theyplayedbrilliantly

inCoventry

onSaturday.

方式

地點

時間

（他們星期六在考文垂踢得很出色。）（4）如動詞和狀語有緊密的語義聯系，則該狀語直接跟在動詞后面。e.g.Theywent

outside

slowly.

地點方式Whydidyoucome

home

late?

地點時間漢語的通常順序是“時間

地點

方式”。提示come，go等表運動的動詞與表方向的地點狀語有緊密的語義聯系。提示（5）方式、時間、地點通常位于頻率前面。e.g.Sarahgetsupearly

occasionally.

時間

頻率1.評注性狀語意義和用法：主要由副詞詞組充當，修飾整個句子，表示說話人對話語的態度和看法。位置：常位于句首，并用逗號與句子隔開。e.g.Unfortunately,theshowwasoneofthedullestwehave

everseen.

Frankly,I’dliketousemybrainalittlemore.2.連接性狀語意義和用法：通常由連接副詞充當，在分句和分句之間起連接作用。位置：一般位于句首，也可位于句中。副詞詞組在句中作評注性狀語和連接性狀語3有時也可位于句尾和句中。（詳見3.2）提示e.g.Doitnow.Otherwiseitwillbetoolate.（句首）

Tomhasn’tarrivedyet.Hemay,however,comelater.

（句中）1.clean/cleanlyclean:completely；entirely“完全地；整個地”cleanly:precisely；easily；smoothly“準確地；利落地”e.g.Icleanforgotaboutit.

Thisknifedoesn’tcutcleanly.

2.pretty/prettilypretty:fairly；moderately“相當地；適當地”

prettily:inaprettyway；attractively“漂亮地，吸引人地”e.g.She’spretty

good.Marydressesprettily.意義完全不同1前者是程度副詞，修飾形容詞或副詞，后者是方式副詞，與“漂亮”有關。提示3.hard/hardlyhard:withgreateffort“努力地”hardly:almostnot“幾乎不”e.g.Hehasbeenworkinghardallthemorning.Shewassofrightenedthatshecouldhardlyspeak.4.late/latelylate:aftertheusualtime“晚；遲”lately:recently“最近”e.g.Ellenhasto

worklate

tonight.I’vebeenverybusylately.前者是方式副詞，后者是頻度副詞，有否定含義。提示late是early的反義詞。lately不與一般過去時連用，常用于現在完成體。提示1.clear/clearlyclear:

①completely;quite“完全地”

②nottouching;wellawayfrom“不接觸；避開”常見搭配：standclearof；keepclearof

③distinctly“清晰地”常見搭配：loudandclear；shineclearclearly:withoutconfusion;distinctly;obviously“清晰地；明顯地”e.g.Youcanseecleartothemountainstoday.Standclearofthegates.Canyouseeclearlyfromhere?Heisclearlywrong.部分同義，部分異義2clearly用來修飾形容詞或動詞。提示2.close/closelyclose:

①near“（時間、空間上）靠近；接近”

②almost“（用于數字前）接近”closely:①tightly;thoroughly;carefully“嚴密地；仔細地”

②toaverygreat

degree“在很大程度上；密切地”e.g.Helives

closetotheschool.Thetotalwas

close

to

20%

ofthe

workforce.

Theprisonerswerecloselyguarded.

Ihavebeen

closelyinvolved

intheworkofbothcommittees.3.dead/deadlydead:

①completely;suddenly;exactly“完全地；突然地；確實地”

②very;extremely“非常；極度”deadly:

①horribly;likedead“死一般地”常見搭配：deadlypale；deadlycold

②extremely“極其；非常”常見搭配：deadlyserious；deadlydulle.g.You’redeadright.Shestoppeddead.Heisdeadtired.His

faceturned

deadly

pale.Lifeinasmalltowncouldbedeadlydull.4.direct/directlydirect:

①withoutstoppingorchangingdirection“（談論旅程、路線）直接；徑直”

②withoutinvolvingotherpeople“親自；直接”directly:

①inaforthrightmanner;candidly“直接地；坦率地”

②atonce;immediately“立刻；馬上”

e.g.WeflewdirecttoHongKong.Iprefertodealwithhimdirect.Sheansweredmeverydirectlyandopenly.Sheleftdirectlyaftertheshow.5.fair/fairlyfair:accordingtotherules

“按照規則；公正地”常見搭配：fairandsquare（光明正大地）；playfair（辦事公正合理；行為光明磊落）；hitfair（按規則出擊）；fightfair（依照規則開打）fairly:

①tosomeextentbutnotvery“一定地；相當地”（修飾形容詞和副詞）常見搭配：fairlygood/safe/certain/well/soon

②inafairandreasonableway;honestly“公平合理地；公正地”常見搭配：fairlyandsquarelye.g.They’llrespectyouaslongasyouplayfair.Igojoggingfairlyregularly.Hehasalwaystreatedmefairly.fairly多與褒義的形容詞和副詞連用。提示6.right/rightlyright:

①exactly;directly“正好；恰好；直接地”

②completely;alltheway“完全地；一直”

③immediately“立即；馬上”④correctly“正確地；確切地”（用于動詞之后）⑤notleft“右邊”rightly:

①foragoodreason“正當地；理由充分地”

（用于形容詞之前）

②correctly“正確地”（用于動詞之前）e.g.Youguessed

right.Yourightlyguessedthatshewasanurse.Theyarerightlyproudoftheirchildren.7.sharp/sharplysharp:①exactly“（準時）…整”

②turningsuddenlytotheleftorright“（左/右）急轉”sharply:suddenlyandbyalargeamount“急劇地；突然大幅度地”e.g.Pleasebehereateleveno’clocksharp.Atthecrossroadsweturnedsharptotheleft.Theroadfellsharplytothesea.1.easy/easily

easy：只在某些固定搭配中作副詞常見搭配：Takeiteasy./Easiersaidthandone./Goeasy./Standeasy./Easycome,easygo.easily:withoutproblemsor

difficulties“容易地”e.g.Theywonquiteeasily.

意義相同，用法不盡相同32.high/highlyhigh：在某些搭配中用作副詞常見搭配：aimhigh,holdone’sheadhigh,playhigh,searchhighandlow,runhigh,flyhigh…highly:①withadmirationorpraise“欽佩地；贊賞地”

②very“很；非常”（修飾形容詞）

③atortoahighstandard,leveloramount“高標準地；高級地；大量地”e.g.Thepainterclimbedhighontheladder.Ifyouwanttobesuccessful,youhavetoaimhigh.Hespokehighlyofher.It’shighlyunlikelythatshe’llbelate.She’s

a

highly

paid

TV

presenter.highly常指抽象的“高”。提示3.firm/firmlyfirm：在某些搭配中用作副詞常見搭配：standfirm,holdfirmtofirmly:inastrongordefiniteway“堅定地；堅固地”e.g.She

held

firm

to

her

principles.Ifirmlybelievethat.Fixthepostfirmlyintheground.

4.slow/slowlyslow：美式英語口語；用于交通標志slowly：正式場合；動詞之前；位于句首e.g.Driveslow!Slow,dangerousbend!Thenhespokeslowly,butIcouldnotunderstandhim.Sheslowly

openedthedoorandwentout.

Slowly,

he

clawed

hisway

out

from

under

the

collapsed

building.

5.tight/tightlytight:

非正式語體；常位于動詞之后tightly：正式場合；尤其在-ed分詞之前e.g.Sheclaspedhishandtightinbothofhers.Hecaughtherhandandheldittightly.Themouthofthejarwastightlysealed.

6.wrong/wronglywrong：非正式語體；常位于動詞之后wrongly：較正式語體；動詞之前e.g.Youguessed

wrong.Theletterwaswrongly

addressed.

Bottlesfromthisregionsell______atabout$50acase.

A.B.C.D.entirelytotallywholesaletogether該題是副詞辨析題。entirely和totally都是“completely（完全地）”的意思；together意為“一起；共同”；作副詞用的wholesale意為“以批發方式”，可以與動詞sell搭配，符合語境，因此C為正確答案。本地區的瓶子批發價格為50美元一箱。Whichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsmodifiesanadverb?A.B.C.D.Doitrightnow.Thatwasaveryfunnyfilm.Iratherlikemyteacher.Wewalkedabout6miles.該題考查副詞在詞組中作修飾語。A句意為“現在馬上就做吧”，句中right是副詞，修飾時間副詞now，因此A為正確答案。B句意為“那是一部非常有趣的電影”，句中副詞very修飾形容詞funny；C句意為“我倒很喜歡我的老師”，副詞rather修飾動詞like；D句意為“我們走了大約6英里的路程”，副詞about修飾限定詞“6”。下列哪個斜體部分修飾副詞？Hefeelsthatheisnotyet_______totravelabroad.

A.B.C.D.toostrongenoughstrongsostrongstrongenough該題考查enough作為副詞的用法。enough在用作副詞時，通常放在它所修飾的形容詞、副詞之后，因此D為正確答案。A項too…to結構本身含有否定意思，不能用于否定句；C項sostrong后不能接不定式，應該接that-分句。他感到他的身體還不夠強壯，不適于到國外旅游。

Theteamhasbeenworkingovertimeontheresearchproject________.A.B.C.D.latelyjustnowlatelongago該題考查時間副詞及現在完成體的用法。時間副詞lately意為“最近；近來”，可用于現在完成體，因此A為正確答案。justnow，longago均為表過去時間的副詞詞組，不能用于現在完成體。late作為副詞意為“遲；晚”，與句意不符。這個團隊最近一直在為這個研究項目加班加點。WhichofthefollowingadverbscanNOTbeusedtocomplete“_____everybodycame”?A.B.C.D.NearlyQuitePracticallyAlmost該題考查程度副詞的辨析。nearly，quite和almost都是表示程度的副詞。nearly和almost都可用來修飾不定代詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞和介詞詞組等，此時兩者常可互換，而quite除了能修飾形容詞、副詞、動詞、分詞外，還能修飾名詞、介詞詞組等，但不能修飾不定代詞。practically常用于口語表達中，相當于almost，nearly，可以修飾everybody。因此B為正確答案。下列哪個副詞不能填入句中空格“________everybodycame”？Mydaughterhaswalkedeightmilestoday.Weneverguessedthatshecouldwalk______far.A.B.C.D./suchthatas該題考查that作為副詞修飾形容詞的用法。that可用作副詞，用于修飾形容詞或副詞，意為“那么；這么”。該題中that用于修飾形容詞far，因此C為正確答案。參見《教程》（P270b）修飾形容詞部分例句。我女兒今天走了八英里，我們從沒有想到她能走那么遠。IarrivedattheairportsolatethatI_________missedtheplane.A.B.C.D.onlyquitenarrowlyseldom該題考查副詞narrowly的用法。narrowly修飾miss，lose等動詞時意為“差一點就…”，其他副詞only，quite和seldom均無此意，因此C為正確答案。我到達機場太晚了以至于差點就錯過了飛機。本講簡單介紹了副詞的分類，主要介紹了副詞（詞組）的主要句法功能，一些兼有兩種形式的副詞的用法，以及若干易混淆副詞的語義辨析。副詞包羅萬象，類別繁多，是傳統詞類中最模糊不清、令人困惑的詞類。學習中可首先熟悉副詞的分類，特別是按其詞匯意義的分類。作為詞組的組成成分，副詞在詞組中作修飾語，修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞，除了enough，indeed外，都作前置修飾語，有些地點副詞和時間副詞能作后置修飾語修飾名詞。作為句子成分，副詞詞組在句中作三種狀語：修飾性狀語、評注性狀語、連接性狀語。由于后兩種狀語是第3講的主要內容之一，因此本講可重點關注修飾性狀語。修飾性狀語的學習要注意各種修飾性狀語的位置，先掌握通常的位置，再理解其他位置可能出于修辭上的需要。兼有兩種形式的副詞的用法是一個學習難點，學習中可以意義為中心區分為三類：“意義完全不同”、“部分同義，部分異義”、“意義相同，用法不盡相同”，著眼于意義上的差異，抓住主要不同點，如本義和引申義、位置差異、語體不同、常見搭配等來降低學習難度。若干副詞之語義辨析部分清晰地介紹了一些易混淆副詞在意義和用法上的差異，多數可以從詞匯意義上作出區分，有的要考慮位置、語體、頻度高低、語勢強弱、褒貶色彩、時體結構等。1.02.03.04.Theterrain(地形)wasexplored(scientifically).Theargument(論據)wasabsurd(scientifically).Hemademeangry(thoroughly).Youhavestudiedthischapter(thoroughly).Theterrainwasscientificallyexplored./Theterrainwasexploredscientifically.Scientifically,theargumentwasabsurd./Theargumentwasabsurd,scientifically.Hemademethoroughlyangry.Youhavethoroughlystudiedthischapter./Youhavestudiedthischapterthoroughly.5.06.07.08.9.Thisismybusiness(hardly).Icanhearyou(hardly).Thisisforyourears(only).Thisisforyourears(alone).

Ispoketohermother(also).Thisishardlymybusiness./Thishardlyismybusiness.Icanhardlyhearyou.Thisisonlyforyourears./Thisisforyourearsonly.Thisisforyourearsalone.Ialsospoketohermother./Ispokealsotohermother./Also,Ispoketohermother.Wefeeldisheartened(sometimes).Sometimeswefeeldisheartened./Wefeeldisheartenedsometimes./Wesometimesfeeldisheartened.10.1.02.3.4.5.6.SorryIdidn’tturnup—I________forgot.(clean,cleanly)I’mafraidI’m________outoffood.(clean,cleanly)Thispenwrites________.(clean,cleanly)Come________!Iwanttotellyousomething.(close,closely)She’s________relatedtotheDukeofHalifax.(close,closely)Theplanegoes________fromLondontoHoustonwithoutstopping.(direct,directly)cleancleancleanlyclosecloselydirect7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.Let’smeet________afterlunch;thenI’lltakeyou________toyourroom.(direct,directly)Thisisasentence________quotedfromLatin.(direct,directly)I’mworkingtoo________thisyear.(hard,hardly)I’ve________gotanycleanclothesleft.(hard,hardly)I________recommendit.(high,highly)He’sveryambitious:heaims________.(high,highly)

I’mgetting________fedup.(pretty,prettily)Itservesyou________.(right,rightly)directlydirectdirectlyhardhardlyhighlyhighprettyright15.16.17.18.19.20.I________assumedthatHenrywasn’tcoming.(right,rightly)Heopenedthedoor________.(wide,widely)Ican’treadthis.It’s________dull.(dead,deadly)Theroadisverydangerous.Go________slow.(dead,deadly)Takeit________.(easy,easily)Alwayshold________toyourbeliefs.(firm,firmly)rightlywidedeadlydeadeasyfirmJohn:HaveyouseenGeorge(1.late/lately)?Tom:No,butIshallseehimatRotherham(2.short/shortly).Hehasenteredforthemileracethere.He(3.most/mostly)comes(4.first/firstly)insuchraces.John:Buthecame(5.last/lastly)atDoncaster.Tom:Yes.Thatwas(6.large/largely)myfault.Itwas(7.pretty/prettily)hotthatday,soItookit(8.easy/easily)onthewaytoDoncaster.Ihad(9.clean/cleanly)forgottenthatIhadpromisedtopickGeorgeup.WhenIdidremember,I(10.quick/quickly)turnedround,butIreachedGeorge’shousevery(11.late/lately).Itried(12.hard/hardly)todrive(13.quick/quickly),butGeorg(14.right/rightly)didn’twantmetotakerisks,andpartofthewaywewere(15.close/closely)followedbyapolicecar,anyway.表達“（車）開得快”，常用quickly。rightly通常置于動詞之前，意為“正確地”。注意：rightly在句中作評注性狀語，參見《教程》P24采取中位的評注性狀語部分。close作副詞用時，多指距離上的接近，而closely多用于引申義，意為“緊密地；密切地”。close通常置于動詞之后，但在過去分詞之前要用closely。becloselyfollowedby意為“被…緊緊地跟著”。表達“近來；最近”，用副詞lately（=recently），而副詞late意為“遲地；晚地”。表達“不久；很快”，用副詞shortly（=soon），而副詞short意為“突然”。表達“通常；多半地”，用副詞mostly，而most意為“最；非常”。表達“第一；最先”，用副詞first，而firstly意為“首先；第一”，用于列舉。表達“在最后”，用副詞last，而lastly指順序上的最后，相當于finally。表達“主要地”，用副詞largely，而large為形容詞。表達“相當地；十分”，用副詞pretty，prettyhot意為veryhot。搭配takeiteasy意為“不慌不忙；從容不迫”。表達“完全地”，用副詞clean，cleanforgotten意為“完全忘記”。quick和quickly均可用作副詞，在口語中，一般多用quick（尤其在需要用比較級或最高級時），并且總是放在動詞之后，如comequick；若放在動詞之前，一般用quickly，文中用在動詞之前，需用quickly。表達“遲地；晚地”，用副詞late，reached…verylate意為“很晚到達…”。表達“努力地”，用副詞hard，triedhard意為“付出很大努力；費了很大力氣”，而hardly為含否定意義的副詞，意為“幾乎不”。Wewent(16.wrong/wrongly)once,atWakefield,whenweturned(17.right/rightly)atsometrafficlights,andthenwehadtogovery(18.slow/slowly)forafewmilesbecausetheroadturned(19.sharp/sharply)everyfewhundredyards.WhenwegottoDoncaster,Idrove(20.direct/directly)totherace-trackandleftGeorgetherewhileIwenttoparksomewhere(21.near/nearly).Ihadcutitso(22.fine/finely)thatGeorgehadonlyfifteenminutesbeforehisrace,whichbeganat3:15(23.sharp/sharply).Hehad(24.hard/hardly)enoughtimetogethislegsworking(25.loose/loosely)againwhenhehadtogotothestart,sohewas(26.clear/clearly)notinafitstatetowin.(27.Sure/Surely)enough,hewasbeaten(28.easy/easily).However,itis(29.sure/surely)(30.high/highly)unlikelythatanythinglikethatwillhappenagainthistime!表達“容易地；輕松