高教自考英語二完整講義：第十二章精講(一)TextALetYourMindWander課文簡介從傳統的觀點出發，白日做夢一直被認為是有害的，或者至少是無用的。然而科學研究表明，白日做夢是日常生活必不可少的部分，它對保持情緒平衡、身體松弛、智力發展、注意力集中和同他人的交往和溝通有著極大的好處。本文通過許多名人及有成就者的成功都同以前的夢幻有關的實例。說明把自己幻想成一個勝利者有助于你取得成就。文章的最后一部分，號召大家學會幻想未來，并朝著此目標努力，最終可造就一個更有獨創性，更富想象力，更加心滿意足和一個更躊躇滿志的你。Para.1ThetraditionalideaaboutdaydreamingParas.2-10TheadvantagesofdaydreamingParas.11-13LearntodaydreamNewWords1daydreamvi./n.白日做夢2symptomn.癥狀，征兆3habituala.習慣性的，習以為常的4maladjustmentn..失調的，不適應環境的5compensatorya.賠償的，補償的6equilibriumn.平衡，均衡，平均7intellectualn./a.知識分子，智力的，理智的8detailn./vt.細節，詳情；詳述，詳細說明9enhancevt.提高，增強10spurvt./n.激勵，鼓舞11initiala./n.最初的，開始的；詞首的，首字母12inventorn.發明者，創造者13waylayvt.伏擊；攔住…問訊14musevt./vi./n.沉思，冥想15confrontvt.面對，遭遇；正視，對抗16paintern.漆工；畫家17sensitivityn.敏感性，靈敏度18innera./n.內部的，里面的；內部，里面19reflectionn.反射，反映；深思，考慮20creativityn.創造性21effortlessa.不作努力的；不費力的，容易的22dreamlikea.夢一般的，夢幻的23surroundingn./a.周圍的事物；環境；周圍的24charactern.性格，品質；特性，特征；人物，角色25thinkern.思想家，思考者26steadilyad.穩固地，穩定地27vividlyad.鮮明地，生動地28driftn./vi./vt.漂流，趨勢，傾向；漂流；漂泊29tracen./vt.痕跡，蹤跡；跟蹤，查找30undisturbeda.不受干擾的；寧靜的31tunen./vt.曲調，曲子；和諧，協調32midstn./prep.中間，當中33impoverisheda.貧困的，赤貧的34well-beingn.健康；福利，幸福35modesta.謙虛的，謙恭的；適中的36investmentn.投資；投入37excitementn.刺激；興奮詞組：1toexcess過分，過度，過量2tosubstitute…for用…代替…3becontraryto與…相反4inreality實際上，事實上5toputoff延期；消除；阻礙6toletgoof放手；放開7beconfrontedwith面臨，面對8todrawon用做來源，依靠；9togazeat凝視，注視10beunawareof不知道…,沒察覺到11todreamof夢見，夢想12inone’smind’eye在腦海里13atsea在海上，在航海中14togoover越過，渡過15toimpress…on使銘記，牢記16befreefrom沒有…的；不受…的17toputaside放在一邊，撇開18bebeneficialto對…有益19toaddupto總和是tocomeupwith提出，提供，趕上，來臨，流行（起來）詞匯精講：1.symptom：n.癥狀，征兆Mostinfectionsarecontagiousbeforeanysymptomsarenoticed.大多數傳染病在癥狀被發現之前已具有傳染性。Herecognizesthesymptoms，butrefusestoadmitthathehasmaritalproblems.他承認這些征兆，但不愿承認自己的婚姻發生了問題。2.habitual：a.習慣性的，習以為常的Iceandsnowareahabitualsightinthenorth.冰雪在北方是常見的。3.detail：n./vt.詳情，細節，詳述Youcangetdetailsofnurseryschoolsfromthelocalauthority.你可向地方當局了解有關托兒所的詳細情況。Wehaven‘tyethadachancetodiscussthematterindetail.我們還沒有機會詳細討論這一問題。4.enhance：vt.提高，加強（increase，improve）Themoonlightenhancedthebeautyofthescene.月光更增添了景色的秀美。Thepraiseoftheteacherenhancedhisconfidence.老師的贊賞增強了他的信心。5.initial：a.最初的，開始的派生詞：initiativen.創始，首創精神；initiatev.開始，創始；發起，發動Myinitialsurprisewassoonreplacedbydelight.我最初的驚奇不久便被喜悅替代了。6.confront：vt.使面對，使面臨，使遭遇Thenewsystemwasconfrontedwithdifficultiesatthestart.新體制起初遇到很多困難。Pronunciationisjustoneofthemanyproblemsthatconfrontthelanguagelearner.發音只是學語言的人所面臨的諸多問題之一。Weshouldconfrontthedifficultiesinlifeinsteadoftryingtoescapethem.我們應該正視生活中的困難，而不是逃避它們。7.sensitivity：n.敏感性，靈敏度派生詞：sensitivea.敏感的，靈敏的Hissensitivitytothecurrenteventsmadeussurprised.他對時事的敏感性使我們感到驚訝。8.inner：a./n.內部的，里面的反義詞：outera.外部的，外面的Thelabelisontheinnersideofthebox.標簽位于盒子的內側。Ifshehadinnerdoubts，itwasnotapparenttoanyoneelse.她若心中生疑亦不形之于色。9.reflection：n.反射；映像，倒影派生詞：reflectv.反射，反映Hegavemuchreflectionontheproblembutstillhadnoanswer.他對那個問題思考了很久，但仍未找到答案。Ittookhimtwoyearstofinishhisbook“Reflectionsonthepast”他用兩年時間寫完一本書，叫做《往事反思》10.creativity：n.創造力，創造性派生詞：createv.創造；creativea.有創造力的11.trace：n./vt.跟蹤，查找Didthepolicefindanytraceofthemurderer？。警方發現兇手的行蹤了嗎？。ThepracticeofgivingeggsatEastercanbetracedbacktofestivalsinancientChina.復活節送雞蛋的習俗可以追溯到古代中國的一些節日。12.modest：a.謙虛的，謙恭的；適中的，不過分的反義詞：immodesta.傲慢的，不謙虛的，不正派的，下流的Sheisverymodestabouttheprizesshehaswon.她對自己得獎非常謙虛。Hisneedsarequitemodest.他的需求一點也不過分。（Hedoesn‘taskfortoomuch.）13.investment：n.投資，投入派生詞：investv.投資，投入Stocksareregardedasgoodlong-terminvestments.\o"股票"股票被認為是理想的長期投資。Hisinvestmentinthatbusinesshavedonewell.他在那家商行的投資收益很好。詞組：phrases1.toexcess過分，過度，過量Theybotheattoexcess.他們倆都吃得過多。Theheavyrainfilledthelakestoexcess.大雨使湖水超過了湖的容量。2.tosubstitute…for：用…替代Youcansubstitutevegetableoilforbutterinthisrecipe.在這一食譜中，你可以用植物油代替黃油。3.becontraryto：與……相反Hisactionsarecontrarytotherules.他的行為與這些規則相違背。Contrarytoallourexpectationshe‘sactuallyfoundawell-paidjobandanicegirlfriend.與我們大家的預料相反，他竟然找到了一份報酬優厚的工作和一個很好的女朋友。4.toputoff：延期；阻礙Themeetinghasbeenputoffforaweek.會議延期一周。Ican‘tputoffgoingtothedentistanylonger.我得去看醫生，不能再耽擱了。5.togazeat：凝視，注視近義詞：tostareat瞪著，怒視Whatareyougazingat？你在盯著看什么？6.toimpress…on：使銘記，牢記Myfatherimpressedonmethevalueofhardwork.父親要我銘記努力工作的重要性。7.befreefrom：沒有…的；不受…的Hewishedtolivealifeentirelyfreefromtroubles.他希望能過上一種無憂無慮的生活。8.toputaside：把…放在一邊Sheputthenewspaperasideandpickedupabook.她把報紙放下，拿起了一本書。EveryweekIputasideabitofmoneyforarainyday.每周我都存點錢，以備不時之需。9.bebeneficialto：對…有益，對…有利Freshairisbeneficialtoone‘shealth.新鮮的空氣有益健康。Daydreamingishighlybeneficialtoyourhealth.夢幻非常有益于你的健康。Tocomeupwith提出課文精講：LetYourMindWanderUntilrecentlydaydreamingwasgenerallyconsideredeitherawasteoftimeorasymptomofneurotictendencies，andhabitualdaydreamingwasregardedasevidenceofmaladjustmentoranescapefromlife‘srealitiesandresponsibilities.Itwasbelievedthathabitualdaydreamingwouldeventuallydistancepeoplefromsocietyandreducetheireffectivenessincopingwithrealproblems.Atitsbest，daydreamingwasconsideredacompensatorysubstitutefortherealthingsinlife.①1.句中asitsbest是一個詞組，意思是“最好也不過”；daydreaming是動名詞，在句中作主語；acompensatory…inlife作wasconsidered的主語補足語。本句意思是：白日做夢最好也不過被認為是對生活中實際事物的一種補償性的替代。Aswithanythingcarriedtoexcess，daydreamingcanbeharmful.Therearealwaysthosewhowouldsubstitutefantasylivesfortherewardsofrealactivity.Butsuchextremesarerelativelyrare，andthereisagrowingbodyofevidencetosupportthefactthatmostpeoplesufferfromalackofdaydreamingratherthananexcessofit.②2.本句中由and連接的兩個并列句；該句中to引起的不定式結構一直到句尾，作evidence的后置定語；在這一結構中，thefact后又接由that引起的同位語從句。本句意思：“但是這類極端的情況較為罕見，愈來愈多的證據卻支持這樣一種現象，即大部分人受白日做夢過少而不是過多之苦?！盬earenowbeginningtolearnhowvaluableitreallyisandthatwhenindividualsarecompletelypreventedfromdaydreaming，theiremotionalbalancecanbedisturbed.③3.該句中的how和that引起一個名詞性從句作動詞learn的賓語。在that引起的從句中，when又引導一個從句作狀語。本句意思：“現在我們開始了解，白日做夢如何真有價值。并且人如果白日完全不做夢，他們的情緒平衡會被打亂?！盢otonlyaretheylessabletodealwiththepressuresofday-to-dayexistence，butalsotheirself-controlandself-directionbecomeendangered.④4.本句是由notonly和butalso連接的兩個并列分句?！皀otonly”否定詞放在句首，因此句子要倒裝。本句意思：“不僅他們應付每日生活的壓力的能力會變差，他們的自我控制和自我導向能力也會受到損害。”Recentresearchindicatesthatdaydreamingispartofdailylifeandthatacertainamounteachdayisessentialformaintainingequilibrium.⑤5.本句indicate后接兩個由that引導的賓語從句。本句意思：“最近研究表明，白日做夢是日常生活的一部分，每天白天做一定的夢對保持情緒平衡是必不可少的，科學已經發現，白日做夢是一種有效的松弛辦法?！盌aydreaming，sciencehasdiscovered，isaneffectiverelaxationtechnique.Butitsbeneficialeffectsgobeyondthis.⑥6.togobeyond超出，不止該句意思是：“但它的好處不止這些？quot；Experimentsshowthatdaydreamingsignificantlycontributestointellectualgrowth，powersofconcentration，andtheabilitytointeractandcommunicatewithothers.⑦equilibrium是指多項平衡，balance是兩項平衡7.本句中contributeto之后是三個名詞詞組作并列賓語，即“智力發展”、“集中注意的能力”和“與他人交往、溝通的能力”。本句意思：“試驗證明白日做夢對智力發展、注意力集中和同別人的交往和溝通有相當大的好處。”InanexperimentwithschoolchildreninNewYork，Dr.JoanFreybergobservedimprovedconcentration：“Therewaslessrunningaround，morehappyfeelings，moretalkingandplayinginthegroup，andmoreattentionpaidtodetail.”InanotherexperimentatYaleUniversity，Dr.JeromeSingerfoundthatdaydreamingresultedinimprovedself-controlandenhancedcreativethinkingability.⑧8.在由that引導的賓語從句中，resultedin意為“造成，導致”，improved和enhanced都是過去分詞作定語，分別修飾self-control和creativethinkingability.按照漢語習慣應譯為：“有助于自我控制的改善和創造性思維能力的增？quot；Pupil當名詞講的時候，它是“小學生”。它的另外一個意思是眼睛里的瞳孔。小學有兩種說法：primaryschool、elementaryschool.Daydreaming，Singerpointedout，isonewayindividualscanimproveuponreality.Itis，heconcluded，apowerfulspurtoachievement.Butthevalueofdaydreamingdoesnotstophere.Ithasbeenfoundthatitimprovesaperson‘sabilitytobebetteradaptedtopractical，immediateconcerns，tosolveeverydayproblems，andtocomeupmorereadilywithnewideas.⑨9.句中ability后接三個由to引起的不定式短語作后置定語，本句的意思是：“人們已經發現，它能改善一個人的能力，使他能更好地適應實際的緊迫的事務，解決日常問題并且更容易地提出新的想法?！盋ontrarytopopularbelief，constantandconsciouseffortatsolvingaproblemis，inreality，oneofthemostinefficientwaysofcopingwithit.Whileconsciousinitialeffortisalwaysnecessary，effectivesolutionstoespeciallysevereproblemsfrequentlyoccurwhenconsciousattemptstosolvethemhavebeenputoff.⑩Inabilitytorelax，toletgoofaproblem，oftenpreventsitssolution.Comeup………with趕上；提出，拿出10.句中while引導讓步狀語從句，表示“雖然，盡管”的意思。句子的主句中又有一個when引導的時間狀語從句。在時間狀語從句中consciousattempt是主語，attempt后面的tosolvethem是動詞不定式短語作定語修飾attempt，從句的謂語是havebeenputoff.本句意思：“雖然最初的有意識的努力永遠是必要的，但對特別困難問題的有效解決辦法常常在這種有意識的努力遇到了阻礙的時候才會出現。”Historically，scientistsandinventorsareonegroupthatseemstotakefulladvantageofrelaxedmoments.⑾11.句中that是引導定語從句修飾group本句意思：“在歷史上，科學家和發明家是似乎能充分利用松弛時刻的一類人?！盩heirbiographiesrevealthattheirbestideasseemtohaveoccurredwhentheywererelaxinganddaydreaming.Itiswellknown，forexample，thatNewtonsolvedmanyofhistoughestproblemswhenhisattentionwaswaylaidbyprivatemusings.ThomasAlvaEdisonalsoknewthevalueof“halfwaking”states.Wheneverconfrontedwithataskwhichseemedtoohardtobedealtwith，hewouldstretchoutonhislaboratorysofaandletfantasiesfloodhismind.⑿12.句中whenever加confronted引導的過去分詞短語作時間狀語，也可以認為這是一個時間狀語從句省略了hewas.“task”后whichseemedtoohardtobedealtwith是定語從句修飾task.其中“too…to”表示“太…。以至于不…?！?。本句意思：“無論什么時候他遇到一個似乎解決不了的問題時，他會躺在沙發上四肢舒展，讓各種幻覺涌滿他的腦海。”Painters，writers，andcomposersalsohavedrawnheavilyontheirsensitivitytoinnerfantasies.DebussyusedtogazeattheRiverSeineandthegoldenreflectionsofthesellingsuntoestablishanatmosphereforcreativity.Brahmsfoundthatideascameeffortlessonlywhenheapproachedastateofdeepdaydreaming.AndCesarFrankissaidtohavewalkedaroundwithadreamlikegazewhilecomposing，seeminglytotallyunawareofhissurroundings⒀13.句中的“whilecomposing”是現在分詞結構作時間狀語從句；“seeminglytotallyunawareofhissurroundings是形容詞短語作伴隨狀語。其中”…issaidtodosth“表示”據說某人做某事“。本句意思：”據說賽薩爾·弗蘭克在作曲的時候，走來走去，朦朧凝眸，仿佛毫不意識周圍的一切?！皍nawareof沒有意識到Longbefore，Beforelong對比例題：Thefaceofthecitywillbechangedbeforelong.（城市的面貌不久將被改變。）Manysuccessfulpeopleactuallydaydreamedtheirsuccessesandachievementslongbeforetheyrealizedthem.HenryJ.Kaisermaintainedthat“youcanimagineyourfuture，‘’andhebelievedthatagreatpartofhisbusinesssuccesswasduetopositiveuseofdaydreams.HarryS.Trumansaidthatheuseddaydreamingforrest.ConradHiltondreamedofoperatingahotelwhenhewasaboy.Herecalledthatallhisaccomplishmentswerefirstrealizedinhisimagination.“Greatlivingstartswithapicture，heldinsomeperson‘simagination，ofwhathewouldlikesomedaytodoorbe.⒁14.句中“picture”后有兩個后置定語，一個是held分詞短語，另一個是ofwhat名詞從句。本句意思：“偉大的生活起始于一個人在想象中幻想自己有朝一日能做出什么事業或成為什么人物。”FlorenceNightingaledreamedofbeinganurse.Edisonpicturedhimselfaninventor；allsuchcharactersescapedthemerepushofcircumstancebyimaginingafuturesovividlythattheyheadedforit.⒂15.此句中的兩個常用詞的詞性都是動詞picturev.想象headv.前進，前往本句意思：“愛迪生把自己想象成一名發明家。所以這些人都如此生動地幻想自己的未來，朝著這個既定方向前進，從而避免了單純的受環境的推動?！薄癟hesearethewordsofthewell-knownthinkerDr.HarryEmersonFosdick，andtheyshowthatpeoplecanliterallydaydreamthemselvestosuccess.Fosdick，awareofthewonderfulpowerofpositivedaydreaming，offeredthisadvice：”Holdapictureofyourselflongandsteadilyenoughinyourmind‘seye，andyouwillbedrawntowardit.⒃16.awareof部分是形容詞詞組作原因狀語。引號中的祈使句相當于一個條件狀語從句：ifyouholdapicture…本句意思：“福斯迪克知道積極的白日夢的神奇作用，提出了如下的意見：”如果你經久地、堅定地在你的想像中給自己描繪一個形象，你將會被引往這個形象。你如果把自己生動地幻想成一個戰敗者，單單這一點就能使勝利成為不可能。你要把自己幻想成一個勝利者，這將顯著地有助你取得成就。你要是什么也不幻想自己，你將像一條被遺棄的船，在大海上四處漂泊?！癙ictureyourselfvividlyasdefeatedandthatalonewillmakevictoryimpossible.Pictureyourselfaswinningandthatwillcontributeremarkablytosuccess.Donotpictureyourselfasanything，andyouwilldriftlikeanabandonedshipatsea.“Togettheresults，youshouldpictureyourself-asvividlyaspossible-asyouwanttobe……Theimportantthingtorememberistopicturethesedesiredobjectivesasifyouhadalreadyattainedthem.⒄17.本句用了虛擬語氣，本句有一個由asif引導的方式狀語從句，在asif引導的從句中謂語動詞經常用虛擬語氣形式，表示對過去發生的事情的假設，并非事實，因此用了had+過去分詞的形式。本句意思：“重要的是要記住，你幻想這些期望的目標時就好像你已經實現了他們那樣?！盙ooverseveraltimesthedetailsofthesepictures.Thiswilldeeplyimpressthemonyourmemory，andthesememorytraceswillsoonstartinfluencingyoureverydaybehaviortowardtheattainmentofthegoal.Whileexercisingyourimagination，youshouldbealoneandcompletelyundisturbed.Someindividualsseemtohavetheabilitytotuneintotheirprivateselvesinthemidstofthenoisiestcrowdsorcompany.⒅18.tune原指“調音，調諧”在這里是比喻用法，意為：“調整，調節”本句意思是：“有些人能做到在非常喧鬧的人群中調節自己，進入自我?！眓oisy-noisiest（最高級）Butmostofus，especiallywhentheexperienceisnew，requireanenvironmentfreefromoutsidedistraction.Alifelivedwithoutfantasyanddaydreamingisaseriouslyimpoverishedone.Eachofusshouldputasideafewminutesdaily，takingshort10-or15-minutevacations.Daydreamingishighlybeneficialtoyourphysicalandmentalwell-being，andyouwillfindthatthismodest，inexpensiveinvestmentintimewilladduptoamorecreativeandimaginative，amoresatisfied，andamoreself-fulfilledyou.⒆19.句中that引導賓語從句.intime“遲早，最后”本句意思是：“白日做夢對你的身心健康大為有益。你會發現這份小小的花費不多的時間投資最終帶來的是一個更有創造性，更富有想像力，更心滿意足和更躊躇滿志的你。它時時使我們更充分地意識到強烈的活力，這當然會大大有助于我們生活的激奮和歡樂。”Itoffersusafullersenseofbeingintenselyalivefrommomenttomoment，andthis，ofcourse，contributesgreatlytotheexcitementandjoyofliving.高教自考英語二完整講義：第十二章精講(二)TextBToSleep，PerchancetoDreamNewWords1perchancead.[古]1.偶然，意外地；2.可能，或許2miserablea.悲慘的；可憐的3far-fetcheda.1.牽強的；2.未必會的，靠不住的4veterann.1.老兵，老手；2.[美]退伍軍人a.老練的；經驗豐富的5administrationn.1.管理，經營；2.行政，行政機關6sleepya.困倦的，嗜睡的7linkn.環節，聯系vt.用環連接；聯系8eludevt.（巧妙地）逃避，躲避elusionelusive（形容詞）9respectivelyad.各自的，分別地10definitivea.1.決定的，確定的；2.限定的，明確的infinitive（不明確的，不確定的。）11evolvevt.1.使發展，使形成，制定；2.引申出，推論vi.1.進展；2.進化evolution（進化論）12differvi.1.不同，相異（from）；2.與…意見不同（from，with）different（形容詞）difference（名詞）13surprisinglyad.驚人地；出乎意料地surprise（動詞）14namelyad.即，也就是15plusprep.加，加上a.1.正的；2.附加的minus（減）16acronymn.首字母縮略詞17eyeballn.眼球18correlationn.相互關系，關聯19physiologyn.生理學20unhappyn.1.不快樂的，愁苦的；2.不幸的21dreamern.1.做夢的人；2.空想家22volunteern.志愿者；志愿兵a.志愿的vi.志愿23identityn.1.同一，一致；2.身份，本體IDcard（身份證）24primarilyad.1.首先，起初；2.首要地，主要地25merrya.歡樂的，愉快的26psychologyn.1.心理學；2.心理27locationn.1.定位，測位；2.位置，場所locate（動詞）28reinforcevt.1.增援，支援；2.加強，增加；3.進一步證實PhrasesandExpressions1influenceon對…的影響2tobreakinto分成（部分）3tocheckinto調查accountfor占……（部分），說明……原因inturn反過來，依次，輪流重點詞匯：1.link：n./vt.環節，聯系I‘dliketohaveafewlinksremovedfromthisnecklace.我想從這條項鏈上去掉幾環。Thereisaclearlinkbetweenpovertyandmalnutrition.貧窮與營養不良之間有明顯的聯系。2.respectively：ad.各自地，分別地派生詞：respectvt./n.尊敬，尊重；方面Inthe200metres，LizzyandSarahcamefirstandthirdrespectively.在200米賽跑中，利茲和莎拉分別獲第一和第三名。注意區別：respectablea.值得尊敬的；respectfula.恭敬的，尊敬的3.differ：vi.不同，相異派生詞：differenta.不同的，相異的；differencen.區別，差別，相異Thetwinslookalike，buttheydifferintemperament.這對雙胞胎看起來很像，但脾氣不同。Robotsdifferfromautomaticmachinesinthataftercompletionofonespecifictask，theycanbereprogrammedbyacomputertodoanotherone.\o"機器人"機器人與自動化機器不同之處在于機器人完成某一特定任務后，可由計算機重新編制程序去完成另一項任務。4.identity：n.同一，一致；身份派生詞：identifyv.識別，鑒別；identicala.相同的，同一的Theman‘sidentitywasbeingkeptsecretwhilehewashelpingthepolicewithinformationaboutthemurder.這個人在向警察提供有關此謀殺案的信息時身份是保密的。5.influenceon：對…的影響Parentshavegreatinfluenceontheirchildren.父母對孩子有極大的影響。重點句子：TextBToSleep，PerchancetoDreamSoyouawokethismorninginamiserablemood.Well，maybeyourspecialdreamcharacterdidn‘tputinanappearancelastnight，ormaybetherejustweren’tenoughpeopledriftingthroughyourdreams.⑴1.Well，maybeyourspecialdreamcharacterdidn‘tputinanappearancelastnight，ormaybetherejustweren’tenoughpeopledriftingthroughyourdreams.（para.1）toputinanappearance（出于責任或禮貌，暫時地）到場，出席，露面driftingthroughyourdreams.現在分詞短語作定語，修飾people全句譯為：“是的，也許是你的特別的夢中人昨夜沒在你夢中出現，或者是浮現在你夢中的人不夠多。”Ifthatsoundslikefar-fetchedfantasy，considertheseinterestingfindingsthathaveemergedfromeightyearsofsleepanddreamresearchattheVeteransAdministrationhospitalinCincinnati，Ohio：Whilesleepaffectshowsleepy，friendly，aggressive，andunhappywefeelafterawakening，feelingsofhappinessorunhappywefeelafterawakening，feelingsofhappinessorunhappinessdependmoststronglyonourdreams.⑵2.Whilesleepaffectshowsleepy，friendly，aggressive，andunhappywefeelafterawakening，feelingsofhappinessorunhappinessdependmoststronglyonourdreams.（para.3）While意為“盡管，雖然”howsleepy，friendly，aggressive，andunhappywefeelafterawakening為賓語從句，depend…on依賴，依靠全句譯為：“雖然睡眠影響我們醒來之后如何困倦、和善、暴躁還是不快，我們的愉快與否的感覺很大程度上卻取決于我們所做的夢的內容。”Eachofushasaspecialdreamcharacter，atypeofpersonwhoseappearanceinourdreamsmakesusfeelhappierwhenweawake.Whatwedreamatnightisn‘tasimportanttohowwefeelinthemorningasthenumberofpeoplewhoappearinourdreams.⑶Themorepeople，thebetterwefeel.3.Whatwedreamatnightisn‘tasimportanttohowwefeelinthemorningasthenumberofpeoplewhoappearinourdreams.（para.5）Whatwedreamatnight主語從句asimportant…as像…一樣重要全句譯為：“對我們清晨醒來時感覺如何，我們在夜間夢見什么并不十分重要，重要的是有多少人出現在我們夢中?！監ursleepinfluencesourmood.Ourmood，inturn，affectsourperformance.⑷Andthroughouttheday，ourlevelsofmoodandperformanceremaincloselylinked.influences可以是名詞也可以是動詞，影響的意思。譯文：我們的睡眠影響我們的情緒，反過來我們的情緒又影響我們的行為。Duringthepasttwodecades，researchhasgreatlyexpandedourknowledgeaboutsleepanddreams.Scientistshaveidentifiedvariousstagesofsleep，andtheyhavefoundthathumanscanfunctionwellonverylittlesleep，butonlyiftheydream.⑸Yetthetruefunctionofsleepanddreamingcontinuestoeludepreciseexplanation.Functionv.運轉onlyif：只有ifonly：引導虛擬條件句，要是…就好了。譯文：科學家已經確認了各種不同的睡眠階段，并且已經發現人類肌體可以運行的很好，但是只是在做夢的情況下。In1970MiltonKramerandThomasRoth，researchersattheVAHospitalandtheUniversityofCincinnatiCollegeofMedicine，respectively，raisedthisquestion：Doourmoodsinthemorningrelateinanywaytooursleepanddreamsthepreviousnight？Humanexperiencesuggeststhattheydo.Certainlywegenerallyfeelbetterafteragoodnight‘ssleep.ButDrs.KramerandRothsoughtamuchmoredefinitiveanswer.Andthatanswer，thoughsillevolvingisapositiveyes.KramerandRothbeganbyseekingtodeterminewhetherone‘smooddiffersbetweennightandmorning，andwhetherthisisrelateddirectlytosleep.⑹Theyfoundthatthereisadifference，anditisdefinitelyrelatedtosleep.Thentheyexploredthevariousaspectsofmoodandtheirrelationshiptothevariousstagesofsleepanddreaming.berelatedto與…有關系譯文：Kramer和Roth企圖確定人們的情緒早晚是否不同，并且這是否直接與人們的睡眠有關。Whatdoesagoodnight‘ssleepmeantoourmood？Generallywearehappier，lessaggressive，sleepier，and，abitsurprisingly，lessfriendly.Beingsleepieriseasilyexplained.Itsimplytakesalittletimetobecomefullyalertafterawakening.Butwhyshouldwefeellessfriendly？heretheresearchersmustspeculatealittle.Theysuggesttheanswermaybethelackofassociationwithotherhumansduringtheperiodofsleep.Oncethetwodoctorsestablishedscientificallywhatcommonsenseandfolkwisdomhadlongtaught-namely，thatthereislinkbetweensleepandhowwefeel-theysetouttolearnwhatpartsofourmoodarerelatedtowhichspecificpartsofthesleepcycle.⑺Commonsense是普通常識folkwisdom民間智慧folka.民間的setouttodo著手做某事譯文：兩位博士一旦科學的確定了人們長期以來學習到的普通知識和民間智慧——即睡眠和我們的感覺之間的有聯系，他們就著手了解我們的情緒的哪些部分與睡眠周期的哪些具體部分有關。Normalsleepisbrokenintofivedistinctparts-StagesIthrough4，plusREM，anacronymforrapideyemovement.Muchremainsunknownabouteachofthefivesleepstages.MostdreamingoccursduringREMsleep，aperiodwhentheeyeballsmoverapidlybeneaththeclosedlids.Andwhethertheyrememberornot，alladultsdream，usuallyfourtosixtimesanight.Threetypesofmoodarestronglyrelatedtosomespecificstageofsleep.Ourfriendly，aggressive，andsleepyfeelingsallrelatetoStage2sleep，whichaccountsformostofourtotalsleephours.⑻Ourfriendlyandsleepyfeelings，butnotouraggressivefeelings，areaffectedaswellbyStages3and4，andbyhowlongittakesustofallasleep.accountfor占…比例譯文：我們的友善、好斗、倦意都與占我們絕大部分睡眠時間的睡眠的第二階段有關。Thismeansthatifyougetlesssleepthannormal-andpeoplevaryagreatdealinhowmuchsleeptheynormallyrequire-youawakemorefriendly，moreaggressive，andlesssleepy.Atthispoint，thedoctorsfoundthemselvespuzzled.Theyknewfromtheirearlierworkthatsleepdeterminesifpeoplefeelhappier.Yetwhentheystudiedthevarioussleepstages，theyfoundnocorrelationbetweensleepphysiologyandtheunhappymood.Clearlysleepmadeadifference，butthatdifferencedidn‘trelatetohowmuchtimeonespentineachofthevarioussleepstages.Thetworesearchersdecidedthekeytowhetherwefeelhappyorunhappyaftersleepmustlieinsleep‘spsychologicalcomponent-ourdreams.⑼Sotheybeganstudyingdreamcontent-whatdreamersdreamedandwhoappearedintheirdreams-toseehowthisaffectedmood.“Wefeelhappyorunhappyaftersleep”這個句子是介詞賓語從句的主語，是一個主語從句。譯文：兩個研究人員決定我們睡醒后是否高興的關鍵在于我們睡覺時的心理組成成份——我們的夢。Insteadofsleepingthroughthenight，volunteersnowwereawakenedfourtimeswhileinREMsleep.Theywereaskedaboutsuchthingsaswhattheirdreamswereabout；thesex，age，identity，andnumberofthepeopleintheirdreams；andwhateachpersoninadreamwasdoing.Interestingly，KramerandRothfoundthatbeingawakenedfourtimesanightdidn‘tmakeadifferenceinthevolunteers’morningmoodpatterns.Buttheydidfindthatwhoappearsinadreamhasafargreaterinfluenceonmoodthanwhatoccursinthedream.“Whoaffectsallthemoods.”Kramersays，“butprimarilytheunhappymood.”Eachofus，itturnsout，hasaspecialdreamcharacter，⑽andifthistypeofcharacterappearsinourdreams，wearehappierwhenweawake.“Forpeopleingeneral，howunhappyyoufeelaftersleepdependsonwhoisinthedream.”Kramersays.“Whoitisthatmakesyouhappierisdifferentforyouthanforme.”⑾Forsomeitmaybeanolderwoman，forexample；forothers，ayoungman.10.我們每個人，原來是都有一個特殊的夢的特征或夢中情人。11.每個能使我們更高興的人，因人而異。Whoappearsinyourdreamisn‘ttheonlyimportantthing.Themorepeoplewhoappearinyoudreamsthehappieryouareonawakening.It’sacaseofthemorethemerrier.⑿“Thebadthinginadreamistobealone；youfeelworse，”Kramerexplains.“Youcanrelatethistowakeningpsychology，wherebeingaloneleadstomoreunhappiness.Thereissomethingaboutinteractingwithpeoplethatproduceshappiness.”12.情況是人越多就越高興。Anumberofresearchershaveexaminedtherelationshipofmoodandperformance.Thedoctorsalsocheckedintothisrelationship，andtheyhavefoundsomeinterestingcorrelations.“Wefoundthatthemorefriendly，moreaggressive，moreclear-thinking，lesssleepy，andsurprisingly，themoreunhappyyouare，thebetteryouperform.⒀Thatlastone-theunhappy-Ican‘texplain，”Kramersays.Moreover，thelevelofaperson’smoodsandthelevelofhisorherperformanceriseandfalltogetherthroughouttheday.InitiallythetwoVAresearchersworkedonlywithmen，becausethedreamsofmenarefareasiertostudy.Menandwomendreamdifferently.Indeed，sexisthebiggestfactorinaccountingfordifferencesinthepeople，activities，locationsandfeelingsthatoccurindreams.⒁Dr.Kramersays，“Whenyoucomparemenandwomen，yougetagreaterdifferenceindreamcontentthanwhenyoucompare，say，20-and60-year-olds，orblackandwhite.”（14）accountfor解釋…的原因譯文：確實，性別是解釋出現在人們夢中的行為、地點和感覺的不同的最大因素。LastyeartheVAresearchersbeganstudyingtherelationshipofsleep，dreams，andmoodinwomen.Thisworkiscontinuing，buttheinitialfindingsreinforcewhattheyhadfoundinmen.“Overall，thewomenarejustlikemen，”Kramersays.補充知識：被動語態英語中的被動語態應用遠遠多于漢語，尤其是在科技、法律文件中更為廣泛。使用被動語態可以不出現動作的執行者（通常為人），強調動作的承受者，體現了客觀性。因此，凡是不必要、不知道或不愿意說出動作的執行者的時候，就用被動語態。被動語態的基本結構為：be+及物動詞的過去分詞被動語態可以用于所有時態，要注意動詞be要與主語的人稱、數都一致。另外，還可以有含有情態動詞的被動語態，其結構為：情態動詞+be+過去分詞例如：Hisroomisbeingpainted.Mywalletwasstolenaweekago.Thebookhasbeentranslatedintomanylanguages.Thisworkshouldbedoneassoonaspossible.被動語態句子的譯法：1.譯成漢語的“被”字句Atitsbest，daydreamingwasconsideredacompensatorysubstitutefortherealthingsinlife.白日夢最好的理解是被認為對生活中真實事情的一種補償性的替代。2.譯成漢語的“把”字句，或者“由”、“讓”、“使”、“叫”等等。Theworkshouldbefinishedassoonaspossible.應盡快把工作完成。3.譯成漢語的“是…的”結構ResistanceismeasuredinOhms.電阻是以歐姆度量的。4.譯成漢語的無主語句Arareelementwasfoundlastyear.去年發現了一種稀有元素。5.譯成主動句Suchdatacanbedependedon.這些數據可靠。Thechildrenaretakencareofbytheirmum.媽媽照料孩子們。6.常見被動句型不加主語的：Itishopedthat…“希望…”Itisreportedthat…“據報道…”Itissaidthat…“據說…”Itissupposedthat…“據猜測…”Itmustbeadmitted…“必須承認…”Itmustbepointedthat…“必須指出…”Itisassertedthat…“據聲稱…”可加主語的：原文中的主語在譯文中變成了賓語，另外加上“人們”、“有人”、“大家”、“他們”、“眾人”等等泛指詞做主語。