提綱本節討論錐形量熱器的工作原理研發設計工作原理計算方法測試數據分類原則錐形量熱器1/2錐形量熱器2/2錐形量熱器目的測量在一定熱輻射通量加熱條件下的材料響應特征。通常是小規模Bench-scale主要參數放熱率（基于耗氧的放熱原理OxygenConsumptionCalorimetry）質量損失率點火時間煙氣特征等可以模擬真實的火場條件5使用目的評估材料或產品的阻燃特征Evaluationofmaterialsorproducts提供火災模化所需要的數據Providedataneededforstate-of-theartfiremodels設計新材料或產品Designofnewmaterialsorproducts研究和開發用途Researchanddevelopment給產品的安全性能加以分級Rankorderproductsaccordingtotheirperformance根據某一原則來通過或淘汰產品Passorfailaproductaccordingtoacriterionlevel6開發歷史Thornton(1917)最早提出單位耗氧會產生固定量的熱量Parker(early1970’s)展示了基于氧量的量熱計的可行性；Hugget(1980)提出E=13.1kJ/gO2(Dhc/r0)證明概念可行合理；

Vytenis“Vyto”Babrauskas(early1980’s)在

NIST(formerlyNBS)開發了錐形量熱器開發歷史FirstcommercialconecalorimeterwasproducedintheU.S.(1986)NISTDevelopmentofsystemsformeasuringsmokeopticallyandsootyieldgravimetrically(1987)"R&D100Award"(1988)mostprestigiousAmericanawardfortechnologyinnovation測試標準更新歷史U.S.NationalstandardsASTME1354(1990)NFPA271,originallyNFPA264(1992)Internationalstandard(1993)ISO5660AdditionalstandardsProposedASTMstandards(2002)商業化的錐形量熱器·CommercialConeCalorimeters錐形量熱器標準設計可以測量的結果IgnitiontimeHeatReleaseRateMasslosshistoryEffectiveheatofcombustionTotalheatreleaseSmokeobscurationSootToxicGases操作原理Oxygenconsumptioncalorimetry

Oxygenconcentration10-21%ParamagneticanalyzerPartialpressureofO2AdditionalaccuracywithadditionalmeasurementsCO,CO2,H2O13錐形加熱器ExposureconditionsRadiantsourceSmallconvectivecomponentRangeofradiantfluxes0-100kW/m2UniformirradianceRealisticexposureElectricheaterTemperaturesupto950°CGreybodye=0.9114點火源（電子打火器）Auto-ignitionIgnitionfromheateralonePilotedignitionElectricsparkigniter(sparkplug)10kVNoimposedheatflux25mmabovecenterofspecimenWithinpyrolizedgasplumeIdealmixturefraction排煙管道ExhaustDuct·24LiterspersecondFLOW16激光照度計

laserphotometerHe-Nelaser&quasi-dual-beammeasurementI0I17樣本制備Area:100x100mmThickness:upto50mmAluminumfoilwrappedInsulatedHorizontal&vertical樣品安裝方式HorizontalStandardThermoplasticsLiquidsVerticalNon-standardExploratoryR&DDripping19校訂內容HeatfluxSchmidt-BoeltertotalheatfluxgaugeAnalyzersSpangasesHeatreleaserateHigh-puritymethaneDetermineCLoadcellStandardweightsSmokemeterNeutraldensityfilters20測試過程CalibrateapparatusSetexhaustflowSetexposurefluxBegindataacquisitionInserttestspecimenRemoveradiationshieldRecordtimetoignitionRemoveigniterRecorddatauntil2minutesafterflameout21測試關注內容Edgeeffects1-DheattransferReducedwithfoilRetainerFrameBackfaceconditionsAdiabatic/IsothermalInsulationlayerSamplethicknessThermallythickThermallythin則是過程關注內容SampleareaIgnitionHeatReleaseIntumescingmaterialsDelaminatingWarping測試結果HeatreleaseMasslossHeatofcombustionSmokeOnaperunitareabasis?

24HeatreleasedataTimetoignitiontime,tig[s]25HeatreleasedataTimetoignitiontime,tig[s]PeakHRR,[kW/m2]26HeatreleasedataTimetoignitiontime,tig[s]PeakHRR,[kW/m2]Totalheatreleased[kJ/m2]27HeatreleasedataTimetoignitiontime,tig[s]PeakHRR,[kW/m2]Totalheatreleased[kJ/m2]AverageHRRHeatreleasedataTimetoignitiontime,tig[s]PeakHRR,[kW/m2]Totalheatreleased[kJ/m2]AverageHRRBurningduration,tbTotalheatreleaseAreaunderthecurveTrapezoidalruleTime(sec)Q”=A=A1+A2+A3…+An30MasslossMassloss(Dm)MasslossMassloss(Dm)Masslossrate()

dmdtMasslossMassloss(Dm)Masslossrate()

Averageloss10%to90%Dm10-90Dt10-90Masslossrate,SmoothesdataDifferentequationsfor:firsttwopointslasttwopoints34HeatofcombustionEffectiveheatofcombustion(EHC)

35SmokeSmokeextinctioncoefficientSmokeproductionrateSpecificextinctionarea36SootGravimetricsootyieldSamplepassedthroughafilterMassdifferenceYield:SampleConedata38SampleConedata39AdditionaldataDerivedthermo-physicalpropertiesASTME1321proceduresThermalinertia,krcIgnitiontemperature,TigCriticalfluxforignition,AdditionaldataDerivedthermo-physicalpropertiesHeatofgasification,LAdditionalgasmeasurementsCO,CO2,H2OReal-timegasanalyzersIncreaseaccuracyTotalunburnedhydrocarbonsReal-timegasanalyzersHCN,HCl,HBr,SO2,NOx,etc.Batchsampled&analyzedbyionchromatographyReal-timeanalysisofnumerousgasspeciesbyFourierTransformInfraRed(FTIR)spectrometry42AdditionaltestmethodsVitiatedatmospheresLowoxygenconcentrationsPost-flashoverfiresConecorrosimeterCorrosivityofelectricalcomponentsCableinsulationmaterialsUpholsteredFurniture

NewASTMtestmethodsBuildingProductsInteriorFinishMaterialsProposedASTMStandardforBuildingProducts

15mintestdurationDegreesofCombustibilityMaximum60-secslidingaverageTotalheatreleasedProposedASTMStandardforInteriorFinishProductsInteriorliningmaterials

Radiativeheatfluxfromablackbodysourceat700°C20mintestdurationTestresultsHeatreleaseratePeakheatreleaserateTotalheatreleased5,10,and20minutesObservationofcracking46ClassificationSystems–InteriorFinishMaterialsJapanese