Unit1Period2Grammar&Vocabulary課堂學習Non-definingattributiveclauses1Lookatthesentencesfromthereadingpassageandanswerthequestions.aIwalkthroughthedoorsintothewaitingarea,

wherethere’safamiliaratmosphereofboredomandtension.b...laughterproduceschemicalstomakepeoplefeelbetter,whichmeansclowndoctorscanbehelpful.cIspentmuchofthetimewhenIwastherefeelingfrightened...1.Whatdo“where”,“which”

and“when”

refertoineachsentence?Insentence

(a)“where”

refersto

“thewaitingarea”;insentence

(b)“which”

refersto“...laughterproduceschemicalstomakepeoplefeelbetter”;insentence

(c)“when”

refersto

“thetime”.2.Whichsentencescontainaclausewithessentialinformationandwhichwithextrainformation?

Ifyoutakeawaytheclauses,dothesentencesstillmakesense?Nowlookformoresentenceswithnon-definingattributiveclausesinthereadingpassage,andsummarisetheirusesinyourownwords.Inthefirstsentence“which”refersto“oldmagazines”;inthesecondsentence“who”refersto“theon-dutynurse”;inthethirdsentence“who”refersto“thedoctorsandnurses”.Allofthethreesentencesstillmakesenseifwetakeawaytheirclauses.【語法講解】一、限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句概述定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開，將非限定性定語從句放在句子中間，其前后都需要用逗號隔開eg:Shehasfoundthenecklace(that)shelosttwoweeksago.她找到了那條兩周前丟失的項鏈。eg:Hehastwosisters,whoareworkinginthecity.他有兩個姐姐，她們在城里工作。二、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區別除了在標點運用及從句的作用方面不同之外，這兩類定語從句還有一些區別。1.關系詞的選用不同限制性定語從句可以用關系代詞who,whom,whose,that,which,關系副詞when,where,why等引導，而非限制性定語從句不可用that或why來引導

(上述引導詞除了這兩者以外均可用來引導非限制性定語從句)。Yesterdayheboughtanewcar,whichwasmadeinChina.(which不可換用that)昨天他買了一輛新車，是中國生產的。Hedidn’tgivethereason,whichexplainedhisabsencefromthemeetingheldlastweek.(which不可換用why，因為which在定語從句中作主語，而why只能在定語從句中作狀語)此句也可以這樣表達，Hedidn’tgivethereason,forwhichhewasabsentfromthemeetingheldlastweek.對于缺席上周的會議他沒有給出理由。2.從句所修飾的先行詞有所不同限制性定語從句的先行詞通常是名詞、代詞或詞組；而非限制性定語從句的先行詞除了名詞、代詞外，還可以是句子。ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveeverread.這是我曾經讀過的最好的一本書。Hewonthefirstprizeinthecontest,whichwasmorethanweexpected.他在比賽中得了一等獎，這一點真出乎我們預料。3.關系詞的省略不同在限制性定語從句中，當關系代詞在定語從句中作賓語、狀語或表語時，在口語中可以省略，關系副詞有時也可省略。而非限制性定語從句中的關系代詞或關系副詞不可省略。Istillrememberthedayswespenttogetherincollege.我仍然記得我們在大學時一起度過的日子。(we前省略了that/which)Sheisnottheone(that)sheusedtobe.她已不再是昔日的她了。(that在定語從句中作表語)4.英譯漢時有所不同，譯成漢語時，往往把限制性定語從句的內容置于先行詞之前；而非限制性定語從句和主句往往翻譯成兩個分句。WhichisthemachinethatweusedlastSunday?上星期天我們用的機器是哪一臺？Theconcert,whichwasheldlastweek,wasagreatsuccess.那場音樂會是上周舉行的，獲得了巨大的成功。Hemaybelate,inwhichcaseweoughttowaitforhim.他可能遲到，要是那樣的話我們就等等他。三、which和as引導非限制性定語從句的區別

whichas位置上只能放在先行詞的后面位置靈活，可位于句前、句中，也可置于句后搭配上無動詞的限制謂語動詞通常是表示感覺或心理活動的動詞，如see,hear,know,expect,remember,guess,hope等句意上意為“這一點”表示“正如……，正像……的那樣”Theairqualityinthecity,asisshowninthereport,hasimprovedoverthepasttwomonths.正如報告所顯示的，在過去的兩個月里，這個城市的空氣質量已有所改善。Aftergraduatingfromcollege,Itooksometimeofftogotravelling,whichturnedouttobeawisedecision.大學畢業后我抽出一部分時間去旅游，事實證明這是一個明智的選擇。2Readthepassageandrewritethetipsusingnon-definingattributiveclauses.Addmoretipstothelistifyoucan.SECRETSTOHAPPINESSAchievingapositivestateofmindisn’teasyforeveryone.Buttherearewaystomaintainahealthymindevenduringtimesofdifficulty.3haslosthispatiencebynowhethinkswillimpressHolmesislyingnexttohimhefindsannoyingOneday,SherlockHolmesandDrWatsongocamping.Theyputuptheirtentunderthestarsandgotosleep.Suddenly,inthemiddleofthenight,WatsoniswokenupbyHolmes

1

________________________“Watson,”

Holmessays,“lookupatthestars,andtellmewhattheytellyou.”

,whoislyingnexttohimNotquitesurewhathemeans,WatsonthinksHolmesisjoking

2

________________________atthistimeofnight.Evenso,hereplies,

“Iseemillionsofstarsandit’squitelikelytherearesomeplanetslikeEarth.Andifso,thismeansthat

theremightalsobelifeonotherplanets.”

Watsonispleasedwithhisanswer3

________________________________.ButHolmes4

___________________________________shouts,

“Watson,lookaroundyou!Useyour

eyes!Somebody’sstolenourtent!”

,whichhefindsannoying,whichhethinkswillimpressHolmes,whohaslosthispatiencebynow,

4Thinkofajokeyoufindfunnyandwriteitdownusingnon-definingattributiveclauseswhereappropriate.Thenshareyourjokewiththeclass.Ilikelisteningtomusicatthebusstation,wherethebusstops.Ilikeseeingfilmsatthetrainstation,wherethetrainstops.Iwantahomeworkstation,wherethehomeworkstops.Funtime!5Whyareyougrinningfrom

1________________I’vewonafreecinematicket.Cool!Whatareyougoingtowatch?MyCrazyFamily.Haveyouseenit?Yes!Ilaughedmy

2

_____________You’llenjoyit!eartoearheadoffIreallydon’tgetHarry.Why?Ishestillnottalkingtoyou?No.Today,hewasall

3

_________...Heaskedmetohelphimwiththatwebsiteofhis.Really?Whatdidyousay?Well,Isaidyes.Wealldeserveasecondchance,Iguess.smilesWhat’sthematter?Whythelongface?Yesterday,Isteppedonabananaskinandfelloverinfrontofthewholeclass.That’ssofunny!Iwasthe4

_____________stockoftheclass.Evenmyteachercracked

5

___________laughingasmile6________________:apersonthateveryonelaughsatbecausetheyhavedonesomethingfunnyorsilly.________________:tolookfriendlyandhappy,especiallywhenotherpeoplearenotexpectingyouto.laughingstockbeallsmiles________________:tolookextremelyhappybecauseyouareverypleasedaboutsomething.________________:tosmileslightly.__________________:tolaughveryloudlyandforalongtime.grinfromeartoearcrackasmilelaughone’sheadoffNowworkingroupsandthinkofmoreexpressionsaboutlaughter.agoodlaugh哈哈大笑burstoutlaughing放聲大笑fallaboutlaughing忍不住大笑forlaughs為了取樂，作為消遣，借以開心have

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