高考練Ⅰ.閱讀理解(2023北京,D)Whatislife?Likemostgreatquestions,thisoneiseasytoaskbutdifficulttoanswer.Thereasonissimple:weknowofjustonetypeoflifeandit'schallengingtodosciencewithasamplesizeofone.Thefieldofartificiallife—calledALifeforshort—isthesystematicattempttospelloutlife'sfundamentalprinciples.Manyofthesepractitioners,so-calledALifers,thinkthatsomehowmakinglifeisthesurestwaytoreallyunderstandwhatlifeis.Sofarnoonehasconvincinglymadeartificiallife.ThistrackrecordmakesALifearipetargetforcriticism,suchasdeclarationsofthefield'sdoubtfulscientificvalue.AlanSmith,acomplexityscientist,istiredofsuchcomplaints.Askingabout“thepoint”ofALifemightbe,well,missingthepointentirely,hesays.“Theexistenceofalivingsystemisnotabouttheuseofanything,”Alansays.“Somepeopleaskme,‘Sowhat'stheworthofartificiallife?’Doyoueverthink,‘Whatistheworthofyourgrandmother?’”AsmuchasmanyALifershateemphasisingtheirresearch'sapplications,theattemptstocreateartificiallifecouldhavepracticalpayoffs.ArtificialintelligencemaybeconsideredALife'scousininthatresearchersinbothfieldsareenamouredbyaconceptcalledopen-endedevolution(演化).Thisisthecapacityforasystemtocreateessentiallyendlesscomplexity,tobeasortof“noveltygenerator”.TheonlysystemknowntoexhibitthisisEarth'sbiosphere.IfthefieldofALifemanagestoreproducelife'sendless“creativity”insomevirtualmodel,thosesameprinciplescouldgiverisetotrulyinventivemachines.ComparedwiththedevelopmentsofAI,advancesinALifearehardertorecognise.OnereasonisthatALifeisafieldinwhichthecentralconcept—lifeitself—isundefined.ThelackofagreementamongALifersdoesn'thelpeither.Theresultisadiverselineofprojectsthateachadvancealongtheiruniquepaths.Forbetterorworse,ALifemirrorstheverysubjectitstudies.Itsmuddled(混亂的)progressionisastrikingparallel(平行線)totheevolutionarystrugglesthathaveshapedEarth'sbiosphere.Undefinedanduncontrolled,ALifedrivesitsfollowerstorepurposeoldideasandgeneratenovelty.Itmaybe,ofcourse,thatthesecharacteristicsaren'tinanywaysurprisingorsingular.Theymayapplyuniversallytoallactsofevolution.UltimatelyALifemaybenothingspecial.Buteventhisdismissalsuggestssomething:perhaps,justlikelifeitselfthroughouttheuniverse,theriseofALifewillproveunavoidable.1.RegardingAlanSmith'sdefenceofALife,theauthoris.

A.supportiveB.puzzledC.unconcernedD.doubtful2.Whatdoestheword“enamoured”underlinedinParagraph3mostprobablymean?A.Shocked.B.Protected.C.Attracted.D.Challenged.3.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?A.ALifeholdsthekeytohumanfuture.B.ALifeandAIshareacommonfeature.C.AImirrorsthedevelopmentsofALife.D.AIspeedsuptheprocessofhumanevolution.4.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.LifeIsUndefined.CanAIBeaWayOut?B.LifeEvolves.CanAIHelpALifeEvolve,Too?C.LifeIsUndefined.CanALifeBeDefinedOneDay?D.LifeEvolves.CanAttemptstoCreateALifeEvolve,Too?高考詞匯站派生/合成詞匯1.systemn.系統→adj.系統的

2.fundamentn.基礎→adj.基本的

3.practicev.練習;實踐→n.專門人才;習藝者

4.convincingadj.令人信服的→adv.令人信服地

5.declarev.公布,宣布→n.公告,宣告

6.doubtn.懷疑→adj.懷疑的

7.existv.存在→n.存在

8.evolutionn.進化→adj.進化的

9.so-calledadj.

10.open-endedadj.

Ⅱ.語法填空(2020全國Ⅰ)Chinahasbecomethefirstcountrytolandaspacecraftonthefarsideofthemoon.TheunmannedChang'e-4probe(探測器)—thenamewasinspiredbyanancientChinesemoongoddess—1(touch)downlastweekintheSouthPole-Aitkenbasin.Landingonthemoon'sfarsideis2(extreme)challenging.Becausethemoon'sbodyblocksdirectradiocommunicationwithaprobe,Chinafirsthadtoputasatelliteinorbitabovethemooninaspot3itcouldsendsignalstothespacecraftandtoEarth.Thefarsideofthemoonisofparticular4(interesting)toscientistsbecauseithasalotofdeepcraters(環形山),moreso5thefamiliarnearside.ChineseresearchershopetousetheinstrumentsonboardChang'e-46(find)andstudyareasoftheSouthPole-Aitkenbasin.“Thisreallyexcitesscientists,”CarlePieters,ascientistatBrownUniversity,says,“becauseit7(mean)wehavethechancetoobtaininformationabouthowthemoon8(construct).”Dataaboutthemoon'scomposition,suchashow9iceandothertreasuresitcontains,couldhelpChinadecidewhether10(it)plansforafuturelunar(月球的)basearepractical.

2.3.4.5.

6.7.8.9.10.

高考詞匯站派生/合成詞匯1.mannedadj.需人操縱的→adj.無(需)人操作的

2.challengen.挑戰→adj.挑戰性的

3.communicatev.通信;交流→n.通信;交流

4.spacecraftn.

答案與分層梯度式解析UNIT1SCIENCEANDSCIENTISTS高考練Ⅰ.◎語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文,主要介紹了人工生命研究的現狀和發展前景。1.A推理判斷題。根據題干中的RegardingAlanSmith'sdefenceofALife可知是在問作者對艾倫·史密斯為人工生命辯護的態度,定位到第二段。由“ThistrackrecordmakesALifearipetargetforcriticism,suchasdeclarationsofthefield'sdoubtfulscientificvalue.”以及“AlanSmith...istiredofsuchcomplaints.”可知艾倫對于人工生命遭受的批評是厭煩的,第二段最后艾倫以“你的奶奶有什么價值?”反問,認可人工生命存在的必要性。由文章最后一段的“theriseofALifewillproveunavoidable(人工生命的崛起將被證明是不可避免的)”可知作者對人工生命的發展是持支持態度的,故作者是支持艾倫為人工生命進行辯護的,故選A。2.C詞義猜測題。分析畫線詞所在句“ArtificialintelligencemaybeconsideredALife'scousininthatresearchersinbothfieldsareenamouredbyaconceptcalledopen-endedevolution.”可知人工智能和人工生命是表親,然后闡述原因,這兩個領域的研究者都……一種叫作“開放式演化”的概念,再由下文的“IfthefieldofALifemanagestoreproducelife'sendless‘creativity’insomevirtualmodel,thosesameprinciplescouldgiverisetotrulyinventivemachines.”可知,如果人工生命領域能夠在某種虛擬模型中再現生命的無盡“創造力”,那么那些相同的原理可能會產生真正具有創造力的機器。這是積極的。瀏覽選項可知,attracted(被吸引)符合語境。3.B推理判斷題。由第三段第二句“ArtificialintelligencemaybeconsideredALife'scousininthatresearchersinbothfieldsareenamouredbyaconceptcalledopen-endedevolution.”可知人工智能和人工生命的研究者都被一種叫作“開放式演化”的概念吸引,故選B(人工生命和人工智能有一個共同的特點)。A、C、D項在文中無信息支撐。4.D主旨大意題。第一段提出人工生命領域的研究目的,第二段說明人工生命遭受的批評并用艾倫的觀點支持人工生命的研究,第三段以人工智能和人工生命的聯系來說明人工生命應用的可能性,第四段說明人工生命難以被認可的原因,最后一段為主題段,表明作者的觀點:也許正如整個宇宙中的生命本身一樣,人工生命的崛起也將被證明是不可避免的。由此可知,本文是在說明人工生命研究的現狀與發展前景,D項(生命在進化。創造人工生命的嘗試也可以進化嗎?)可總述文章,最適合作為文章標題。【高考詞匯站】1.systematic2.fundamental3.practitioner4.convincingly5.declaration6.doubtful7.existence8.evolutionary9.所謂的10.無限制的;開放式的Ⅱ.◎語篇解讀本文是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了中國發射的嫦娥四號無人探測器在月球背面成功著陸的重大事件。1.touched考查時態。根據時間狀語lastweek可知設空處需用一般過去時。故填touched。2.extremely考查副詞。設空處作狀語,修飾形容詞challenging,需用副詞形式。故填extremely。3.where考查定語從句。設空處引導定語從句且在從句中作地點狀語,先行詞spot是表示地點的名詞。故填erest考查名詞。設空處作介詞of的賓語,根據提示詞可知設空處需填名詞形式interest;此外“beof+抽象名詞”也是固定結構。故填interest。5.than考查介詞。根據設空處前的mor