D13直播錄播觀看情況匯總修辭作用作業(100%)句子簡化作業(100%)句子插入作業(100%)主旨題作業(100%)考試流程/復習計劃完成率數據統計完成率數據統計作業完成情況修辭目的題作業解答句-句邏輯關系句-段邏輯關系段-段邏輯關系論點論據邏輯關系原因結果邏輯關系細節題經典技巧例證/支持駁斥/反對邏輯/功能關鍵詞+邏輯/功能關鍵詞-考察段落結構/主旨結構式閱讀法經典技巧考察2個段落結構/主旨注意段落銜接–上段末

+下段首末信息的封裝–修辭目的必殺技A是如何作用于B的？Black–BoxBlack-Box汽車的作用是什么？汽車封裝用來路上跑界面接口修辭目的題界面/接口構成：1：邏輯關鍵詞2：功能性關鍵詞3：邏輯+功能性關鍵詞界面/接口完備功能性：1：確定論點論據的角色2：確定論點論據正負邏輯Paragraph1:Inthestudyofperceptualabilitiesofinfants,anumberoftechniquesareusedtodetermineinfants'responsestovariousstimuli.Becausetheycannotverbalizeorfilloutquestionnaires,indirecttechniquesofnaturalisticobservationareusedastheprimarymeansofdeterminingwhatinfantscansee,hear,feel,andsoforth.Eachofthesemethodscomparesaninfant'sstatepriortotheintroductionofastimuluswithitsstateduringorimmediatelyfollowingthestimulus.Thedifferencebetweenthetwomeasuresprovidestheresearcherwithanindicationofthelevelanddurationoftheresponsetothestimulus.Forexample,ifauniformlymovingpatternofsomesortispassedacrossthevisualfieldofaneonate(newborn),repetitivefollowingmovementsoftheeyeoccur.Theoccurrenceoftheseeyemovementsprovidesevidencethatthemovingpatternisperceivedatsomelevelbythenewborn.Similarly,changesintheinfant'sgenerallevelofmotoractivity—turningthehead,blinkingtheeyes,crying,andsoforth—havebeenusedbyresearchersasvisualindicatorsoftheinfant'sperceptualabilities.(TPO-13-3-3)3.Whydoestheauthormentionrepetitivefollowingmovementsoftheeye?Toidentifyaresponsethatindicatesaneonate'sperceptionofastimulusToexplainwhyaneonateiscapableofrespondingtostimulionlythroughrepetitivemovementsToarguethatmotoractivityinaneonatemayberandomandunrelatedtostimuliToemphasizethatresponsestostimulivaryininfantsaccordingtoage

Paragraph1:Inthestudyofperceptualabilitiesofinfants,anumberoftechniquesareusedtodetermineinfants'responsestovariousstimuli.Becausetheycannotverbalizeorfilloutquestionnaires,indirecttechniquesofnaturalisticobservationareusedastheprimarymeansofdeterminingwhatinfantscansee,hear,feel,andsoforth.Eachofthesemethodscomparesaninfant'sstatepriortotheintroductionofastimuluswithitsstateduringorimmediatelyfollowingthestimulus.Thedifferencebetweenthetwomeasuresprovidestheresearcherwithanindicationofthelevelanddurationoftheresponsetothestimulus.Forexample,ifauniformlymovingpatternofsomesortispassedacrossthevisualfieldofaneonate(newborn),repetitivefollowingmovementsoftheeyeoccur.Theoccurrenceoftheseeyemovementsprovidesevidencethatthemovingpatternisperceivedatsomelevelbythenewborn.Similarly,changesintheinfant'sgenerallevelofmotoractivity—turningthehead,blinkingtheeyes,crying,andsoforth—havebeenusedbyresearchersasvisualindicatorsoftheinfant'sperceptualabilities.(TPO-13-3-3)3.Whydoestheauthormentionrepetitivefollowingmovementsoftheeye?Toidentifyaresponsethatindicatesaneonate'sperceptionofastimulusToexplainwhyaneonateiscapableofrespondingtostimulionlythroughrepetitivemovements(過于絕對)Toarguethatmotoractivityinaneonatemayberandomandunrelatedtostimuli(邏輯分割+線性原則)Toemphasizethatresponsestostimulivaryininfantsaccordingtoage(無中生有)

P2:Allopatricspeciationmaybethemainspeciationroute.Thisshouldnotbesurprising,sinceallopatryisprettycommon.Ingeneral,thesubpopulationsofmostspeciesareseparatedfromeachotherbysomemeasurabledistance.Soevenundernormalsituationsthegeneflowamongthesubpopulationsismoreofanintermittenttricklethanasteadystream.Inaddition,barrierscanrapidlyariseandshutoffthetrickle.Forexample,inthe1800samonstrousearthquakechangedthecourseoftheMississippiRiver,alargeriverflowinginthecentralpartoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Thechangeseparatedpopulationsofinsectsnowlivingalongoppositeshore,completelycuttingoffgeneflowbetweenthem.(TPO-31-1-5)5.Inparagraph2,whydoestheauthormentionthatsomeinsectpopulationswereseparatedfromeachotherbyachangeinthecourseofMississippiRivercausedbyanearthquake?

○Tomakethepointthatsomekindofphysicalbarrierseparatesthesubpopulationsofmostspecies○Tosupporttheclaimthattheconditionofallopatrycansometimesariseinashorttime○Toprovideanexampleofasituationinwhichgeneflowamongthesubpopulationsofaspecieshappensataslowrate○ToexplaininsectslivingalongoppositeshoresoftheMississippiRiverareverydifferentfromeachother

P2:Allopatricspeciationmaybethemainspeciationroute.Thisshouldnotbesurprising,sinceallopatryisprettycommon.Ingeneral,thesubpopulationsofmostspeciesareseparatedfromeachotherbysomemeasurabledistance.Soevenundernormalsituationsthegeneflowamongthesubpopulationsismoreofanintermittenttricklethanasteadystream.Inaddition,barrierscanrapidlyariseandshutoffthetrickle.Forexample,inthe1800samonstrousearthquakechangedthecourseoftheMississippiRiver,alargeriverflowinginthecentralpartoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Thechangeseparatedpopulationsofinsectsnowlivingalongoppositeshore,completelycuttingoffgeneflowbetweenthem.(TPO-31-1-5)5.Inparagraph2,whydoestheauthormentionthatsomeinsectpopulationswereseparatedfromeachotherbyachangeinthecourseofMississippiRivercausedbyanearthquake?

○Tomakethepointthatsomekindofphysicalbarrierseparatesthesubpopulationsofmostspecies(就近原則)○Tosupporttheclaimthattheconditionofallopatrycansometimesariseinashorttime○Toprovideanexampleofasituationinwhichgeneflowamongthesubpopulationsofaspecieshappensataslowrate(就近原則+邏輯分割)○Toexplaininsects

livingalongoppositeshoresoftheMississippiRiverareverydifferentfromeachother(線性原則)

Paragraph3:Thismodeofcraftproductionfavoredthegrowthofself-governingandideologicallyegalitariancraftguildseverywhereintheMiddleEasterncity.Thesewereessentiallyprofessionalassociationsthatprovidedforthemutualaidandprotectionoftheirmembers,andallowedforthemaintenanceofprofessionalstandards.Thegrowthofindependentguildswasfurtheredbythefactthatsurpluswasnotaresultofdomesticcraftproductionbutresultedprimarilyfrominternationaltrading;thegovernmentleftworkingpeopletogovernthemselves,muchasshepherdsoftribalconfederacieswereleftalonebytheirleaders.Inthemultiplicityofsmall-scalelocalegalitarianorquasi-egalitarianorganizationsforfellowship,worship,andproductionthatflourishedinthislaissez-faireenvironment,individualscouldinteractwithoneanotherwithinacommunityofharmonyandideologicalequality,followingtheirownpopularlyelectedleadersandgoverningthemselvesbysharedconsensuswhileminimizingdistinctionsofwealthandpower.(TPO-16-1-4)4.Theauthorincludestheinformationthatsurpluswasnotaresultofdomesticcraftproductionbutresultedprimarilyfrominternationaltradinginordertosupporttheclaimthatthemodeofproductionmadepossiblebythecraftguildsverygoodfortradecontrasttheeconomicbaseofthecitygovernmentwiththatofthetribalconfederaciesprovideareasonwhythegovernmentallowedtheguildstobeself-controlledsuggestthatthegovernmentwasmissingoutonavaluableopportunitytotaxtheguilds

Paragraph3:Thismodeofcraftproductionfavoredthegrowthofself-governingandideologicallyegalitariancraftguildseverywhereintheMiddleEasterncity.Thesewereessentiallyprofessionalassociationsthatprovidedforthemutualaidandprotectionoftheirmembers,andallowedforthemaintenanceofprofessionalstandards.Thegrowthofindependentguildswasfurthered

bythefact

thatsurpluswasnotaresultofdomesticcraftproductionbutresultedprimarilyfrominternationaltrading;thegovernmentleftworkingpeopletogovernthemselves,muchasshepherdsoftribalconfederacieswereleftalonebytheirleaders.Inthemultiplicityofsmall-scalelocalegalitarianorquasi-egalitarianorganizationsforfellowship,worship,andproductionthatflourishedinthislaissez-faireenvironment,individualscouldinteractwithoneanotherwithinacommunityofharmonyandideologicalequality,followingtheirownpopularlyelectedleadersandgoverningthemselvesbysharedconsensuswhileminimizingdistinctionsofwealthandpower.(TPO-16-1-4)4.Theauthorincludestheinformationthatsurpluswasnotaresultofdomesticcraftproductionbutresultedprimarilyfrominternationaltradinginordertosupporttheclaimthatthemodeofproductionmadepossiblebythecraftguildsverygoodfortrade(就近原則)

contrast

theeconomicbaseofthecitygovernmentwiththatofthetribalconfederacies(邏輯矛盾)provideareasonwhythegovernmentallowedtheguildstobeself-controlledsuggestthatthegovernmentwasmissingoutonavaluableopportunitytotax

theguilds(邏輯矛盾)

Paragraph5:Thepoliticalinstitutionsofthefourcountriesposednosignificantbarrierstoindustrializationoreconomicgrowth.Thenineteenthcenturypassedrelativelypeacefullyforthesecountries,withprogressivedemocratizationtakingplaceinallofthem.Theywerereasonablywellgoverned,withoutnotablecorruptionorgrandiosestateprojects,althoughinallofthemthegovernmentgavesomeaidtorailways,andinSwedenthestatebuiltthemainlines.Assmallcountriesdependentonforeignmarkets,theyfollowedaliberaltradepolicyinthemain,thoughaprotectionistmovementdevelopedinSweden.InDenmarkandSwedenagriculturalreformstookplacegraduallyfromthelateeighteenthcenturythroughthefirsthalfofthenineteenth,resultinginanewclassofpeasantlandownerswithadefinitemarketorientation.(TPO-18-1-9)9.Theauthorincludestheinformationthat“aprotectionistmovementdevelopedinSweden”inordertosupporttheclaimthatthepoliticalinstitutionsofthefourcountriesposednosignificantbarrierstoindustrializationoreconomicgrowthB.identifyanexceptiontothegeneraltrendfavoringliberaltradepolicyC.explainwhySwedenindustrializedlessquicklythantheotherScandinaviancountriesandNetherlandsD.provideevidencethatagriculturalreformstakeplacemorequicklyincountriesthathavealiberaltradepolicythaninthosethatdonotParagraph5:Thepoliticalinstitutionsofthefourcountriesposednosignificantbarrierstoindustrializationoreconomicgrowth.Thenineteenthcenturypassedrelativelypeacefullyforthesecountries,withprogressivedemocratizationtakingplaceinallofthem.Theywerereasonablywellgoverned,withoutnotablecorruptionorgrandiosestateprojects,althoughinallofthemthegovernmentgavesomeaidtorailways,andinSwedenthestatebuiltthemainlines.Assmallcountriesdependentonforeignmarkets,theyfollowedaliberaltradepolicyinthemain,though

aprotectionistmovementdevelopedinSweden.InDenmarkandSwedenagriculturalreformstookplacegraduallyfromthelateeighteenthcenturythroughthefirsthalfofthenineteenth,resultinginanewclassofpeasantlandownerswithadefinitemarketorientation.(TPO-18-1-9)9.Theauthorincludestheinformationthat“aprotectionistmovementdevelopedinSweden”inordertosupporttheclaimthatthepoliticalinstitutionsofthefourcountriesposednosignificantbarrierstoindustrializationoreconomicgrowth(邏輯矛盾+就近原則)B.identifyanexceptiontothegeneraltrendfavoringliberaltradepolicyC.explainwhySwedenindustrializedlessquicklythantheotherScandinaviancountriesandNetherlands(無否定)D.provideevidencethatagriculturalreformstakeplacemorequicklyincountriesthathavealiberaltradepolicy

thaninthosethatdonot(邏輯矛盾+線性原則)P2:Savannastypicallyexperiencearatherprolongeddryseason.Onetheorybehindsavannaformationisthatwetforestspeciesareunabletowithstandthedryseason,andthussavanna,ratherthanrainforest,isfavoredonthesite.Savannasexperienceanannualrainfallofbetween1,000and2,000millimeters,mostofitfallinginafive-toeight-monthwetseason.Thoughplentyofrainmayfallonasavannaduringtheyear,foratleastpartoftheyearlittledoes,creatingthedroughtstressultimatelyfavoringgrasses.SuchconditionsprevailthroughoutmuchofnorthernSouthAmericaandCuba,butmanyCentralAmericansavannasaswellascoastalareasofBrazilandtheislandofTrinidaddonotfitthispattern.Intheseareas,rainfallpermonthexceedsthatintheabovedefinition,sootherfactorsmustcontributetosavannaformation.(TPO-31-3-2)2.Inparagraph2,theauthormentionssavannasinCentralAmerica,Brazil,andtheislandofTrinidadinorderto:

○arguethatthesesavannasaresimilartothoseinSouthAmericaandCuba○pointoutexceptionstothepatternofsavannaformationinareaswithdroughtstress○provideadditionalexamplesofsavannasinareaswithfive-to-eight-monthwetseasons○indicateareaswheresavannasarebeinggraduallyreplacedbyrainforestsP2:Savannastypicallyexperiencearatherprolongeddryseason.Onetheorybehindsavannaformationisthatwetforestspeciesareunabletowithstandthedryseason,andthussavanna,ratherthanrainforest,isfavoredonthesite.Savannasexperienceanannualrainfallofbetween1,000and2,000millimeters,mostofitfallinginafive-toeight-monthwetseason.Thoughplentyofrainmayfallonasavannaduringtheyear,foratleastpartoftheyearlittledoes,creatingthedroughtstressultimatelyfavoringgrasses.SuchconditionsprevailthroughoutmuchofnorthernSouthAmericaandCuba,but

manyCentralAmericansavannasaswellascoastalareasofBrazilandtheislandofTrinidad

donotfitthispattern.Intheseareas,rainfallpermonthexceedsthatintheabovedefinition,sootherfactorsmustcontributetosavannaformation.(TPO-31-3-2)2.Inparagraph2,theauthormentionssavannasinCentralAmerica,Brazil,andtheislandofTrinidadinorderto:

○arguethatthesesavannasaresimilartothoseinSouthAmericaandCuba(邏輯矛盾)○pointoutexceptionstothepatternofsavannaformationinareaswithdroughtstress○provideadditionalexamplesofsavannasinareaswithfive-to-eight-monthwetseasons(邏輯矛盾+就近+邏輯分割)○indicateareaswheresavannasarebeinggraduallyreplacedbyrainforests(就近原則+邏輯分割)paragraph1Dinosaursrapidlybecameextinctabout65millionyearsagoaspartofamassextinctionknownastheK-Tevent,becauseitisassociatedwithageologicalsignatureknownastheK-Tboundary,usuallyathinbandofsedimentationfoundinvariouspartsoftheworld(KisthetraditionalabbreviationfortheCretaceous,derivedfromtheGermannameKreidezeit).Manyexplanationshavebeenproposedforwhydinosaursbecameextinct.Forexample,somehaveblameddinosaurextinctiononthedevelopmentoffloweringplants,whichweresupposedlymoredifficulttodigestandcouldhavecausedconstipationorindigestion—exceptthatfloweringplantsfirstevolvedintheEarlyCretaceous,about60millionyearsbeforethedinosaursdiedout.Infact,severalscientistshavesuggestedthattheduckbilldinosaursandhomeddinosaurs,withtheircomplexbatteryofgrindingteeth,evolvedtoexploitthisnewresourceofrapidlygrowingfloweringplantsOthershaveblamedextinctiononcompetitionfromthemammals,whichallegedlyateallthedinosaureggs—exceptthatmammalsanddinosaursappearedatthesametimeintheLateTriassic,about190millionyearsago,andthereisnoreasontobelievethatmammalssuddenlyacquiredatastefordinosaureggsafter120millionyearsofcoexistence.Someexplanations(suchastheonestatingthatdinosaursalldiedofdiseases)failbecausethereisnowaytoscientificallytestthem,andtheycannotmovebeyondtherealmofspeculationandguesswork.(TPO-42-2-1)1.Inparagraph1,whydoestheauthorincludeadiscussionofwhenfloweringplantsevolved?

A.TohelpexplainwhysomescientistsbelievethatthedevelopmentoffloweringplantsledtodinosaurextinctionB.TocastdoubtonthetheorythatthedevelopmentoffloweringplantscauseddinosaurstoeextinctC.TosuggestthatdinosaurswereabletosurviveforaslongastheydidbecauseoftheavailabilityoffloweringplantsD.Toemphasizethatduckbilldinosaursandhorneddinosaurswerethefirstdinosaurstoeextinct

paragraph1Dinosaursrapidlybecameextinctabout65millionyearsagoaspartofamassextinctionknownastheK-Tevent,becauseitisassociatedwithageologicalsignatureknownastheK-Tboundary,usuallyathinbandofsedimentationfoundinvariouspartsoftheworld(KisthetraditionalabbreviationfortheCretaceous,derivedfromtheGermannameKreidezeit).Manyexplanationshavebeenproposedforwhydinosaursbecameextinct.Forexample,somehaveblameddinosaurextinctiononthedevelopmentoffloweringplants,whichweresupposedlymoredifficulttodigestandcouldhavecausedconstipationorindigestion—exceptthatfloweringplantsfirstevolvedintheEarlyCretaceous,about60millionyearsbeforethedinosaursdiedout.Infact,severalscientistshavesuggestedthattheduckbilldinosaursandhomeddinosaurs,withtheircomplexbatteryofgrindingteeth,evolvedtoexploitthisnewresourceofrapidlygrowingfloweringplantsOthershaveblamedextinctiononcompetitionfromthemammals,whichallegedlyateallthedinosaureggs—exceptthatmammalsanddinosaursappearedatthesametimeintheLateTriassic,about190millionyearsago,andthereisnoreasontobelievethatmammalssuddenlyacquiredatastefordinosaureggsafter120millionyearsofcoexistence.Someexplanations(suchastheonestatingthatdinosaursalldiedofdiseases)failbecausethereisnowaytoscientificallytestthem,andtheycannotmovebeyondtherealmofspeculationandguesswork.(TPO-42-2-1)1.Inparagraph1,whydoestheauthorincludeadiscussionofwhenfloweringplantsevolved?

A.TohelpexplainwhysomescientistsbelievethatthedevelopmentoffloweringplantsledtodinosaurextinctionB.TocastdoubtonthetheorythatthedevelopmentoffloweringplantscauseddinosaurstoeextinctC.TosuggestthatdinosaurswereabletosurviveforaslongastheydidbecauseoftheavailabilityoffloweringplantsD.Toemphasizethatduckbilldinosaursandhorneddinosaurswerethefirstdinosaurstoeextinct

P1:IntheMesaVerdeareaoftheancientNorthAmericanSouthwest,livingpatternschangedinthethirteenthcentury,withlargenumbersofpeoplemovingintolargecommunaldwellingscalledpueblos,oftenconstructedattheedgesofcanyons,especiallyonthesidesofcliffs.Abandoningsmallextended-familyhouseholdstomoveintotheselargepuebloswithdozensifnothundredsofotherpeoplewasprobablytraumatic.Fewoftheculturaltraditionsandrulesthattodayallowustodealwithdensepopulationsexistedforthesepeopleaccustomedtohouseholdautonomyandtheabilitytomovearoundthelandscapealmostatwill.Andbesidestheawkwardnessofhavingtosharewallswithneighbors,livinginaggregatedpueblosintroducedotherproblems.Forpeopleincliffdwellings,haulingwater,wood,andfoodtotheirhomeswasamajorchore.Thestressonlocalresources,especiallyinthefirewoodneededfordailycookingandwarmth,wasparticularlyintense,andconditionsinaggregatedpuebloswerenotveryhygienic.(TPO-24-3-4)4.Whichofthefollowingbestindicatestheorganizationofparagraph1?

○Itpresentstheconditionsthatcausedachangeinapopulation’slivingpatternsandthenexplainswhythoseconditionsgotworse.○Itidentifiescertainpresent-dayculturaltraditionsandrulesandthentracesthemtotheirrootsinthethirteenthcentury.○Itcastsdoubtononeexplanationofthemovetopueblosandthenintroducesanalternativeexplanationthatthepassagewilldefend.○Itdescribesamajorchangeinapopulation’slivingpatternsandthenpresentsanumberofproblemsthatresultedfromthatchange.

P1:IntheMesaVerdeareaoftheancientNorthAmericanSouthwest,livingpatternschanged

inthethirteenthcentury,withlargenumbersofpeoplemovingintolargecommunaldwellingscalledpueblos,oftenconstructedattheedgesofcanyons,especiallyonthesidesofcliffs.Abandoningsmallextended-familyhouseholdstomoveintotheselargepuebloswithdozensifnothundredsofotherpeoplewasprobablytraumatic.Fewoftheculturaltraditionsandrulesthattodayallowustodealwithdensepopulationsexistedforthesepeopleaccustomed

tohouseholdautonomyandtheabilitytomovearoundthelandscapealmostatwill.Andbesidestheawkwardnessofhavingtosharewallswithneighbors,livinginaggregatedpueblosintroducedotherproblems.Forpeopleincliffdwellings,haulingwater,wood,andfoodtotheirhomeswasamajorchore.Thestressonlocalresources,especiallyinthefirewoodneededfordailycookingandwarmth,wasparticularlyintense,andconditionsinaggregatedpuebloswerenotveryhygienic.(TPO-24-3-4)4.Whichofthefollowingbestindicatestheorganizationofparagraph1?

○Itpresentstheconditionsthatcausedachangeinapopulation’slivingpatternsandthenexplainswhythoseconditionsgotworse.(少problem)○Itidentifiescertainpresent-dayculturaltraditionsandrulesandthentracesthemtotheirrootsinthethirteenthcentury.(少change，少problem)○Itcastsdoubt

ononeexplanationofthemovetopueblosandthenintroducesanalternative

explanationthatthepassagewilldefend.(邏輯矛盾，少change，少problem)○Itdescribesamajorchangeinapopulation’slivingpatternsandthenpresentsanumberofproblemsthatresultedfromthatchange.

P3:Theburningoffuel,suchasbycars,isnottheonlysourceofthisincreasedheat.Twootherfactorscontributetothehigheroveralltemperatureincities.Thefirstistheheatcapacityofthematerialsthatconstitutethecity,whichistypicallydominatedbyconcreteandasphalt.Duringtheday,heatfromtheSuncanbeconductedintothesematerialsandstored—tobereleasedatnight.Butinthecountrysidematerialshaveasignificantlylowerheatcapacitybecauseavegetativeblanketpreventsheatfromeasilyflowingintoandoutoftheground.ThesecondfactoristhatradiantheatcomingintothecityfromtheSunistrappedintwoways:(1)byacontinuingseriesofreflectionamongthenumerousverticalsurfacesthatbuildingspresentand(2)bythedustdome,thecloudlikelayerofpollutedairthatmostcitiesproduce.ShortwaveradiationfromtheSunpassesthroughthepollutiondomemoreeasilythanoutgoinglongwaveradiationdoes;thelatterisabsorbedbythegaseouspollutantsofthedomeandreradiatedbacktotheurbansurface.(TPO-23-1-6)6.Howisparagraph3organized?

○Itdescribestwofactorsthatcontributetotheincreasedheatofcitiesandthenprovidestwocausesforthesecondfactor.○Itdescribestwocausesdiscoveredinanearlyanalysisoftheincreasedheatofcities.○Itdescribestwofactorsthatcontributetotheincreasedheatofcitiesandtwootherfactorsthatworkagainstit.○Itdescribestwowell-establishedcausesoftheincreasedheatofcitiesandothertwowhoserolesarelesswellunderstood.P3:Theburningoffuel,suchasbycars,isnottheonlysourceofthisincreasedheat.Twootherfactors

contributetothehigheroveralltemperatureincities.Thefirstis

theheatcapacityofthematerialsthatconstitutethecity,whichistypicallydominatedbyconcreteandasphalt.Duringtheday,heatfromtheSuncanbeconductedintothesematerialsandstored—tobereleasedatnight.Butinthecountrysidematerialshaveasignificantlylowerheatcapacitybecauseavegetativeblanketpreventsheatfromeasilyflowingintoandoutoftheground.ThesecondfactoristhatradiantheatcomingintothecityfromtheSunistrappedintwoways:(1)

byacontinuingseriesofreflectionamongthenumerousverticalsurfacesthatbuildingspresentand(2)bythedustdome,thecloudlikelayerofpollutedairthatmostcitiesproduce.ShortwaveradiationfromtheSunpassesthroughthepollutiondomemoreeasilythanoutgoinglongwaveradiationdoes;thelatterisabsorbedbythegaseouspollutantsofthedomeandreradiatedbacktotheurbansurface.(TPO-23-1-6)6.Howisparagraph3organized?

○Itdescribestwofactorsthatcontributetotheincreasedheatofcitiesandthenprovidestwo

causes

forthesecondfactor.○Itdescribestwocausesdiscoveredinanearlyanalysisoftheincreasedheatofcities.○Itdescribestwofactorsthatcontributetotheincreasedheatofcitiesandtwootherfactorsthatworkagainstit.○Itdescribestwowell-establishedcausesoftheincreasedheatofcitiesandothertwowhoserolesarelesswellunderstood.修辭目的題作業補充解答Paragraph2:Whencrayfisharekeptcontinuouslyinthedark,evenforfourtofivemonths,theircompoundeyescontinuetoadjustonadailyschedulefordaytimeandnighttimevision.Horseshoecrabskeptinthedarkcontinuouslyforayearwerefoundtomaintainapersistentrhythmofbrainactivitythatsimilarlyadaptstheireyesonadailyscheduleforbrightorforweaklight.Likealmostalldailycyclesofanimalsdeprivedofenvironmentalcues,thosemeasuredforthehorseshoecrabsintheseconditionswerenotexactly24hours.Sucharhythmwhoseperiodisapproximately—butnotexactly—adayiscalledcircadian.Fordifferentindividualhorseshoecrabs,thecircadianperiodrangedfrom22.2t