SectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭MolecularBiology

課程號：84310121SchoolofLifeSciencesProf.YANGXu/A.P.LIRuiFebruary18,2014AboutLecturersSectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭ProfessorYANGXu(楊旭教授)email:AssociateProfessorLIRui(李睿副教授)email:SectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭LearningObjectivesTolearnthefundamentalknowledgeofmolecularbiologyTogetpreparedfortheentranceexamofgraduatestudiesinbiologicalsciencesTounderstandtechniquesforresearchinmolecularbiologyToknowtheskillinreadingprofessionalpapersandbooksTo

masterspecialized

vocabulary

formolecularbiologySectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭

TextbooksInstantNotesinMolecularBiology(精要速覽)SectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭

References朱玉賢主編《現代分子生物學》AlbertsB.,etal.MolecularBiologyoftheCell(5thedition)SectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭WhatDoestheFinalPerformanceConstituteDailywork:50%4exercises:40%APowerPointpreparation:10%Finalexam:50%SectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭TeachingMaterialsandMethodsBasicSectionsLecturesSelf-teachingSectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭IntroductionDefinitionofMolecularBiologyMolecularbiology

isthebranchofbiologythatdealswiththemolecularbasisofbiologicalactivity.Thisfieldoverlapswithotherareasof

biology

andchemistry,particularly

genetics

and

biochemistry.Molecularbiologychieflyconcernsitselfwithunderstandingtheinteractionsbetweenthevarioussystemsofa

cell,includingtheinteractionsbetweenthedifferenttypesof

DNA,

RNA

and

proteinbiosynthesis

aswellaslearninghowtheseinteractionsareregulated.SectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭ResearchscopeanddescriptionStructuresandfunctionsofbiologicalmacromolecules:SectionsA,(B/C),(D/E),andF(4)Techniquesforresearchinmolecularbiology:SectionsG,H,I,andJ(4)Geneexpressionandregulation:SectionsL,M,N,O,P,Q(6)Others(viralgenomeetc.):

SectionsRandS(2)SectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭DifferencesandrelationsbetweenMolecularBiologyandBiochemistryThestructureandfunctionofcomponentsconstitutesorganisms;Themetabolismofthosecomponentsandtheunderlyingrules;Theregulationandcontrolofmetabolism.Thestructureandfunctionofmacromolecules；Interactionsandinformationtransferamongbiologicalmacromolecules;Molecularbiologytechniques.RegulationontheflowofgeneticinformationeasydifficultBiochemistryMolecularBiologyamylaseSectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭SectionA

CellsandMacromoleculescaffeineSectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭A1CellularClassificationProkaryotes（原核生物）Eubacteria（真細菌）Archaea（古細菌）Eukaryotes（真核生物）Animals（動物）Plants（植物）Fungi（真菌）Protists（原生生物）(algae藻類andprotozoa原生動物)SectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭Eubacteria（真細菌）Structuralorganization

Plasma

membraneMosthavearigid(剛性)cellwall

Cytoplasm(細胞質)containsanucleoid

(類核)

Ribosomes

(核糖體)

Piliandflagella

(纖毛和鞭毛)OthercomponentsPlasmids(質粒)

/RNA/proteinsandsoon質粒cellwallSectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭Archaea(古細菌)Structurally,theyaresimilartoeubacteria;Inenergyproductionandmetabolism(代謝)theyaremostlikethoseofeubacteria;Inreplication(復制),transcription(轉錄)andtranslation(翻譯)theyaremoresimilartothoseofeukaryotes.SectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭Eukaryotes(真核生物)

Subcellular(亞細胞的)compartments(organelles):Nuclei(細胞核)/mitochondriaGolgicomplex/endoplasmicreticula(內質網);Theyareboundedbylipidmembranes(脂膜);Theyarethesitesofdistinctbiochemicalprocessesanddefinetheeukaryotes.SectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭Eukaryotes(真核生物)

Cytoskeleton(細胞骨架):anarrayofproteinfibersMicrotubules(微管),madeoftubulin(微管蛋白)Microfilaments(微絲),madeofactin(肌動蛋白)Actincytoskeletonof

mouse

embryofibroblastsSectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭A2SubcellularOrganellesSchematicdiagramsoftypicaleukaryoticcells111111SectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭A3MacromoleculesProteins(蛋白質SeeSectionB)Nucleicacids(核酸SeeSectionC)Polysaccharides(多糖)Lipids(脂類)Complexmacromolecules(復雜大分子)SectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭Polysaccharides多糖(I)Polysaccharidesarepolymers(聚合體)ofsimplesugarscovalently

(成共價)linkedbyglycosidicbonds(糖苷鍵).Glucose(葡萄糖)ofplants:Cellulose

(纖維素)isalinearpolymerwith

(l

4)linkages;Starch(淀粉)containstwocomponents:--amylose(直鏈淀粉),alinearpolymerwith

(l→4)linkages;-amylopectin(支鏈淀粉),abranchedpolymerwithadditional

(l→6)linkages.SectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭A3Fig.1葡萄糖連接方式(b)Starch

(l→4)linkages(a)Cellulose

(l

4)linkagesSectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭Polysaccharides(II)Glucose(糖原)polymersofanimals:Glycogen(糖元)isabranchedpolymerlikeamylopectinChitin(幾丁質)

issimilartocellulose,butthe(單體)monomerisdifferent(N-乙酰氨基葡糖)isfoundinfungalcellwalls,and

isfoundintheexoskeleton(外骨骼)ofinsectsMuco/poly/saccha/rides(黏多糖)

formthegel-likesolutions,inwhichthefibrousproteinsofconnectivetissue(結締組織)areembedded(被包埋).SectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭Lipids脂類(I)

Lipidmoleculesaremainlyhydrocarbon(碳氫化合物)Glycerides

(甘油酯)haveone,twoorthreelong-chainfattyacidsesterified(酯化的脂肪酸)toamoleculeofglycerol(甘油，丙三醇);Inanimaltriglycerides(甘油三酯)aresolid(fats);Inplanttriglyceridesareliquids(oils)atroomtemperatureSectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭Lipids(II)Phospholipids(磷脂)areimportantconstituents(要素)ofallcellmembranes,consistsofglycerolesterified(酯化的甘油)totwofattyacidsandone

phosphoricacid(磷酸).Thephosphate(磷酸)isalsousuallyesterifiedtoasmallmolecule：serine(絲氨酸)orcholine(膽堿)andsoon.Sphingolipids(鞘脂)Sphingomyelin(鞘磷脂)

SectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭Complexmacromolecules復雜大分子

Nucleo/proteins(核蛋白)containbothnucleicacidandprotein,forexample:telomerase

(端粒酶)andribonucleaseP(核糖核酸酶P)Glyco/proteins(糖蛋白)andproteo/glycans(蛋白多糖)areproteinswithcovalentlyattachedcarbohydrate(糖類)andaregenerallyfoundonextracellularsurfacesLipid-linkedproteins(脂連接蛋白):covalentlyattached Lipo/proteins(脂蛋白):noncovalentlyattachedGlycolipids(糖脂)covalentlylinkedlipidandcarbohydrate(糖類)

SectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭A3Fig.3.Glycoprteinstructure糖肽鍵多肽鏈糖鏈SectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭A4LargeMacromolecularAssemblies

Proteincomplexes(蛋白質復合體)Nucleoprotein(核蛋白)Membranes(膜)SectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭Proteincomplexes(蛋白質復合體)Theeukaryoticcytoskeletonconsistsofvariousproteincomplexes:microtubules(madeoftubulin)Microfilaments(madeofactin

肌動蛋白andmyosin肌球蛋白)intermediatefilaments(中間纖維)(containingvariousproteins).Theseorganizetheshapeandmovementofcellsandsubcellularorganelles.

Cilia(纖毛)andflagella(鞭毛)arealsocomposedofmicrotubulescomplexedwithdynein

(動力蛋白)andnexin(微管連接蛋白)SectionA:CellsandMacromolecules華中師范大學生科院楊旭NucleoproteinRibosomesBacterial70Sribosomeshavea50Ssubunit,with23Sand5SRNAmoleculesand31proteins,a30Ssubunit,witha16SRNAmoleculeand21proteins.Eukaryotic80Sribosomeshavea60S(28S,5.8Sand5SRNAs)subunit,anda40S(18SRNA)subunits.Chromatin(染色質)containsDNAandbasic(堿性)histoneproteins(組蛋白).Virusesarealsonucleoproteincomplexes.SectionA:CellsandMacromole