EnergyandtheTallBuildThetallbuildingisemblematicofthemoderncity.Tallbuildingsaresymbolic;theyarciconiccelebrationsofachievementforcorporations,citiesandentirenations.Thetallbuildingtypologyhasreachedascaleofenormityanddiversityofuse.Functionally,thetallbuildingrespondstovariableconditionsasaresultofourrapidlychangingworldmarketcconomy.Infmslructurc:mustsupportascalablercconfigurablcworkplacethatfacilitatesexpandinginformationandcommunicationnetworksandmustbedesignedtoperformatoptimumimpactontheenvironment.Buildingstodayconsumefarmoreresourcesthannaturecansustain,causinganextremeimbalanceillournaturalecosystemsSustainabledesigninarchitecturebalancestheebbsandflowsofnaturalecosystemswitheconomicandsocialmechanisms,sothatwhatabuildingconsumesinresourcesisbalancedwiththeresourcesabilitytorecover,leavingampleresentfortheneedsoffiiturcgenerations.Globally,totalenergydemandissettoincreaseby62%bytheyearof2030asrapideconomicgrowthcontinuestoexpandtheurbanboundariesofcitiesaroundtheworldC()2andsmogcausingemissionsfromfossilfuel-basedcncrgyrconsumptionThreatenthehealthofourcitiesandfeedtheintensifyingenvironmentaldc\7astationcausedbyglobalwarming?Neutralizingtheharmfuleffectsofsuchenergyuseandtransitioningtowardsalowcarboneconomyappearstobeadauntingtask?TheissueiseconomicallysensitiveandofanenormousscalethatcrossesinternationalJboarders?Asarchitectscanwereallyhaveapositiveimpactonthiscomplexissueandhelptransittheworldtoalowcarboneconomy.?Thebuildingindustryrepresents10%oftheworldeconomy.Hugeamountsofresourcesarcconsumedbythebuildingindustry:17%ofpotablewater,25%oftimber,and50%oftotalglobalC()2emissions,themostofanysector.Thisiswherearchitectshaveagreatopporlunity*Thisiswherearchitectshaveagreatopportunity:Architectshaveagreatopportunity:architectscancontrolandreducebuildingcncrgyTconsumptionbydesign?Theissuesrangingfromhowwecommutetoworktothekindoflightbulbweturnonwhenwearrivehomefromwork.TheCentralplantandMixedUseStandardenergydeliverysystemshavebecomeantiquatedandgrosslyinefficientConventionalthermoelectricstationsconvertonlyabout30%ofthefuelcncrgvtintoelectricity.Theremaining70%islostintoelectricity?Theremaining70%islostintheformofwasteheat.Mo\nngcncrgyTproductiontoacentralplantwithinthebuildingstarstoreducetheseinefficiencies*Addingtri-gcncrationtcchnok)gyrthatprovidessimultaneousproductionofpowerheatandcoolingfromasingleenergysourceyieldsadditionalsavings?wasteheatfromenergyproductionisrecoverandusedforfreedomestichotwaterandspaceheating,orinwarmerclimateswasteheatcanberunthroughheatabsorptionchillersforsupplementalcooling.MaximumreuseofwasteciicrgyTdependsonthebuildinguse?Thetypicaltallbuildingoftenfunctionasamono-usetowerforeithercommercialorresidentialuse.Thesingleusetypologyhasbeendrivenforthemostpartbyzoningandfloorplatessizerequirements?Officefloorplatesarcverydeeptomaximizestructuralefficiencywhileresidentialfloorplatesarcshallowertoallowforampleaccesstofreshair,daylightandviewsWiththenewgenerationofsupertower,Wearcnowseeingmulti-useprogramswithcombinedcommercialofficeandresidentialcomponents?Thebottomthirdmaycontainoffices,followedbycondominiums,thentoppedwithahotel.Whilethiscanbeadesignchallenge,thecncrgyruseprofileofthemixedusetoweryieldsgreatpotentialforcncrgvrsharing.DesignprocessTheenvironmentalimpactofbuildingisaglobalproblemthatmustbeaddressedregionallyUniqueclimatic,socialandeconomicconditionsandtheirpotentialimpactoilaprojectmustbecarefullyanalyzedforuniquedesignopporlunities.Forexample,thearidclimateofSpainisidealforpassiveventilationandcoolingsystems,whilethepervasivehumidityofHongKongmayproveatechnicalchallengeforsuchastrategy-.Atthedesignphase,thecncrgyrperformanceofaprojectmustbeapproachedintelligentlyandholistically?Thereisnosingleuniversalsolution,andeveryprojectisunique-Anintegratedmultidisciplinaryapproachthatviewsthebuildin若asasystemmadeupofinterdependentarchitecturalandengineeringcomponentyieldshigherperformanceandoptimizesthemanagementofenergy-andresources?InlookingatthecncrgyTuseprofileofatypicalofficebuilding,lighting,heatingandcoolingrepresent2/3ofthetotalload.Targetingreductionsinthesecategoriesyieldthemostvalue?However,indoorcmnronmcntalqualityfortheoccupanthasadirectrelationshiptotheseloads,andoccupantcomfortmustbenotbecompromised?TypicalBuildingenergyUseProfileThevalueoftechnologyisoftenmeasuredintermsofacostbenefitanalysis,orpaybackperiod?Asthepaybackextendsfbraspecificdesignstmtrgytheseislessfinancialincentiveforapplyingthetcchn()logyr?Inregionswherecncrg}7costsarclow,ExtendedpaybackperiodsremainanobstacletoinvestinginmanyhighperformancesystemHowever,therearcseverallowtcch/lowcoststrategicsthatcanhavesignificantimpactonabuilding'scncrgyTperformance?Buildingform,orientation,andfenestrationarccomponentofever}-building.Properbuilding"orientationalonecallreduceabuilding?scoolingloadsby5%?Properfenestrationandshadingcanhelpprotectastructurefromunwantedheatgaincausedbydirectsolarexposureduringcoldmonths?Welldesignedfenestrationcanalsomaximizedaylightpenetrationandreduceuseofartificiallighting.能源與高層建筑高層建筑是現代城市的象征。它們是一種符號，標志著眾多企業、城市乃至整個國家所取得的成績。其類型巳經達到前所未有的數量。應用超級的廣。高層建筑從功能上回應了外部環境的轉變。這都是由急速變換的世界市場經濟引發的。建筑的基礎結構必需能夠支持可靈活從頭配置的工作場地。以利于擴張信息與通信網絡，它還必需適應新的建筑技術。同時，高層建筑必需具有最優效能，盡可能降低對環境的影響。現在的建筑所消耗的能量比大自然能經受的要多的多，從而在咱們的自然生態系統中造就了一種嚴峻的不平衡狀態。可持續性建筑設計能夠平衡自然生態系統的盛衰與經濟體系、社會機制二間的關系，以便使一座建筑所消耗的能源與自然界的恢復能力吻合，并為于孫后代留下充沛的資源儲量。由于經濟的迅速增加致使世界眾多城市邊界的擴張，到2030年，全世界總能源需求估計會增加62%。燃燒礦物燃料所釋放出來的二氧化碳和煙塵正在要挾著城市居民的健康，并使由全世界變暖引發的環境破壞加重。消除能源利用的有害影響、轉而進展低碳型經濟，似乎是一項比較艱難的任務。該課題對經濟影響專門大。而涉及面很廣，需要跨國合作。作為建筑師，咱們真的能對這一復雜課題產生正面影響，并對全世界經濟轉為低碳型經濟做出奉獻嗎？建筑工業占據全世界經濟總量的10%。它消耗著大量的自然資源：17%的飲用水、任何產業都多。這正是建筑師發揮作用的所在：建筑師能夠］通過設計來控制并降低建筑能源消耗。這一課題雖然相當普遍，可是建筑是有能力來影響諸多方面的。中央設備和多功能設備標準的能源供給系統巳通過于陳腐，而且效率很低。傳統的電力發電站只能將燃料產生的能源得0%轉化為電能