Unit4ResponsibilityofScientists1編輯pptInthisunit,youwilllearnaboutancientChina’scontributiontomodernscience;research“FourGreatInventions〞,“TheGeniusofChina〞and“TheNobelPrize〞ontheInternetandfindreliableinformation;learnwords,expressions,andsentencepatternsrelatedtothethemeandusetheminwritingandspeech;learnstrategiessuchaslisteningfornumbersandstatistics(listening),scanning(reading),usingthesources(discussing),achievinglexicalvariety(writing),etc;giveanoralpresentationonanassignedtopictotheclass.2編輯pptBackgroundInformationApproachingtheTopicReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercises3編輯pptBackgroundInformationabout

TechnologicalEthicsTheManhattanProjectAlbertEinsteinTheEmergencyCommitteeofAtomicScientistsFritzHaber4編輯pptaboutTechnologicalEthicsIfthereistechnologicaladvancewithoutsocialadvance,thereis,almostautomatically,anincreaseinhumanmisery.

—MichaelHarringtonThereisaneviltendencyunderlyingallourtechnology—thetendencytodowhatisreasonableevenwhenitisn'tanygood.

—RobertPirsigHumanityisacquiringalltherighttechnologyforallthewrongreasons.

—R.BuckminsterFuller5編輯pptaboutTechnologicalEthicsWitheveryincreaseofknowledgeandskill,wisdombecomesmorenecessary,foreverysuchincreaseaugmentsourcapacityofrealizingourpurposes,andthereforeaugmentsourcapacityforevil,ifourpurposesareunwise.—BertrandRussell6編輯pptAlbertEinsteinAlbertEinstein,(14March1879–18April1955)wasaGerman-borntheoreticalphysicist.Hedevelopedthegeneraltheoryofrelativity,oneofthetwopillarsofmodernphysics(alongsidequantummechanics).Heisbestknowninpopularcultureforhismass–energyequivalenceformulaE=mc2(whichhasbeendubbed"theworld'smostfamousequation").Hereceivedthe1921NobelPrizeinPhysics"forhisservicestotheoreticalphysics,andespeciallyforhisdiscoveryofthelawofthephotoelectriceffect".EinsteinwasvisitingtheUnitedStateswhenAdolfHitlercametopowerin1933and,beingJewish,didnotgobacktoGermany,wherehehadbeenaprofessorattheBerlinAcademyofSciences.7編輯pptAlbertEinsteinHesettledintheU.S.,becominganAmericancitizenin1940.OntheeveofWorldWarII,heendorsedalettertoPresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltalertinghimtothepotentialdevelopmentof"extremelypowerfulbombsofanewtype"andrecommendingthattheU.S.beginsimilarresearch.ThiseventuallyledtowhatwouldbecometheManhattanProject.EinsteinsupporteddefendingtheAlliedforces,butlargelydenouncedtheideaofusingthenewlydiscoverednuclearfissionasaweapon.Later,withtheBritishphilosopherBertrandRussell,EinsteinsignedtheRussell–EinsteinManifesto,whichhighlightedthedangerofnuclearweapons.EinsteinwasaffiliatedwiththeInstituteforAdvancedStudyinPrinceton,NewJersey,untilhisdeathin1955.8編輯pptTheManhattanProjectTheManhattanProjectwasaresearchanddevelopmentprojectthatproducedthefirstatomicbombsduringWorldWarII.ItwasledbytheUnitedStateswiththesupportoftheUnitedKingdomandCanada.From1942to1946,theprojectwasunderthedirectionofMajorGeneralLeslieGrovesoftheU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers.TheArmycomponentoftheprojectwasdesignatedtheManhattanDistrict;"Manhattan"graduallysupersededtheofficialcodename,DevelopmentofSubstituteMaterials,fortheentireproject.Alongtheway,theprojectabsorbeditsearlierBritishcounterpart,TubeAlloys.TheManhattanProjectbeganmodestlyin1939,butgrewtoemploymorethan130,000peopleandcostnearlyUS$2billion.Over90%ofthecostwasforbuildingfactoriesandproducingthefissilematerials,withlessthan10%fordevelopmentandproductionoftheweapons.Researchandproductiontookplaceatmorethan30sitesacrosstheUnitedStates,theUnitedKingdomandCanada.9編輯pptTheRussell-EinsteinManifestoTheRussell–EinsteinManifestowasissuedinLondonon9July1955byBertrandRussellinthemidstoftheColdWar.Ithighlightedthedangersposedbynuclearweaponsandcalledforworldleaderstoseekpeacefulresolutionstointernationalconflict.Thesignatoriesincludedelevenpre-eminentintellectualsandscientists,includingAlbertEinstein,whosigneditjustdaysbeforehisdeathon18April1955.Afewdaysaftertherelease,philanthropistCyrusS.Eatonofferedtosponsoraconference—calledforinthemanifesto—inPugwash,NovaScotia,Eaton'sbirthplace.ThisconferencewastobethefirstofthePugwashConferencesonScienceandWorldAffairs,heldinJuly1957.10編輯pptTheEmergencyCommitteeofAtomicScientistTheEmergencyCommitteeofAtomicScientists(ECAS)wasfoundedbyAlbertEinsteinandLeóSzilárdin1946.Itsaimsweretowarnthepublicofthedangersassociatedwiththedevelopmentofnuclearweapons,promotethepeacefuluseofnuclearenergy,andultimatelyworktowardsworldpeace,whichwasseenastheonlywaythatnuclearweaponswouldnotbeusedagain.TheCommitteewasestablishedinthewakeofthe"Szilárdpetition"(1947)toUnitedStatespresidentHarryS.Trumanopposingtheuseoftheatomicbombonmoralgrounds,whichwassignedby68scientistswhohadworkedontheManhattanProject.AmajorityofscientistsworkingontheManhattanProjectdidnotknowentirelywhattheywerecreatingatthetime.11編輯pptFritzHaberFritzHaber(9December1868–29January1934)wasaGermanchemistofJewishorigin,whoreceivedtheNobelPrizeinChemistryin1918forhisdevelopmentforsynthesizingammonia,importantforfertilizersandexplosives.Thefoodproductionforhalftheworld'scurrentpopulationdependsonthismethodforproducingfertilizer.Haber,alongwithMaxBorn,proposedtheBorn–Habercycleasamethodforevaluatingthelatticeenergyofanionicsolid.Hehasalsobeendescribedasthe"fatherofchemicalwarfare"forhisworkdevelopinganddeployingchlorineandotherpoisonousgasesduringWorldWarI.HaberwasapatrioticGermanwhowasproudofhisserviceduringWorldWarI,forwhichhewasdecorated.HewasevengiventherankofcaptainbytheKaiser,rareforascientisttoooldtoenlistinmilitaryservice.Haberdefendedgaswarfareagainstaccusationsthatitwasinhumane,sayingthatdeathwasdeath,bywhatevermeansitwasinflicted.12編輯pptexemplaryadj.extremelygoodanddeservingtobeadmiredandcopiede.g.Asahospitalvolunteeryouhavegivenexemplaryservicetoyourcommunitystemv.tomakeheadwayagainst(asanadversetide,current,orwind)e.g.Once,intryingtostemaretreat,hewaswoundedandhislegbroken.tenacityn.thequalityorstateofbeingtenaciouse.g.Talent,hardworkandsheertenacityareallcrucialtocareersuccess.ApproachingtheTopicReading1/LanguagePointsReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise13編輯pptconvertv.tochange(something)intoadifferentformorsothatitcanbeusedinadifferentwaye.g.Theyhadmanychancestoscorebuttheycouldn'tconverttheiropportunities.hydrogenn.achemicalelementthathasnocolororsmellandthatisthesimplest,lightest,andmostcommonelemente.g.Hydrogenandoxygenatomscanvaryinhowmuchtheyweigh.heliumn.achemicalelement.Heliumisaverylightgasthatdoesnotburn,oftenusedtofillballoonsandtofreezefoode.g.Usingheliumasacoolanthasatleastacoupleofadvantages.Reading1LanguagePointsReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise14編輯pptcatalystn.asubstancethatcausesachemicalreactiontohappenmorequicklye.g.Thebombingattackwasthecatalystforwar.senioradj.higherinstandingorrankthananotherpersoninthesamepositione.g.Herecentlybecameaseniorpartnerintheaccountingfirm.intenseadj.verygreatindegree:verystronge.g.Aftermanyyearsofintensestudy,hereceivedhismedicaldegree.Reading1LanguagePointsReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise15編輯pptdismantlementn.taking(something,suchasamachineorstructure)apartsothatitisinseparatepiecese.g.Allconstruction,dismantlementandreinstatementworksshallbecompletedbeforeMay2006.v.dismantlewithholdv.tohold(something)backe.g.Shewasaccusedofwithholdingevidence.massadj.involving,affecting,ordesignedformanypeoplee.g.Televisionisamassmedium.Reading1LanguagePointsReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise16編輯pptdismantlementn.taking(something,suchasamachineorstructure)apartsothatitisinseparatepiecese.g.Allconstruction,dismantlementandreinstatementworksshallbecompletedbeforeMay2021.v.dismantlewithholdv.tohold(something)backe.g.Shewasaccusedofwithholdingevidence.biologicaladj.oforrelatingtobiologyortolifeandlivingthingse.g.Now,researchersintheUnitedStatesthinktheyhavefoundabiologicaltestforautism.n.biologyReading1LanguagePointsReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise17編輯ppt(1)WhoisHansBethe?Whatqualitieshavemarkedhimanexemplaryscientist?HansBetheisadistinguishedscientistwithremarkablecontributionstoseveralareasofphysicsduringhisacademiccareer,andalsoaNobelPrizewinner.Asanexemplaryscientist,Betheismarkedbyhiswarmth,generosity,tenacity,andmodesthabits.(2)WhataresomeofthemajorcontributionsBethemadetothefieldofphysics?Hismajorcontributionsincludehis1939researchintohowthesungeneratesitsenergybyconvertinghydrogentoheliumusingcarbonasanuclearcatalystandhiscentralroleinthe“ManhattanProject〞.ApproachingtheTopicTask1ReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise18編輯ppt(3)HowdidBetheadvocatehisideaabouttheuseanddesignofnuclearweapons?HeusedLosAlamosasaplatformtoaddressscientiststheredirectlyaswellasscientistsaroundtheworldthroughthepress.(4)WhydoyouthinkBethecalledontheworld’sweaponscientiststo“endwhathehadhelpedbegin〞?Becauseherealizedthatitwastimetorightlydisarmanddismantlenuclearweapons.(5)Howarenuclearweaponslikelytothreatenhumanity?Likechemicalandbiologicalweapons,nuclearweaponshavethepotentialformassdestruction,thusposingagreatthreattohumanity.ApproachingtheTopicTask1ReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise19編輯ppt1)

exemplary2)stem3)generosity4)tenacity5)convert6)hydrogen7)helium8)carbon9)catalyst10)division11)disarmament12)withhold13)manufactureApproachingtheTopicTask2b.servingasadesirablemodel;representingthebestofitskindk.tostopsomethingfromhappening,spreading,ordevelopingc.thequalityofbeingkindandwarm-heartede.thequalityofnoteasilydispelledordiscouraged;persistinginexistenceorinacourseofactionm.tochangefromoneform,purpose,orsystemtoanotherj.acolorless,odorless,highlyflammablegas,thechemicalelementofatomicnumber1a.thechemicalelementofatomicnumber2,aninertgasthatisthelightestmemberofthenoblegasseriesf.thechemicalelementofatomicnumber6,anonmetalthathastwomainforms(diamondandgraphite)andthatalsooccursinimpureformincharcoal,soot,andcoald.asubstancethatincreasestherateofachemicalreactionwithoutitselfundergoinganypermanentchemicalchangei.amajorunitorsectionofanorganization,typicallyonehandlingaparticularkindofworkh.thereductionorwithdrawalofmilitaryforcesandweaponsg.refusetogive(somethingthatisduetoorisdesiredbyanother)l.make(something)onalargescaleusingmachineryReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise20編輯pptYourMajesties,MembersoftheNobelCommittee,YourExcellencies,OfficersandParticipantsinthePugwashConferences,LadiesandGentlemen:Atthisimportanteventinmylife–theacceptanceoftheNobelPeacePrize–Iwanttospeakasascientist,butalsoasahumanbeing.FrommyearliestdaysIsawscienceasbeinginharmonywithhumanity.Ididnotimaginethatthesecondhalfofmylifewouldbespentoneffortstoavoidagreatdangertohumanitycreatedbyscience.Nuclearenergywastheresultofmanyyearsofexperimentalandtheoreticalresearch.Ithadgreatpotentialforthecommongood.ButthefirstthegeneralpubliclearnedaboutthisdiscoverywasthenewsofthedestructionofHiroshimabytheatombomb.Sciencebecameidentifiedwithdeathanddestruction.ApproachingtheTopicTask4123ReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise21編輯pptThroughoutthesubsequentfourdecadesoftheColdWar,scientistsonbothsidesoftheironcurtainhelpedmaintainthemomentumofthenucleararmsrace.AfterthecollapseofcommunismoftheSovietUnion,anyreasonforhavingnuclearweaponsdisappeared.Butthenuclearpowersstillkepttheirweapons.Thisisbecausethepresentbasicphilosophyisnucleardeterrence.TheUSNuclearPostureReviewconcludedthatthe"Post-ColdWarenvironmentrequiresnucleardeterrence,"andthisisechoedbyothernuclearstates.Sounlessthereisachangeinthebasicphilosophy,wewillnotseenuclearweaponsreducedtozero.Yettopreventdisaster-forthesakeofhumanity-wemustgetridofallnuclearweapons.ApproachingtheTopicTask445ReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise22編輯ppt

Achievingthisgoalwilltaketime,butwecanmakeastart.Forexample,allnuclear-weaponstatesshouldnowdeclarethattheywillneverbethefirsttousenuclearweapons.Then,weneedaNuclearWeaponsConventiontoprohibitallpossessionofnuclearweapons.WewillneedtoworkoutthenecessaryverificationsystemtosafeguardtheConvention.Themechanismfornegotiatingsuchaconventionalreadyexists.Enteringintonegotiationsdoesnotcommittheparties.Thereisnoreasonwhytheyshouldnotbeginnow.

SoIaskthenuclearpowerstoabandontheout-of-datethinkingoftheColdWarperiodandtakeafreshlook.Aboveall,Iappealtothemtoconsiderthelong-termthreatthatnuclearweaponsposetohumankindandtobeginactiontowardstheirelimination.Rememberyourdutytohumanity.

Aboveall,rememberyourhumanity.

ApproachingtheTopicTask4678910ReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise23編輯ppt1)Whatthemedothepassageandthespeechshare?Disarmamentofnuclearweapons.2)Whatarethewriter’sandspeaker’sattitudestowardnuclearenergyandnuclearweapons?Theythinknuclearenergyandnuclearweaponscouldhavethepotentialformassdestruction,thusposingagreatthreattohumanity.3)Doyouthinknuclearweaponsshouldbewipedout,whyorwhynot?4)HowwouldyoucommentontheNobelPrizewinners’understandingsabouttheroleofscienceintoday’sworld?5)Whatdoyouthinkistheresponsibilityofscientists?ApproachingtheTopicTask6ReadingabouttheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise24編輯pptpenetratev.togothroughorintosomethinge.g.Water

is

thesoftest

substance

inthe

world,

but

yetit

can

penetrate

thehardest

rock.n.penetrationreleasev.tostopholding(someoneorsomething)e.g.Shestartedtocry,releasingallofherrepressedemotion.refugeen.someonewhohasbeenforcedtoleaveacountrybecauseofwarorforreligiousorpoliticalreasonse.g.Thousandsofrefugeeshavefledthearea.ReadingabouttheTopicReading2/LanguagePointsApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise25編輯pptevaluatev.tojudgethevalueorconditionof(someoneorsomething)inacarefulandthoughtfulwaye.g.Weneedtoevaluateouroptions.n.evaluationeliminatev.toremove(somethingthatisnotwantedorneeded):togetridof(something)e.g.Thecompanyplanstoeliminatemorethan2,000jobsinthecomingyear.n.eliminationReading2LanguagePointsApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise26編輯pptcondemnationn.astatementorexpressionofverystronganddefinitecriticismordisapprovale.g.Thegovernment'sstatementwasacondemnationofallactsofterrorism.v.condemndestructiveadj.causingaverylargeamountofdamage:causingdestructionorharme.g.Shearguedthatthelawwasdestructiveofpersonalliberties.v.destructprocessn.aseriesofactionsthatproducesomethingorthatleadtoaparticularresulte.g.We'reremodelingourhouse.Thewholeprocessisexpectedtotakeafewmonths.Reading2LanguagePointsApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise27編輯pptpreparednessn.thefactofbeingreadyforsomething:thestateofbeingpreparede.g.Themilitaryisinastateofpreparedness.v.preparefutileadj.havingnoresultoreffect:pointlessoruselesse.g.Alloureffortsprovedfutile.humanityn.thequalityorstateofbeinghumane.g.Shewascutofffromtherestofhumanity.n.humanReading2LanguagePointsApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise28編輯pptconfrontv.toopposeorchallenge(someone)especiallyinadirectandforcefulwaye.g.Sheconfrontedhimabouthissmoking.n.confrontationresolutionn.theactoffindingananswerorsolutiontoaconflict,problem,etc.:theactofresolvingsomethinge.g.Wefoundaresolutiontothedispute. v.resoluteunprecedentedadj.notdoneorexperiencedbeforee.g.Theteamhasenjoyedunprecedentedsuccessthisyear.catastrophen.aterribledisastere.g.Theoilspillwasanenvironmentalcatastrophe.Reading2LanguagePointsApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise29編輯pptPartPara(s)MainIdeaIAEinstein’sletterledRoosevelttotakethefirststepstowardtheManhattanProject.IIB-FEinsteinparticipatedinvariousorganizationsandactivitiestoeliminatenuclearweapons.IIIGGreatastheRussell-EinsteinManifestois,itremainslargelyignoredbytheworld.Reading2TextAnalysisApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise30編輯ppt1)What’sthemainideaofthearticle?Einstein’spenetratingintellectgaverisetothebirthofnuclearweapons.However,laterinhislife,Einsteinrealizedthepotentialharmoftheinventionandmadeseriouseffortstodeterthespreadofnuclearweapons.2)Whatisthemajorriskofnuclearenergyaccordingtothearticle?Themajorriskofnuclearenergyisitspotentialofmassivedestructionthatcouldbringanendtothehumanspecies.3)WhatwasEinstein’sreactiontotheManhattanProject?EinsteinneverworkedontheManhattanProjecttomaketheatomicbomb,andwasdeeplydisturbedandsaddenedwhenthebombswereusedonJapan.ReadingabouttheTopicTask3ApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise31編輯ppt4)Whatisthecentralthemeforthe1946statementmadebytheEmergencyCommitteeofAtomicScientists?Thereisnosolutiontotheproblemofatomicbombsexceptinternationalcontrolofatomicenergyand,ultimately,theeliminationofwar.5)WhatisEinstein’sattitudetowardsnuclearweapons?Andwhatdoeshispowerfulwarningsuggest?Thestrongmessagehesenttohumanity:“Thesplittingoftheatomhaschangedeverythingexceptourmodesofthinking,andthuswedrifttowardunprecedentedcatastrophe.〞Itindicateshiscautiousandobjectiveattitudetowardsnuclearweapons.ReadingabouttheTopicTask3ApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise32編輯pptSet1(fromPara.AtoC)1.admire(A) 2.penetrating(A)3.formula(A)4.foresee(A) 5.refugee(B) 6.recommend(B) 7.disturb(C) 8.eliminate(C) ReadingabouttheTopicTask4d.regard(anobject,quality,orperson)withrespectorwarmapprovalh.showinganabilitytounderstandthingsquicklyandcompletelyc.amathematicalrelationshiporruleexpressedinsymbolsa.beawareofbeforehand;predictf.apersonwhohasbeenforcedtoleavetheircountryinordertoescapewar,persecution,ornaturaldisasterg.adviseorsuggest(something)asacourseofactionb.tomakesomeonefeelworriedorslightlyshockede.tocompletelyremoveorgetridof(something)ApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise33編輯pptSet2(fromPara.DtoG)1.emergency(D) 2.destructive(D)3.futile(D) 4.ultimately(D) 5.valid(D) 6.resolution(E) 7.prominent(F) 8.unprecedented(G) ReadingabouttheTopicTask4b.aserious,unexpected,andoftendangeroussituationrequiringimmediateactione.causinggreatandirreparableharmordamagea.incapableofproducinganyusefulresult;pointlessh.finally;intheendg.beingofficiallyacceptable,especiallyforafixedperiodoftimec.afirmdecisiontodoornottodosomethingd.important;famousf.neverdoneorknownbeforeApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise34編輯ppta.TheRussell-EinsteinManifestoiswrittentodeternuclearwarfareandtoguardhumanity.b.Einsteinstoodfirmlyagainsttheuseofatomicweapons.c.Einstein’swarningstohumanityfailtoreceiveenoughpublicattention.d.TheEmergencyCommitteereleasedastatementontheabhorrentfactsanddauntingfutureofatomicweapons.e.InspiredbyEinstein’sletter,PresidentRooseveltsetouttolaunchtheManhattanProject.f.EinsteindidnotpredictthathistheorieswouldleadtotheAtomicBomb.ReadingabouttheTopicTask5Para.APara.BPara.CPara.DPara.EPara.FPara.GApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise35編輯pptutilitarianismn.thebeliefthatamorallygoodactionisonethathelpsthegreatestnumberofpeoplee.g.Utilitarianismisbasedonaverysimpleviewofhumannature.adj.utilitarianobligationn.somethingthatyoumustdobecauseofalaw,rule,promise,etc.

e.g.Shebelievesthatallpeoplehaveamoralobligationtodefendhumanrights.v.obligatevirtuen.morallygoodbehaviororcharactere.g.Modestyseemstomeaveryoverratedvirtue.adj.virtuousReading3LanguagePointsApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise36編輯ppttenuren.theamountoftimethatapersonholdsajob,office,ortitlee.g.Duringhistenureasheadcoach,theteamwonthechampionshiptwice.subtleadj.hardtonoticeorsee:notobviouse.g.Whenitcomestogivingcriticism,sometimesit'sbesttotakeasubtleapproach.synthesizev.tomake(something)bycombiningdifferentthingse.g.Shesynthesizedthetreatmentfromtraditionalandmodernphilosophiesofmedicine.Reading3LanguagePointsApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise37編輯pptbrutalityn.cruel,harsh,andusuallyviolenttreatmentofanotherpersone.g.Thepolicewereaccusedofbrutalityforusingexcessiveforceinmakingarrests.adj.brutalsentimentrejectInstalljustifyReading3LanguagePointsApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise38編輯pptcardinaladj.basicormostimportante.g.Mycardinalruleistoalwaysbehonest.flaw:distinctionn.adifferencethatyoucansee,hear,smell,feel,etc.:anoticeabledifferencebetweenthingsorpeoplee.g.Therearenoobviousdistinctionsbetweenthetwodesigns.adj.distinctReading3LanguagePointsApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise39編輯pptPartPara(s)MainIdeaIAIntheintroductoryparagraph,theauthorexplainstheirpurposeandwayofwritingthisessay.IIB-ITheauthorcitestheexampleofFritzHabertoarguethatscienceshouldnotonlybejudgedbasedonutilitarianismandobligation.IIIJ-KTheauthordoubtswhetherthereisakeymoralityofscience.IVKTheauthorconcludesthatnoneofthethreeethicstheoriescanunitethenotions‘agoodscientist’and‘asuccessfulscientist’.Reading3TextAnalysisApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise40編輯ppt1)Isthereadifferencebetweenagoodscientistandasuccessfulscientist?Yes,thereis.Agoodscientistisnotnecessarilysuccessful,andviceversa.2)WhatisFritzHaber’scasesupposedtoimply?FritzHaber’scaseimpliesthatitispossibleforasuccessfulscientisttodoethicallybadthings.3)Howcanwecomeupwithaproperdefinitionfortheroleofthescientist?Theroleofthescientistcanbedefinedbytakingintoaccountutilitarianism,obligationandvirtuetheory.ReadingabouttheTopicTask6ApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise41編輯ppt4)TheauthorsofthearticlealsomentionedtheManhattanProject.Howisitrelatedtothearticle’sgeneraltheme?TheauthorsbelievethattheManhattanProjectisatypicalexampleoftheobligationofscientistsmadenecessaryonlyunderextraordinarycircumstanceslikeawar.5)Whydidalloftheethicstheoriesfailtounitethenotions“agoodscientist〞and“asuccessfulscientist〞?Becauseeithertermhasnomeaninginthatparticulartheory.Everyapproachbringsoutadifferentaspectof‘goodness’or‘success’,butalsoleadstospecificproblems.ReadingabouttheTopicTask6ApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise42編輯pptSet1(fromPara.AtoF)1)obligation(A)2)virtue(A)3)original(B)4)tenure(C)5)subtle(D)6)synthesize(E)7)brutality(F)8)involved(F)ReadingabouttheTopicTask7b.theactorcourseofactiontowhichapersonismorallyorlegallyboundh.behaviorshowinghighmoralstandardf.usedorproducedatthecreationorearlieststagee.aperiodforwhichanofficeisheldg.delicateorpreciseastobedifficulttoanalyzea.combine(anumberofthings)intoacoherentwhole;makesomethinginthisway,esp.chemicallyd.thequalityofbeingcruelc.connectedorconcernedwithsomethingApproachingtheTopicExploringtheTopicIntegratedExercise43編輯pptSet2(fromPara.GtoL)1.sentiment(G)2.reject(G) 3.oversee(G) 4.installation(G) 5.argumentation(H) 6.justify(I) 7