1

石油工程

(PetroleumEngineering)

2TextBooksTextbook1FundamentalsofPetroleum,PetroleumExtensionService,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,Texas,1979.Textbook2Archer,J.S.,andWall,C.G.,PetroleumEngineering—principlesandpractice,Graham&Trotman,MD,1986.

TextBook3Donohue,D.A.T.,andLangK.R.,AFirstCourseinPetroleumTechnology,InternationalHumanresourcesDevelopmentCorporation,Houston,1986.

Textbook4

Hyne,N.J.,NontechnicalGuidetoPetroleumGeology,Exploration,DrillingandProduction,PennWellCo.,Tulsa,Oklahoma,2001.3ReferencesWebsites

石油教室Classroom

(.tw/big5/content/index.asp?pno=108)

SPEEnergyEducation(IntroductiontoOilandNaturalGas)(/spe/jsp/basic/0,,1104_1008218,00.html)

石油工程實驗室

(http://.tw/~source/home/teacher_lin_personal.htm)4567石油工程講授大綱

1.前言(Introduction)Textbook2–chapter1

石油教室ClassroomSPEEnergyEducation

2.石油地質及儲油層(PetroleumGeologyandReservoir)Textbook1–chapter1石油教室ClassroomTextbook2–chapter2SPEEnergyEducationTextbook3–chapter4.1;4.2

3.石油探勘(PetroleumProspecting)Textbook1–chapter2石油教室ClassroomSPEEnergyEducation4.鉆井工程(DrillingEngineering)Textbook1–chapter4石油教室Classroom

Textbook2–chapter3SPEEnergyEducationTextbook3–chapter1

8石油工程講授大綱

5.地層評估(FormationEvaluation)Textbook4–chapter196.油層工程(ReservoirEngineering)Textbook2–chapter4;5;8;12

7.生產工程(ProductionEngineering)Textbook1–chapter5Textbook3–chapter3

石油教室ClassroomSPEEnergyEducation9Chapter1Introduction(前言)Whatispe·tro·le·um(p?-trō'lē-?m)?OilfromrockAthick,flammable,yellow-to-blackmixture.Beinggaseous,liquid,andsolidhydrocarbonsthatoccursnaturallybeneaththeearth'ssurface.Couldbeseparatedintofractionsincludingnaturalgas,gasoline,naphtha,kerosene,fuelandlubricatingoils,paraffinwax,andasphaltandisusedasrawmaterialforawidevarietyofderivativeproducts.10石油的分子結構

石油是碳氫化合物。我們通常以C代表碳，以H代表氫，則烷烴(石蠟烴)、烯烴、環烷烴及芳香烴其分子結構均不相同。如烯烴類有一組雙鍵結構(請比較異丁烷與異丁烯)，芳香烴為六隅體結構等。而甲烷即是含有一個碳原子，乙烷含兩個碳原子，丙烷含三個碳原子，依此類推。

1112Petroleum(石油)andEnergy(能源)能源(EnergySources)是什么?

具有可以使用之熱能(heat)或功率(power)的物質或資源。

例如，石油、煤，及太陽能等。13能源的分類傳統能源或非再生能源(Non-renewableEnergy)

這類資源的循環時間極長–用完之后，難以在短期內補充，會”耗盡”。包括：石油、天然氣、煤及核能。再生能源(RenewableEnergy)

資源可以快速循環或補充–“不會用完”

，”不會枯竭耗盡”。包括：太陽能、風力能、潮汐能、水力能、波浪能、地熱能及生質能等。

14傳統能源(或非再生能源)化石燃料能(FossilFuelEnergy)

－石油、天然氣、煤炭核能(NuclearEnergy)

－鈾(Uranium)15再生能源(RenewableEnergy)種類

太陽能(SolarPower)

風力能(WindPower)

潮汐能(TidalPower)

水力能(Hydro-electricPower)

波浪能(WavePower)

地熱能(GeothermalEnergy)

生質能(BiomassEnergy)16世界消費能源總量之中各類能源所占比例Source:EIA,AnnualEnergyReview,200217石油分類物理性質

--relativeweight(APIgravity)or--viscosity("light","intermediate"or"heavy");--impurity--"sweet,"whichmeansitcontainsrelativelylittlesulfur,or--"sour,"whichmeansitcontainssubstantialamountsofsulfurandrequiresmorerefininginordertomeetcurrentproductspecifications化學性質

石油的分子結構

產地

bythelocationofitsorigin(e.g.,"WestTexasIntermediate,WTI"or"Brent")市場商品產地(&物理性質)18TheworldreferenceCrude(oil)BrentCrude,comprising15oilsfromfieldsintheBrentandNiniansystemsintheEastShetlandBasinoftheNorthSea.TheoilislandedatSullom

VoeterminalintheShetlands.OilproductionfromEurope,AfricaandMiddleEasternoilflowingWesttendstobepricedoffthepriceofthisoil,whichformsabenchmark.

WestTexasIntermediate(WTI)forNorthAmericanoil.Dubai,usedasbenchmarkforMiddleEastoilflowingtotheAsia-Pacificregion.

Tapis(fromMalaysia,usedasareferenceforlightFarEastoil)Minas(fromIndonesia,usedasareferenceforheavyFarEastoil)TheOPECbasketusedtobetheaveragepriceofthefollowingblends:ArabLightSaudiArabia

BonnyLight

Nigeria

Fateh

Dubai

Isthmus

Mexico(non-OPEC)MinasIndonesia

SaharanBlendAlgeria

TiaJuanaLightVenezuela

OPECattemptstokeepthepriceoftheOpecBasketbetweenupperandlowerlimits,byincreasinganddecreasingproduction.Thismakesthemeasureimportantformarketanalysts.TheOPECBasket,includingamixoflightandheavycrudes,isheavierth

19APIGravityAPI<=>AmericanPetroleumInstituteForAPI=10o=>waterAPI<20o=>heavyoil30o<API<40o=>intermediateoil(lighttomedium)40o<API=>lightoilAPI>45o=>volatileoilAPI~60o~70o=>condensateliquid

20Whatisa"barrel"ofoil?1barrel=0.158987cubicmeters

1barrel=34.99089Imperialgallons

1barrel=42U.S.gallons

1barrel=158.987146litersNow-a-days,oilvolumesaremeasuredincubicmetersor"cubes"astheyarereferredtointhe"oilpatch"1cubicmeter=6.28994barrels

1cubicmeter=1,000liters1barrel=158.987146litersBrentCrudeBrentCrudeisoneofthemajorclassificationsofoilconsistingofBrentCrude,BrentSweetLightCrude...perbarrelisabout$1lessthanWTI,and$1morethanOPECBasket.BrentCrudehasanAPIgravityofaround38.6....21Bibliographic

EntryResult

(w/surrounding

text)Standardized

Result"Energy."Science&Technology.GaleResearchInc.,1993.37

MJ"HeatofCombustion."HandbookofChemistry&Physics.ChemicalRubberCo.PressLLC,2001.40

MJNaturalGasFacts.."Acubicfootofnaturalgasgivesoff1000

Btu,buttherangeofvaluesis500to1500

Btu."37

MJ

(average)

19

-

56

MJ

(range)"FuelGas."McGrawHillEncyclopediaofScience&Technology.McGrawHill,Inc.,1982."Thenetheatingvalueofnaturalgasservedbyautilitycompanyisoften1000to1100

Btu/ft3."37

-

41

MJApproximateHeatContentofNaturalGas.EnergyInformationAdministration.39

MJ

(1949)

38

MJ

(2000)FuelBTUUnitofMeasureNaturalGas1000cubic

feetMolecularFormulaHydrocarbonskJ/molCH4methane(g)890.8YearTotalConsumption19491035

Btu/ft320001027

Btu/ft322CrudeOil,GasolineandNaturalGasFutures

NYMEXPricesforSeptember13,2006

$5.449-0.125

NYMEXNaturalGas$1.7428-0.0169HeatingOilNYHarbor$1.5531+0.0010GasolineNYHarbor$62.990.00IPEBrent$63.97+0.21NYMEXLightSweetCrudeGraphs:Oil&GasSpotandFuturesprices

News&Issues:

232425262728IPEBRENTCRUDEOILPRICE

Internationalpoliticaleconomy(IPE)293031323334353637WhatisPetroleumEngineeringPetroleumEngineeringisacreativetechnologyThefunctionofpetroleumengineeringtoprovideabasisforthedesignandimplementationoftechniquestorecovercommercialquantitiesofnaturalpetroleum.BroadlybasedtechnologyofpetroleumengineeringEngineering;geology;mathematics;physics;chemistry;economics;geostatics.38MajorfieldsinPetroleumDrillingEngineeringProductionEngineeringReservoirEngineering39Thedesignofpetroleumtechniquesisbasedonobservationofproductionperformance,arepresentationofreservoirinferredfromverylimitedsampling.Reservoirscannotbedesignedtofulfillaparticulartask,butratheranill-definednaturallyoccurringreservoirisinducedtoproducesomefractionofitscontentsforaslongasisconsideredcommerciallyattractive.Withthepassageoftimeandcumulativeproduction,moreinformationonthenatureofthereservoircanbeaccumulatedandtheproductionmethodscanmodified.Thedesignofpetroleumtechniques40Thuspetroleumengineeringcanrepresentanexerciseintheapplicationofuncertaintytodesign.Theterminologyofthesubjectcontainsvaryingdegreesofconfidenceinrepresentationofthein-placeandrecoverableresourcebase.Wewilldiscusstherepresentationof“proven”quantitiesofhydrocarbonintermsofavailabilityofinformationandtheexistenceoftechnologytoexploitrecoveryoncommerciallyattractiveterms.UncertaintyofDesign41Inthecurrentclimateofdeeperreservoirexplorationandincreasedexploitationofoffshorereservoirsintheworld’ssedimentarybasins(Fig.1.1),costsofproductionaresignificant.Forexample,intermsofpre-taxcostofoilproductionfroma2000mssonshorewellcomparedwitha3000mssoffshorewell,aratioof1:10mightbeexpected.Currentexplorationinmaturinghydrocarbonprovincesiscenteredonmoresubtletrappingmechanismsthanstructuralhighsandonsmalleraccumulations.Costsofproduction42Thefurther