農科學術英語（2024春）學習通超星期末考試章節答案2024年Question10.Whatkindofforagecropsareharvestedinagreen,succulentconditionandstoredunderanaerobicconditions?Passage1TheFutureofAgricultureTheevolutionofagriculturewithinthelast11,000yearsmarkedthefirstmajorinflectionpoint(轉折點)infoodyieldandchangedforeverthecharacterofthehumancondition.Theapplicationoftechnologytoagricultureearlyinthe20thcenturyinducedthenextmajorcropyieldinflectionpoint.Identifyingthetechnologicalwellspringfromwhichincreasedratesofproductivitywillbeobtainedinthedecadesaheadisfarlessobviousthanduringthelastcentury.Theagronomicchallengeforthedecadestocomeistoincreaseproductivityperunitoflandenoughtopreclude(排除)appropriation(挪用)ofotherecosystemsforcroplandexpansionwhilesimultaneouslyincreasingtheefficiencyofproductioninputs,reducingtheirleakage(泄露)totheenvironment,andsustainingtheintegrityofthoseecologicalprocessesthatundergird(加強)theseintensebiologicalproductionsystems.ThisexcerptfromtheabstractofanarticlebyFredP.Miller,retiredProfessorofSoilScienceattheSchoolofEnvironmentalandNaturalResourcesatTheOhioStateUniversitywaswrittenincelebrationof100yearsofTheAmericanSocietyofAgronomy.EveryDay,CropScienceEveryday,everyoneisimpactedbycropscience.FromtheendlessgreenfieldsofcornandsoybeanswhichcovertheMidwest,thevibrantyellowsofsunflowersinCanada,theexpansivericepaddiesofAsia,thevastacresofcottondryingunderthehotSouthwesternsun,tothelushgreenmountainsofcoffeegrowinginCentralAmerica,thesecropsdonotjusthappen.Hardworkonthepartofthegrower,aidedbythecropsciencesmakesthesecropspossible.Cropscientistsareattheintersection(交叉點)ofplantandsoilscienceandworktoimprovecropsandagriculturalproductivitywhileeffectivelymanagingpestsandweeds.Theymakethispossiblethroughtheapplicationofsoilandplantsciencestocropproductionthatincorporatesthewiseuseofnaturalresourcesandconservationpracticestoproducefood,feed,fuel,fiber,andpharmaceuticalcropswhilemaintainingandimprovingtheenvironment.ADayintheLifeofaCropScientistAcareerincropsciencekeepsyouinthecenterofeffortstoincreasetheproductionoffood,feed,fuelsandfiber,foragrowingworldcitizenry(公民).Thecropscientisthasmanycareerpaths.You’llfindagronomistsworkinginresearch,teachingandextensionatcollegesanduniversities,fortheUSDAattheirAgriculturalResearchStations,inextensionoffices,forcompanies,andasconsultantsinagribusiness.Interestedinacareerincropscience?Discovermorewithourcareerbrochures,andviewthelistofcollegesanduniversitieswithcoursesandprogramsinagronomy,cropscience,soilscience,andrelateddisciplines(學科).TheScienceofCropsTheevolutionandongoingdevelopmentofagriculture,enabledbyscience,isthefocusofagronomistsandcropscientists.Scientificresearchtoenhanceproductivitywhilesustainingtheintegrityofecologicalprocessesencompassescropscience,soilscience,andenvironmentalscience.Theresearchiscommunicatedandtransferredamongagronomistsandthoseinrelatedfieldsontopicsoflocal,regional,national,andinternationalsignificance.Thisresearchmaythenbeusedforpracticalapplications.Scientificarticlesonspecificresearchareavailable18monthsafterpublicationandpresentationsfromAnnualMeetingsareavailableoneyearafterpresentation.AgronomicCropsAgronomiccropsaregrowninallfiftystatesandmanycountriesaroundtheglobe.Whatisanagronomiccrop?Agronomiccropstypicallyinvolveacropthatisgrownforgrain,feed,orforprocessingintooil,starch,proteinandflour.MajoragronomiccropsintheUSincludecorn(grownforfeed,ethanol(酒精)orprocessing),soybeans,wheat,hay(alfalfa(紫花苜蓿)andlegume(豆科植物)andgrassmixtures),rice,peanutsandcotton.Hayisalsoconsideredaforage.Growingagronomiccropsisanintegratedsystem.Itisimportanttounderstandhowthesoilworksandinteractswiththegrowingcrop,whatnutrientsthegrowingcropneedsandwhenandhowthesenutrientscanbeapplied,howacropgrowsandhowtheenvironmentinteractswiththecropatallgrowthstages.Inaddition,itisimportanttoknowhowpests(weeds,insectsanddiseases)affectcropsatvariousgrowthsandhowtocontrolcroppests.Growingcropsinvolvessoil,plant,cropandweedsciences,plantgenetics,entomology(昆蟲學)andplantpathology(病理學).Cropproduction,asaresultofscientificandappliedresearch,continuallychanges.Justinthelastdecademanyproducersandcropsretailershavestartedusingglobalpositioning(全球定位)togainmoreunderstandingofhowsoilfertilityvariesthroughoutafieldaswellastoapplyfertilizersbasedonhowthisfertilityvaries.Globalpositioningisalsousedtomeasurethesizeofafield,measureyieldatagivenplaceinthefield,andguideimplementsacrossthefieldtopreventoverlapandimprovelanduseefficiency.Cropgeneticshasalsochangedtremendously.Producersareabletogrowcropsthatareresistanttocertainenvironmentallysafeherbicides.Theyarealsoabletogrowcropsthatareresistanttoinjuriousinsectsallowingproducerstoeliminateorreduceoverallinsecticideuse.Examplesoffuturecropgeneticsimprovementsincludegrowingcropsforthehealthieroilthatcanbeextracted,forcertainstarchcharacteristics,andgrowinggrasscropsthatcanyieldmorewithlessnitrogenandthatwillproducewellevenduringseasonswhenrainfallislimited.Scientificresearchprovidesuswithvaluableinformationonhowtoefficientlyandeffectivelygrowagronomiccrops.FeedCropsFeedcropsarecropsgrownspecificallytomeetlivestocknutritionalneeds.Theymayincludegrain,oilseed,andforagecrops.Graincropsaregrassesthataregrownfortheirdry,edibleseeds.Theseincludesmallgrainssuchaswheat,oats,barley,andriceandlarger,tallercropslikecornandsorghum.Oilseedcropsarethosewithseedshighinoilandprotein.Acommonlygrownoilseedcropforanimalfeedissoybean.Foragecropsarelivestockfeedsgrownfortheiredibleplantpartsotherthantheseparatedgrain.Thesepartstypicallyarethestemsandleavesofgreen,activelygrowinggrassesandlegumes.Livestock,particularlyruminants(反芻動物)(cattle,sheep),mayconsumeforageswithinthefieldasgrazedpastureortheymaybefedthemasstoredforages.Storedforagesincludehay,silage(青貯飼料),andgreenchop(青斫飼料).Haycropsareforagesthatarecutwhilestillgreen,allowedtodryinthefield,processedandthenstoredbeforebeingfedtolivestock.Silagecropsareforagesthatareharvestedinagreen,succulent(多汁的)conditionandstoredunderanaerobic(厭氧的)conditionswherecontrolledfermentationbreaksdownplantsugarstoorganicacids,especiallylacticacid(乳酸).Greenchopreferstoforagesthatarecut,harvested,andfedwhilestillinagreenandwetcondition.Question5.Toenhanceproductivitywhilesustainingtheintegrityofecologicalprocesses,whatdisciplinesdoscientificresearchinclude?

答案:SilageforagesQuestion9.Whatarefeedcropsgrownspecificallytomeet?Passage1TheFutureofAgricultureTheevolutionofagriculturewithinthelast11,000yearsmarkedthefirstmajorinflectionpoint(轉折點)infoodyieldandchangedforeverthecharacterofthehumancondition.Theapplicationoftechnologytoagricultureearlyinthe20thcenturyinducedthenextmajorcropyieldinflectionpoint.Identifyingthetechnologicalwellspringfromwhichincreasedratesofproductivitywillbeobtainedinthedecadesaheadisfarlessobviousthanduringthelastcentury.Theagronomicchallengeforthedecadestocomeistoincreaseproductivityperunitoflandenoughtopreclude(排除)appropriation(挪用)ofotherecosystemsforcroplandexpansionwhilesimultaneouslyincreasingtheefficiencyofproductioninputs,reducingtheirleakage(泄露)totheenvironment,andsustainingtheintegrityofthoseecologicalprocessesthatundergird(加強)theseintensebiologicalproductionsystems.ThisexcerptfromtheabstractofanarticlebyFredP.Miller,retiredProfessorofSoilScienceattheSchoolofEnvironmentalandNaturalResourcesatTheOhioStateUniversitywaswrittenincelebrationof100yearsofTheAmericanSocietyofAgronomy.EveryDay,CropScienceEveryday,everyoneisimpactedbycropscience.FromtheendlessgreenfieldsofcornandsoybeanswhichcovertheMidwest,thevibrantyellowsofsunflowersinCanada,theexpansivericepaddiesofAsia,thevastacresofcottondryingunderthehotSouthwesternsun,tothelushgreenmountainsofcoffeegrowinginCentralAmerica,thesecropsdonotjusthappen.Hardworkonthepartofthegrower,aidedbythecropsciencesmakesthesecropspossible.Cropscientistsareattheintersection(交叉點)ofplantandsoilscienceandworktoimprovecropsandagriculturalproductivitywhileeffectivelymanagingpestsandweeds.Theymakethispossiblethroughtheapplicationofsoilandplantsciencestocropproductionthatincorporatesthewiseuseofnaturalresourcesandconservationpracticestoproducefood,feed,fuel,fiber,andpharmaceuticalcropswhilemaintainingandimprovingtheenvironment.ADayintheLifeofaCropScientistAcareerincropsciencekeepsyouinthecenterofeffortstoincreasetheproductionoffood,feed,fuelsandfiber,foragrowingworldcitizenry(公民).Thecropscientisthasmanycareerpaths.You’llfindagronomistsworkinginresearch,teachingandextensionatcollegesanduniversities,fortheUSDAattheirAgriculturalResearchStations,inextensionoffices,forcompanies,andasconsultantsinagribusiness.Interestedinacareerincropscience?Discovermorewithourcareerbrochures,andviewthelistofcollegesanduniversitieswithcoursesandprogramsinagronomy,cropscience,soilscience,andrelateddisciplines(學科).TheScienceofCropsTheevolutionandongoingdevelopmentofagriculture,enabledbyscience,isthefocusofagronomistsandcropscientists.Scientificresearchtoenhanceproductivitywhilesustainingtheintegrityofecologicalprocessesencompassescropscience,soilscience,andenvironmentalscience.Theresearchiscommunicatedandtransferredamongagronomistsandthoseinrelatedfieldsontopicsoflocal,regional,national,andinternationalsignificance.Thisresearchmaythenbeusedforpracticalapplications.Scientificarticlesonspecificresearchareavailable18monthsafterpublicationandpresentationsfromAnnualMeetingsareavailableoneyearafterpresentation.AgronomicCropsAgronomiccropsaregrowninallfiftystatesandmanycountriesaroundtheglobe.Whatisanagronomiccrop?Agronomiccropstypicallyinvolveacropthatisgrownforgrain,feed,orforprocessingintooil,starch,proteinandflour.MajoragronomiccropsintheUSincludecorn(grownforfeed,ethanol(酒精)orprocessing),soybeans,wheat,hay(alfalfa(紫花苜蓿)andlegume(豆科植物)andgrassmixtures),rice,peanutsandcotton.Hayisalsoconsideredaforage.Growingagronomiccropsisanintegratedsystem.Itisimportanttounderstandhowthesoilworksandinteractswiththegrowingcrop,whatnutrientsthegrowingcropneedsandwhenandhowthesenutrientscanbeapplied,howacropgrowsandhowtheenvironmentinteractswiththecropatallgrowthstages.Inaddition,itisimportanttoknowhowpests(weeds,insectsanddiseases)affectcropsatvariousgrowthsandhowtocontrolcroppests.Growingcropsinvolvessoil,plant,cropandweedsciences,plantgenetics,entomology(昆蟲學)andplantpathology(病理學).Cropproduction,asaresultofscientificandappliedresearch,continuallychanges.Justinthelastdecademanyproducersandcropsretailershavestartedusingglobalpositioning(全球定位)togainmoreunderstandingofhowsoilfertilityvariesthroughoutafieldaswellastoapplyfertilizersbasedonhowthisfertilityvaries.Globalpositioningisalsousedtomeasurethesizeofafield,measureyieldatagivenplaceinthefield,andguideimplementsacrossthefieldtopreventoverlapandimprovelanduseefficiency.Cropgeneticshasalsochangedtremendously.Producersareabletogrowcropsthatareresistanttocertainenvironmentallysafeherbicides.Theyarealsoabletogrowcropsthatareresistanttoinjuriousinsectsallowingproducerstoeliminateorreduceoverallinsecticideuse.Examplesoffuturecropgeneticsimprovementsincludegrowingcropsforthehealthieroilthatcanbeextracted,forcertainstarchcharacteristics,andgrowinggrasscropsthatcanyieldmorewithlessnitrogenandthatwillproducewellevenduringseasonswhenrainfallislimited.Scientificresearchprovidesuswithvaluableinformationonhowtoefficientlyandeffectivelygrowagronomiccrops.FeedCropsFeedcropsarecropsgrownspecificallytomeetlivestocknutritionalneeds.Theymayincludegrain,oilseed,andforagecrops.Graincropsaregrassesthataregrownfortheirdry,edibleseeds.Theseincludesmallgrainssuchaswheat,oats,barley,andriceandlarger,tallercropslikecornandsorghum.Oilseedcropsarethosewithseedshighinoilandprotein.Acommonlygrownoilseedcropforanimalfeedissoybean.Foragecropsarelivestockfeedsgrownfortheiredibleplantpartsotherthantheseparatedgrain.Thesepartstypicallyarethestemsandleavesofgreen,activelygrowinggrassesandlegumes.Livestock,particularlyruminants(反芻動物)(cattle,sheep),mayconsumeforageswithinthefieldasgrazedpastureortheymaybefedthemasstoredforages.Storedforagesincludehay,silage(青貯飼料),andgreenchop(青斫飼料).Haycropsareforagesthatarecutwhilestillgreen,allowedtodryinthefield,processedandthenstoredbeforebeingfedtolivestock.Silagecropsareforagesthatareharvestedinagreen,succulent(多汁的)conditionandstoredunderanaerobic(厭氧的)conditionswherecontrolledfermentationbreaksdownplantsugarstoorganicacids,especiallylacticacid(乳酸).Greenchopreferstoforagesthatarecut,harvested,andfedwhilestillinagreenandwetcondition.Question9.Whatarefeedcropsgrownspecificallytomeet?

答案:LivestocknutritionalneedsQuestion8.Whenitcomestocropgenetics,whatcanberegardedasoneofthegoodtraitsofcropsforproducers?Passage1TheFutureofAgricultureTheevolutionofagriculturewithinthelast11,000yearsmarkedthefirstmajorinflectionpoint(轉折點)infoodyieldandchangedforeverthecharacterofthehumancondition.Theapplicationoftechnologytoagricultureearlyinthe20thcenturyinducedthenextmajorcropyieldinflectionpoint.Identifyingthetechnologicalwellspringfromwhichincreasedratesofproductivitywillbeobtainedinthedecadesaheadisfarlessobviousthanduringthelastcentury.Theagronomicchallengeforthedecadestocomeistoincreaseproductivityperunitoflandenoughtopreclude(排除)appropriation(挪用)ofotherecosystemsforcroplandexpansionwhilesimultaneouslyincreasingtheefficiencyofproductioninputs,reducingtheirleakage(泄露)totheenvironment,andsustainingtheintegrityofthoseecologicalprocessesthatundergird(加強)theseintensebiologicalproductionsystems.ThisexcerptfromtheabstractofanarticlebyFredP.Miller,retiredProfessorofSoilScienceattheSchoolofEnvironmentalandNaturalResourcesatTheOhioStateUniversitywaswrittenincelebrationof100yearsofTheAmericanSocietyofAgronomy.EveryDay,CropScienceEveryday,everyoneisimpactedbycropscience.FromtheendlessgreenfieldsofcornandsoybeanswhichcovertheMidwest,thevibrantyellowsofsunflowersinCanada,theexpansivericepaddiesofAsia,thevastacresofcottondryingunderthehotSouthwesternsun,tothelushgreenmountainsofcoffeegrowinginCentralAmerica,thesecropsdonotjusthappen.Hardworkonthepartofthegrower,aidedbythecropsciencesmakesthesecropspossible.Cropscientistsareattheintersection(交叉點)ofplantandsoilscienceandworktoimprovecropsandagriculturalproductivitywhileeffectivelymanagingpestsandweeds.Theymakethispossiblethroughtheapplicationofsoilandplantsciencestocropproductionthatincorporatesthewiseuseofnaturalresourcesandconservationpracticestoproducefood,feed,fuel,fiber,andpharmaceuticalcropswhilemaintainingandimprovingtheenvironment.ADayintheLifeofaCropScientistAcareerincropsciencekeepsyouinthecenterofeffortstoincreasetheproductionoffood,feed,fuelsandfiber,foragrowingworldcitizenry(公民).Thecropscientisthasmanycareerpaths.You’llfindagronomistsworkinginresearch,teachingandextensionatcollegesanduniversities,fortheUSDAattheirAgriculturalResearchStations,inextensionoffices,forcompanies,andasconsultantsinagribusiness.Interestedinacareerincropscience?Discovermorewithourcareerbrochures,andviewthelistofcollegesanduniversitieswithcoursesandprogramsinagronomy,cropscience,soilscience,andrelateddisciplines(學科).TheScienceofCropsTheevolutionandongoingdevelopmentofagriculture,enabledbyscience,isthefocusofagronomistsandcropscientists.Scientificresearchtoenhanceproductivitywhilesustainingtheintegrityofecologicalprocessesencompassescropscience,soilscience,andenvironmentalscience.Theresearchiscommunicatedandtransferredamongagronomistsandthoseinrelatedfieldsontopicsoflocal,regional,national,andinternationalsignificance.Thisresearchmaythenbeusedforpracticalapplications.Scientificarticlesonspecificresearchareavailable18monthsafterpublicationandpresentationsfromAnnualMeetingsareavailableoneyearafterpresentation.AgronomicCropsAgronomiccropsaregrowninallfiftystatesandmanycountriesaroundtheglobe.Whatisanagronomiccrop?Agronomiccropstypicallyinvolveacropthatisgrownforgrain,feed,orforprocessingintooil,starch,proteinandflour.MajoragronomiccropsintheUSincludecorn(grownforfeed,ethanol(酒精)orprocessing),soybeans,wheat,hay(alfalfa(紫花苜蓿)andlegume(豆科植物)andgrassmixtures),rice,peanutsandcotton.Hayisalsoconsideredaforage.Growingagronomiccropsisanintegratedsystem.Itisimportanttounderstandhowthesoilworksandinteractswiththegrowingcrop,whatnutrientsthegrowingcropneedsandwhenandhowthesenutrientscanbeapplied,howacropgrowsandhowtheenvironmentinteractswiththecropatallgrowthstages.Inaddition,itisimportanttoknowhowpests(weeds,insectsanddiseases)affectcropsatvariousgrowthsandhowtocontrolcroppests.Growingcropsinvolvessoil,plant,cropandweedsciences,plantgenetics,entomology(昆蟲學)andplantpathology(病理學).Cropproduction,asaresultofscientificandappliedresearch,continuallychanges.Justinthelastdecademanyproducersandcropsretailershavestartedusingglobalpositioning(全球定位)togainmoreunderstandingofhowsoilfertilityvariesthroughoutafieldaswellastoapplyfertilizersbasedonhowthisfertilityvaries.Globalpositioningisalsousedtomeasurethesizeofafield,measureyieldatagivenplaceinthefield,andguideimplementsacrossthefieldtopreventoverlapandimprovelanduseefficiency.Cropgeneticshasalsochangedtremendously.Producersareabletogrowcropsthatareresistanttocertainenvironmentallysafeherbicides.Theyarealsoabletogrowcropsthatareresistanttoinjuriousinsectsallowingproducerstoeliminateorreduceoverallinsecticideuse.Examplesoffuturecropgeneticsimprovementsincludegrowingcropsforthehealthieroilthatcanbeextracted,forcertainstarchcharacteristics,andgrowinggrasscropsthatcanyieldmorewithlessnitrogenandthatwillproducewellevenduringseasonswhenrainfallislimited.Scientificresearchprovidesuswithvaluableinformationonhowtoefficientlyandeffectivelygrowagronomiccrops.FeedCropsFeedcropsarecropsgrownspecificallytomeetlivestocknutritionalneeds.Theymayincludegrain,oilseed,andforagecrops.Graincropsaregrassesthataregrownfortheirdry,edibleseeds.Theseincludesmallgrainssuchaswheat,oats,barley,andriceandlarger,tallercropslikecornandsorghum.Oilseedcropsarethosewithseedshighinoilandprotein.Acommonlygrownoilseedcropforanimalfeedissoybean.Foragecropsarelivestockfeedsgrownfortheiredibleplantpartsotherthantheseparatedgrain.Thesepartstypicallyarethestemsandleavesofgreen,activelygrowinggrassesandlegumes.Livestock,particularlyruminants(反芻動物)(cattle,sheep),mayconsumeforageswithinthefieldasgrazedpastureortheymaybefedthemasstoredforages.Storedforagesincludehay,silage(青貯飼料),andgreenchop(青斫飼料).Haycropsareforagesthatarecutwhilestillgreen,allowedtodryinthefield,processedandthenstoredbeforebeingfedtolivestock.Silagecropsareforagesthatareharvestedinagreen,succulent(多汁的)conditionandstoredunderanaerobic(厭氧的)conditionswherecontrolledfermentationbreaksdownplantsugarstoorganicacids,especiallylacticacid(乳酸).Greenchopreferstoforagesthatarecut,harvested,andfedwhilestillinagreenandwetcondition.Question8.Whenitcomestocropgenetics,whatcanberegardedasoneofthegoodtraitsofcropsforproducers?

答案:ResistancetoinjuriousinsectsQuestion7.Whichofthefollowingpracticesinvolvessoil,plant,cropandweedsciences,plantgenetics,entomologyandplantpathology?Passage1TheFutureofAgricultureTheevolutionofagriculturewithinthelast11,000yearsmarkedthefirstmajorinflectionpoint(轉折點)infoodyieldandchangedforeverthecharacterofthehumancondition.Theapplicationoftechnologytoagricultureearlyinthe20thcenturyinducedthenextmajorcropyieldinflectionpoint.Identifyingthetechnologicalwellspringfromwhichincreasedratesofproductivitywillbeobtainedinthedecadesaheadisfarlessobviousthanduringthelastcentury.Theagronomicchallengeforthedecadestocomeistoincreaseproductivityperunitoflandenoughtopreclude(排除)appropriation(挪用)ofotherecosystemsforcroplandexpansionwhilesimultaneouslyincreasingtheefficiencyofproductioninputs,reducingtheirleakage(泄露)totheenvironment,andsustainingtheintegrityofthoseecologicalprocessesthatundergird(加強)theseintensebiologicalproductionsystems.ThisexcerptfromtheabstractofanarticlebyFredP.Miller,retiredProfessorofSoilScienceattheSchoolofEnvironmentalandNaturalResourcesatTheOhioStateUniversitywaswrittenincelebrationof100yearsofTheAmericanSocietyofAgronomy.EveryDay,CropScienceEveryday,everyoneisimpactedbycropscience.FromtheendlessgreenfieldsofcornandsoybeanswhichcovertheMidwest,thevibrantyellowsofsunflowersinCanada,theexpansivericepaddiesofAsia,thevastacresofcottondryingunderthehotSouthwesternsun,tothelushgreenmountainsofcoffeegrowinginCentralAmerica,thesecropsdonotjusthappen.Hardworkonthepartofthegrower,aidedbythecropsciencesmakesthesecropspossible.Cropscientistsareattheintersection(交叉點)ofplantandsoilscienceandworktoimprovecropsandagriculturalproductivitywhileeffectivelymanagingpestsandweeds.Theymakethispossiblethroughtheapplicationofsoilandplantsciencestocropproductionthatincorporatesthewiseuseofnaturalresourcesandconservationpracticestoproducefood,feed,fuel,fiber,andpharmaceuticalcropswhilemaintainingandimprovingtheenvironment.ADayintheLifeofaCropScientistAcareerincropsciencekeepsyouinthecenterofeffortstoincreasetheproductionoffood,feed,fuelsandfiber,foragrowingworldcitizenry(公民).Thecropscientisthasmanycareerpaths.You’llfindagronomistsworkinginresearch,teachingandextensionatcollegesanduniversities,fortheUSDAattheirAgriculturalResearchStations,inextensionoffices,forcompanies,andasconsultantsinagribusiness.Interestedinacareerincropscience?Discovermorewithourcareerbrochures,andviewthelistofcollegesanduniversitieswithcoursesandprogramsinagronomy,cropscience,soilscience,andrelateddisciplines(學科).TheScienceofCropsTheevolutionandongoingdevelopmentofagriculture,enabledbyscience,isthefocusofagronomistsandcropscientists.Scientificresearchtoenhanceproductivitywhilesustainingtheintegrityofecologicalprocessesencompassescropscience,soilscience,andenvironmentalscience.Theresearchiscommunicatedandtransferredamongagronomistsandthoseinrelatedfieldsontopicsoflocal,regional,national,andinternationalsignificance.Thisresearchmaythenbeusedforpracticalapplications.Scientificarticlesonspecificresearchareavailable18monthsafterpublicationandpresentationsfromAnnualMeetingsareavailableoneyearafterpresentation.AgronomicCropsAgronomiccropsaregrowninallfiftystatesandmanycountriesaroundtheglobe.Whatisanagronomiccrop?Agronomiccropstypicallyinvolveacropthatisgrownforgrain,feed,orforprocessingintooil,starch,proteinandflour.MajoragronomiccropsintheUSincludecorn(grownforfeed,ethanol(酒精)orprocessing),soybeans,wheat,hay(alfalfa(紫花苜蓿)andlegume(豆科植物)andgrassmixtures),rice,peanutsandcotton.Hayisalsoconsideredaforage.Growingagronomiccropsisanintegratedsystem.Itisimportanttounderstandhowthesoilworksandinteractswiththegrowingcrop,whatnutrientsthegrowingcropneedsandwhenandhowthesenutrientscanbeapplied,howacropgrowsandhowtheenvironmentinteractswiththecropatallgrowthstages.Inaddition,itisimportanttoknowhowpests(weeds,insectsanddiseases)affectcropsatvariousgrowthsandhowtocontrolcroppests.Growingcropsinvolvessoil,plant,cropandweedsciences,plantgenetics,entomology(昆蟲學)andplantpathology(病理學).Cropproduction,asaresultofscientificandappliedresearch,continuallychanges.Justinthelastdecademanyproducersandcropsretailershavestartedusingglobalpositioning(全球定位)togainmoreunderstandingofhowsoilfertilityvariesthroughoutafieldaswellastoapplyfertilizersbasedonhowthisfertilityvaries.Globalpositioningisalsousedtomeasurethesizeofafield,measureyieldatagivenplaceinthefield,andguideimplementsacrossthefieldtopreventoverlapandimprovelanduseefficiency.Cropgeneticshasalsochangedtremendously.Producersareabletogrowcropsthatareresistanttocertainenvironmentallysafeherbicides.Theyarealsoabletogrowcropsthatareresistanttoinjuriousinsectsallowingproducerstoeliminateorreduceoverallinsecticideuse.Examplesoffuturecropgeneticsimprovementsincludegrowingcropsforthehealthieroilthatcanbeextracted,forcertainstarchcharacteristics,andgrowinggrasscropsthatcanyieldmorewithlessnitrogenandthatwillproducewellevenduringseasonswhenrainfallislimited.Scientificresearchprovidesuswithvaluableinformationonhowtoefficientlyandeffectivelygrowagronomiccrops.FeedCropsFeedcropsarecropsgrownspecificallytomeetlivestocknutritionalneeds.Theymayincludegrain,oilseed,andforagecrops.Graincropsaregrassesthataregrownfortheirdry,edibleseeds.Theseincludesmallgrainssuchaswheat,oats,barley,andriceandlarger,tallercropslikecornandsorghum.Oilseedcropsarethosewithseedshighinoilandprotein.Acommonlygrownoilseedcropforanimalfeedissoybean.Foragecropsarelivestockfeedsgrownfortheiredibleplantpartsotherthantheseparatedgrain.Thesepartstypicallyarethestemsandleavesofgreen,activelygrowinggrassesandlegumes.Livestock,particularlyruminants(反芻動物)(cattle,sheep),mayconsumeforageswithinthefieldasgrazedpastureortheymaybefedthemasstoredforages.Storedforagesincludehay,silage(青貯飼料),andgreenchop(青斫飼料).Haycropsareforagesthatarecutwhilestillgreen,allowedtodryinthefield,processedandthenstoredbeforebeingfedtolivestock.Silagecropsareforagesthatareharvestedinagreen,succulent(多汁的)conditionandstoredunderanaerobic(厭氧的)conditionswherecontrolledfermentationbreaksdownplantsugarstoorganicacids,especiallylacticacid(乳酸).Greenchopreferstoforagesthatarecut,harvested,andfedwhilestillinagreenandwetcondition.Question7.Whichofthefollowingpracticesinvolvessoil,plant,cropandweedsciences,plantgenetics,entomologyandplantpathology?

答案:GrowingcropsQuestion6.WhatarethemajoragronomiccropsintheUS?Passage1TheFutureofAgricultureTheevolutionofagriculturewithinthelast11,000yearsmarkedthefirstmajorinflectionpoint(轉折點)infoodyieldandchangedforeverthecharacterofthehumancondition.Theapplicationoftechnologytoagricultureearlyinthe20thcenturyinducedthenextmajorcropyieldinflectionpoint.Identifyingthetechnologicalwellspringfromwhichincreasedratesofproductivitywillbeobtainedinthedecadesaheadisfarlessobviousthanduringthelastcentury.Theagronomicchallengeforthedecadestocomeistoincreaseproductivityperunitoflandenoughtopreclude(排除)appropriation(挪用)ofotherecosystemsforcroplandexpansionwhilesimultaneouslyincreasingtheefficiencyofproductioninputs,reducingtheirleakage(泄露)totheenvironment,andsustainingtheintegrityofthoseecologicalprocessesthatundergird(加強)theseintensebiologicalproductionsystems.ThisexcerptfromtheabstractofanarticlebyFredP.Miller,retiredProfessorofSoilScienceattheSchoolofEnvironmentalandNaturalResourcesatTheOhioStateUniversitywaswrittenincelebrationof100yearsofTheAmericanSocietyofAgronomy.EveryDay,CropScienceEveryday,everyoneisimpactedbycropscience.FromtheendlessgreenfieldsofcornandsoybeanswhichcovertheMidwest,thevibrantyellowsofsunflowersinCanada,theexpansivericepaddiesofAsia,thevastacresofcottondryingunderthehotSouthwesternsun,tothelushgreenmountainsofcoffeegrowinginCentralAmerica,thesecropsdonotjusthappen.Hardworkonthepartofthegrower,aidedbythecropsciencesmakesthesecropspossible.Cropscientistsareattheintersection(交叉點)ofplantandsoilscienceandworktoimprovecropsandagriculturalproductivitywhileeffectivelymanagingpestsandweeds.Theymakethispossiblethroughtheapplicationofsoilandplantsciencestocropproductionthatincorporatesthewiseuseofnaturalresourcesandconservationpracticestoproducefood,feed,fuel,fiber,andpharmaceuticalcropswhilemaintainingandimprovingtheenvironment.ADayintheLifeofaCropScientistAcareerincropsciencekeepsyouinthecenterofeffortstoincreasetheproductionoffood,feed,fuelsandfiber,foragrowingworldcitizenry(公民).Thecropscientisthasmanycareerpaths.You’llfindagronomistsworkinginresearch,teachingandextensionatcollegesanduniversities,fortheUSDAattheirAgriculturalResearchStations,inextensionoffices,