To-infinitives

動詞不定式Oneofthemostpopularwintersportsisskiing.Cross-countryskiingrequiresskierstousetheirownstrengthandmovementtogetacrossanareathatiscoveredwithsnow.Manypeopleenjoycross-countryskiingbecauseitallowsthemtogoatapacethatisslowenoughtoexplorethecountryside.Itisalsoagoodwaytogetsomeexercise.Otherpeopleprefertoskidownahillbecausetheythinkitismorethrilling.Downhillskiinginvolvesriding

amechanicalliftupahillormountain.Fromthere,skiersglidedown.Downhillskiingcanbedangerous.Somepeopleworryaboutgettinginjured.Tocontrolone’sspeedproperlytakesalotofpractice.

Agerundcanbeusedasthesubjectofasentenceortheobjectofaverb.Agerundcanalsobeusedastheobjectofapreposition.

Skiingrequiresalotofstrength.Manypeopleenjoy

skiing.subjectobjectoftheverbSomepeopleworryabout

gettinginjured.objectofthepreposition

Likegerunds,infinitivescanalsobeusedasthesubject

ofasentenceortheobjectofaverb,butitisnotcommontouseaninfinitiveasthesubject.

Somepeopleprefertoskidownahill.Tocontrolone’sspeedproperlytakesalotofpractice.objectoftheverbsubjectHaveyouevertried

snowboarding?Itisawintersportthatwasinspiredbyskateboarding,surfing,andskiing.Itinvolvesgoingdownaslopewithasnowboardattachedtotherider’sfeet.SnowboardingwasdevelopedintheUnitedStatesinthe1960s.Inthe1970ssnowboardersbegantogototraditionalskiresorts.Manyskiersdidn’tappreciate

sharing“their”mountainwithsnowboarders,butsnowboardingkept

growinginpopularity.Bythe1990s,almostallskiresortshadagreed

toacceptbothskiersandsnowboarders.Inthelate1990s,theInternationalOlympicCommitteedecidedtomakesnowboardinganofficialsportoftheWinterOlympics.Gerundscanbeusedastheobjectsofcertainverbs.

Manyskiersdidn’tappreciate

sharingthemountain.Snowboardingkept

growinginpopularity.enjoyquit(giveup)avoidappreciatefinish(getthrough)considerpostponediscussminddelaymentionsuggestkeep(keepon)Someverbsarefollowedimmediatelybyinfintives.

Skiresortsagreed

toacceptbothskiersandsnowboarders.Thecommitteedecidedtomakesnowboardinganofficialsport.wantto refuseto intendtohopeto needto promisetoplanto offerto seemtoliketo agreeto pretendtodecideto appearto asktoPRACTICE1

Completeeachsentencewithagerundorinfinitive.

1.Bothskiingandsnowboardingcanbedangerous.Somepeoplearescaredof(get)__________injured.2.Tatianaenjoys(competing)___________inraces.3.Shehopes(participate)_____________intheWinterOlympicsnextyear.4.Sheneeds(practice)______________everyday.5.Tatiana’scoachhasagreed(work)___________withhereverydayuntilit’stimefortheOlympictry-outs.6.Thecoachintends(see)__________Tatianawinamedal.

gettingcompetingtoparticipatetopracticetoworktoseeSomeverbscanbefollowedbyeitheraninfinitiveoragerundwithnodifferenceinmeaning.Snowboardersbegantogototraditionalskiresorts.samemeaningSnowboardersbegan

goingtotraditionalskiresorts.Someverbscanbefollowedbyeitheraninfinitiveoragerund,butthemeaningisdifferent.Johnstopped

snowboarding

afterhehurthisknee.Sometimesondrivesthroughmountains,Ellastopstosnowboard.(stop+gerund

=stopanactivity)(stop+infinitive=stoponeactivityinordertostartanother.Ellastopsdrivinginordertosnowboard)Scott,Mazzen,andRaywentcamping

inthemountains.Theyhadfunspendingtimetogether,buttheyhadtroublehikingupthemountain.Theyhadtousesnowshoestogettotheirdestination.Snowshoeslooklikebigpaddlesthatpeopleattachtothebottomoftheirshoesinordertowalk

ontopofsnow.Withoutthesnowshoes,theirfeetmightsinkdeepintothesnow.Thiscanbeverydangerous,especiallyindeepsnow.Itisdifficulttogetoutofveryhighsnow.Goisfollowedbyagerundinsomeidiomaticexpressions,usuallytoexpressrecreationalactivities.

Theydecidedtogocamping.Theywenthikingin

theirsnowshoes.gobiking gofishing goshoppinggocamping gohiking goskatinggocanoeing gojogging goskiinggodancing gorunning goswimming-ingformfollowscertainspecialexpressions.Theywerehavingagoodtime

usingtheirsnowshoes.Theywerehavingfun

usingtheirsnowshoes.haveagoodtimehavefun+verb-ing-ingformfollowscertainspecialexpressions.They

hadahardtime

walking

upthemountain.havetrouble/difficultyhaveahardtimehaveadifficulttime+-ingThey

hadtrouble

walking

upthemountain.Aninfinitivephraseisoftenusedwithitasthesubjectofasentence.Itis

difficulttohikeinthesnow.Itisfuntotrynewsports.Itisn’tnecessarytospendalotofmoneyonsports.PRACTICE21.Whatwinteractivitiesdoyouenjoy?2.Whichwintersportsdoyouwanttotry?3.Haveyoutriediceskating?4.Wouldyouprefertogoskiingorsnowboarding?5.Haveyoueverhadahardtimelearningsomethingnew?6.Whatsportsaredifficulttodo?Areyoureadytotryskiingorsnowboarding?Beingpreparedforthecoldwinterconditionsisveryimportant.Beforeyoucanbegin,youneedtobedressedinpropergear.Youneedagoodskibiborskipantsandajacket.Agoodskisuitshouldbeflexibleenoughtoallowyoutomovefreely.Youalsoneedagoodpairofglovesthatarethick,buttheyshouldnotbetoostifftomove.Finally,you’llneedapairofskigogglesinordertoprotectyoureyesandahelmettoprotectyourhead.Inorderto

isusedtoexpresspurpose.Itanswersthequestion“Why?”Inorder

isoftenomitted.Youneedagoodpairofgoggles

toprotectyoureyes.Youneedagoodpairofgoggles

inordertoprotectyoureyes.Enoughcanbefollowedbyaninfinitive.Enoughfollowsanadjectiveandusuallyprecedesanoun.Toocanalsobefollowedbyanadjective+infinitive.Itimpliesanegativeresult.Yourglovesshouldbeflexibleenoughtoallowyoutomoveyourfingers.Itistoocoldtogoskiingwithoutproperwintergear.enough+nounYouneedenoughgeartostaywarm.adjective+enoughtoo+