HowtoWriteEnglishPaper怎樣撰寫英文論文TenStepstoWritinganEffectiveAbstractFocusingonyourCentralMessageTwelveStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveFirstDraftofyourManuscriptEightStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveOutlineOutlinesAnabstractisacondensedversionofthemanuscript,whichhighlightsthemajorpointscovered,conciselydescribesitscontentandscope,andreviewsitsmaterialinabbreviatedform.Itisusuallythefirstsectionreadandsetsthetoneofthepaperforthereviewer.Itmustbeconciseandeasytoreadandmustcovertheimportantpointsofthepaper.TenStepstoWritinganEffectiveAbstractManypublicationshavearequiredstyleforabstracts;the"GuidelinesforAuthors"providedbythepublisherwillprovidespecificinstructions.Staywithinthepublisher’sguidelines,oryourmanuscriptmightberejected.Writinganabstractinvolvessummarizingawholemanuscriptandprovidingasmuchnewinformationaspossible.Thebestwaytowriteaneffectiveabstractistostartwithadraftofthecompletemanuscriptandfollowthese10steps:1.Identifythemajorobjectivesandconclusions.2.Identifyphraseswithkeywordsinthemethodssection.3.Identifythemajorresultsfromthediscussionorresultssection.4.Assembletheaboveinformationintoasingleparagraph.5.Stateyourhypothesisormethodusedinthefirstsentence.6.Omitbackgroundinformation,literaturereview,anddetaileddescriptionofmethods.7.Removeextrawordsandphrases.8.Revisetheparagraphsothattheabstractconveysonlytheessentialinformation.9.Checktoseeifitmeetstheguidelinesofthetargetedjournal.10.Givetheabstracttoacolleague(preferablyonewhoisnotfamiliarwithyourwork)andaskhim/herwhetheritmakessense.Writinganeffectiveabstractwillimprovethechancesofyourmanuscriptbeingaccepted,encouragepeopletoreadit,andincreaseitsimpact.AnumberofstudieshaveindicatedthatabadlywrittenmanuscriptwithpooruseofEnglish,evenwithgoodscience,haslesschanceofbeingacceptedandpublished.FocusingonyourCentralMessageThisisoneofthemostimportantpartsofwritingyourpaper,andonethatisoftenoverlooked.Thinkcarefullyaboutwhatitisthatyouwantyourreaderstounderstandaboutyourwork.Remember,weareallbusyandweneedtoabsorbyourmessagequicklyandclearly.Trytheseexercises:1.Writedownthethreecentralpointsofyourpaper.2.Summarizeyourpaperinonesentence.3.Describeyourworktoacolleagueinoneminute.Thesemightsoundeasy,buttrythemandyou'llfindouttheyaren't!Don'trushthispartofyourplanning.Itisworthspendingtimegettingitright.Onceyouhavemasteredtheseexercisesyouwillfeelmoreconfidentaboutthewholewritingprocessthatfollows.Acommonproblemwithsummarizingyourworkisthatthereareusuallyseveralmajorfindings.Thisexerciseismeanttofocusyourthinkingonthecentralissues.Itisnotgoingtoformthepublishedabstract.So,ifyoureallycan'tsqueezeyourkeymessageintoonesentencedon'tworry.Trytodoitintwo.Ifyoucan'tdothatthenyouneedtotakeacarefullookatthereasons.Remember,thisisaveryimportantpartoftheprocessforwritingpaperssoworkatit.Talktoyourcolleaguesandseeifbetweenyouitispossibletohighlightthecentralmessageofyourwork.AnumberofstudieshaveindicatedthatabadlywrittenmanuscriptwithpooruseofEnglish,evenwithgoodscience,haslesschanceofbeingacceptedandpublishedTwelveStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveFirstDraftofyourManuscriptYoushouldnowhavedetailednotesyoucanusetowriteyourdraftpaper.Ifyoudon’thaveonealready,itmayhelptoprepareanoutlineforeachsectionwhichincludesanumberofmajorheadings,sub-headingsandparagraphscoveringdifferentpoints.IfyouneedhelpinpreparinganoutlineseethearticleEightStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveManuscriptOutline.Atthispointyouwillneedtoconvertyournotesandoutlineintonarrativeform.SomepeoplerecommendthatyoubeginwiththeIntroductionandcontinueinorderthrougheachsectionofthepapertohelpensureflow.Otherssuggestthatyoubeginwiththeeasiestsections,whichareusuallytheMethodsandResults,followedbytheDiscussion,Conclusion,Introduction,ReferencesandTitle,leavingtheAbstractuntiltheend.Themainthingistobeginwritingandbeginfillinguptheblankscreenorpieceofpaper.1.Consolidatealltheinformation.Ensureyouhaveeverythingyouneedtowriteefficiently,i.e.,alldata,references,draftsoftablesandfigures,etc.2.Targetajournal.Determinethejournaltowhichyouplantosubmityour

manuscriptandwriteyourmanuscriptaccordingtothefocusofthetargetedjournal.Thefocusmaybeclearlystatedwithinthejournalormaybedeterminedbyexaminingseveralrecentissuesofthetargetedjournal.3.Startwriting.

Whenwritingthefirstdraft,thegoalistoputsomethingdown

onpaper,soitdoesnotmatterifsentencesareincompleteandthegrammarincorrect,providedthatthemainpointsandideashavebeenaptured.Writewhenyourenergyishigh,notwhenyouaretired.Trytofindatimeandplacewhereyoucanthinkandwritewithoutdistractions.4.Writequickly.

Don'tworryaboutwords,spellingorpunctuationatallatthisstage,justideas.Keepgoing.Leavegapsifnecessary.Trytowritequickly,tokeeptheflowgoing.Useabbreviationsandleavespaceforwordsthatdonotcometomindimmediately.5.Writeinyourownvoice.

Expressingourselfinyourownwaywillhelpyoutosaywhatyoumeanmoreprecisely.Itwillbeeasierforyourreaderiftheycan“hear”yourvoice.6.Writewithoutediting.

Don'ttrytogetitrightthefirsttime.Resistthetemptationtoeditasyougo.Otherwise,youwilltendtogetstuckandwastetime.Ifyoutrytowriteandeditatthesametime,youwilldoneitherwell.7.Keeptotheplanofyouroutline.

Usetheheadingsfromyouroutlinetofocuswhatyouwanttosay.Ifyoufindyourselfwanderingfromthepoint,stopandmoveontothenexttopicintheoutline.8.Writethepaperinparts.

Don'tattempttowritethewholemanuscriptatonce,instead,treateachsectionasaminiessay.Lookatyournotes,thinkaboutthegoalofthatparticularsectionandwhatyouwanttoaccomplishandsay.9.Putthefirstdraftaside.Putasideyourfirstdraftforatleastoneday.Theideaofwaitingadayormoreistoallowyouto"be"anotherperson.Itisdifficulttoproofreadandedityourownwork;adayormorebetweencreationandcritiquehelps.10.Reviseit.Reviseitandbepreparedtodothisseveraltimesuntilyoufeelitisnotpossibletoimproveitfurther.Theobjectiveistolookatyourworknotasitsauthor,butasarespectfulbutsterncritic.Doeseachsentencemakesense?Inyourlongersentences,canyoukeeptrackofthesubjectathand?Doyourlongerparagraphsfollowasingleidea,orcantheybebrokenintosmallerparagraphs?Thesearesomeofthequestionsyoushouldaskyourself.11.Reviseforclarityandbrevity.Revisesentencesandparagraphswithspecialattentiontoclearness.Formaximumreadability,mostsentencesshouldbeabout15-20words.Forascientificarticle,paragraphsofabout150wordsinlengthareonsideredoptimal.Avoidusingunnecessarywords.12.Beconsistent.

Oftenamanuscripthasmorethanoneauthorandthereforethewritingmaybeshared.However,thestyleneedstobeconsistentthroughout.Thefirstauthormustgothroughtheentiremanuscriptandmakeanynecessaryeditorialchangesbeforesubmittingthemanuscripttothejournal.Preparinganoutlineisthemostimportantstepintheprocessofproducingamanuscriptforpublicationinajournal.Theoutlinebearsroughlythesamerelationtothefinalmanuscriptasanarchitecturalblueprintdoestoafinishedhouse.Itspurposeofanoutlineistodividethewritingoftheentirepaperintoanumberofsmallertasks.Agoodoutlinewillorganizethevarioustopicsandargumentsinlogicalform.Byorderingthetopicsyouwillidentify,beforewritingthemanuscript,anygapsthatmightexist.EightStepstoDevelopinganEffectiveOutlineThereisnosinglebestwaytoprepareascientificmanuscript,exceptasdeterminedbytheindividualwriterandthecircumstances.Youshouldknowyourownstyleofwritingbest.Whateveryoudecidetodo,youshouldfollowatleastthesestepsbeforebeginningtowriteyourmanuscript.Remember,atthisstage,youareonlyconstructinganoutline.Youarenotwriting;youjustneedtoputdownsomenotestoguideyourthinking.1.DevelopacentralmessageofthemanuscriptPrepareacentralmessagesentence(20-25words).Ifyouwereaskedtosummarizeyourpaperinonesentence,whatwouldyousay?Everythinginthemanuscriptwillbewrittentosupportthiscentralmessage.2.DefinethematerialsandmethodsBrieflystatethepopulationinwhichyouworked,thesamplingmethodyouemployed,thematerialsyouused,andmostimportantly,themethodsyouusedtocarryoutthestudy.3.Summarizethequestion(s)andproblem(s)Whatwasknownbeforeyoustartedthestudy?Whatanswerswereneededtoaddresstheproblem(s)?Listthekeypointspertainingtothequestion(s)andproblem(s).Whatdidyoudotoanswerthequestion(s)?4.DefinetheprincipalfindingsandresultsYourcentralmessagesentenceprobablyencapsulatesthemostimportantfindings.Theremaybeothersthatyoufeeloughttobeincluded.Listtheseinnoteform.Don'tworryabouttheorderorabouthowmanyyouputdown.5.DescribetheconclusionsandimplicationsMakebriefnotesoneachoftheimplicationsthatarisefromyourstudy.Whataretheprincipalconclusionsofyourfindings?Whatisnewinyourworkandwhydoesitmatter?Whatarethelimitationsandtheimplicationsofyourresults?Arethereanychangesinpractice,approachesortechniquesthatyouwouldrecommend?6.OrganizeandgrouprelatedideastogetherListeachkeypointseparately.Keypointscanbearrangedchronologically,byorderofimportanceorbysomeotherpattern.Theorganizingschemeshouldbeclearandwellstructured.Youcanuseaclustermap,anissuetree,numbering,orsomeotherorganizationalstructure.Identifytheimportantdetails,describetheprincipalfindings,andprovideyouranalysisandconclusionsthatcontributetoeachkeypoint.7.Identifythereferencesthatpertaintoeachkeypoint8.DeveloptheintroductionBeforebeginningontheintroduction,readthroughthenotesyouhavemadesofarinyouroutline.Readthemthroughandseewhetherthereisacoherentandcohesivestoryandaunifyingthemethatrunsthroughtheoutline.Yourintroductionoutlineshouldstartwiththemainmessage,describewhatthepurposeorobjectiveofyourstudywas,howyouwentaboutdoingthestudy,whatyoufoundandwhataretheimplicationsofwhatyoufound.Inoneword,trytowritethepaperinEnglishaccordingtotheguidelines.Improvetheabilityinpracticeundertheguidelines英語論文寫作中的問題與注意事項一、表述要完整清楚，同一個量的表示術語要統一，其數學符號要統一，變量說明要全面、符合專業常規表示規則。同一個符號不能表示兩個及以上標量，同一變量不能用兩個及以上符號表示；二、格式要符合英文雜志投稿稿件的要求，作者、單位、通訊地址、通訊作者等都要表示全面，致謝中要表明基金或項目資助以及基金或項目批準號，三、參考文獻文中表示要規范，例如Tangetal[1]gave…，最好的參考文獻格式要統一，符合所要投稿的雜志的要求，不同雜志有不同的要求；四、公式號碼要一一對應，不能張冠李戴；公式號碼不能編重；英語論文寫作中的問題與注意事項五、專業術語要符合國際規范，不能隨意杜撰和想當然；六、圖號和表號要一一對應，防止標錯；七、圖要表示其原理或意義要完備，并盡可能表達最多信息，并直觀，文字描述要一一對應圖表，且表述透徹，反映道理深刻，有高度，有驚奇；八、圖中曲線要用不同的線條表示，因為最終論文印刷采用黑白印刷，盡管彩色線條能夠表示區別，但印刷時不適應，因此，在開始準備圖時，就應當考慮到，免得耽誤時間和精力。九、描述問題和表達意思時，一定要表述完備，千萬不要表達不到位，甚至出現歧義或表達不清；英語論文寫作中的問題與注意事項十、注意時態、語態、單復數、從句等的正確用法；六、圖注、表頭要規范，能夠正確反映圖所表達的內容，圖中不同曲線要有正確的標識和說明；圖的坐標要正確表示，例如：標量名+數學符號+（單位）Cross-sectionalareaA(mm3)十一、圖的坐標標尺要均勻漂亮，字體大小要適當，刻度間距要適當，既不要太稀，也不要太密。一定要培養審美觀，要考慮到圖形的大小勻稱。十二、數學公式推導過程要盡量完備，不要出現大的跳躍，如果需要跳躍，必須用文字描述進行良好過度。英語論文寫作中的問題與注意事項十三、大量結果怎么有效、重點地表示出來，需要仔細和認真琢磨圖形的表達形式，以及要表示什么。可以多做幾個圖，從中選擇最能表示重新或具有新意的圖形表達或結果表達形式。十四、同樣一個內容或結果，采用不同的形式表達，或采用不同的角度來描述和總結，會使人感到不同的效果；我們寫文章是要讓讀者讀著舒服、感興趣和欣賞；如何采用文字、圖