考研外語考試題目及答案1

一、UseofEnglish

1、Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstincts

anddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.Natural

(1)ofanger,hostility,andterritorialityareexpressed

(2)actsofviolence.Theseareallqualitiesthathumans

(3)withanimals.Aggressionisakindof(4)

survivalmechanism,aninstinctforseif-preservationthat

(5)animalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheir

existence.But,ontheotherhand,humanviolent(6)

evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhuman

aggressionviolencecannotbe(7)reducedtoaninstinct.

Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditioned

bysocialconventionsthatgive(8)toaggressivebehavior.

Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocial(9):Itisa

strategyfor(10)thepowersofviolence.Wewilllookat

theritualandethicalpatternswithinwhichhumanviolencehas

been(11).

Theviolencewithinsocietyiscontrolledthrough(12)of

law.Themoredevelopeda(13)systembecomes,themore

societytakesresponsibilityforthediscovery,control,and

punishmentofviolenceacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonly

(14)todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Each

familygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityofpersonallycarrying

outjudgmentandpunishment(15)thepersonwhocommitted

theoffense.Butinlegalsystems,theresponsibilityfor

revengebecomesdepersonalizedand(16)Thesociety

assumestheresponsibilityfor(17)individualsfrom

violence.Incaseswheretheycannotbeprotected,thesociety

isresponsiblefor(18)punishment.Inastatecontrolled

legalsystem,individualsareremovedfromthecycleofrevenge

(19)byactsofviolence,andthestateassumes

responsibilityoftheirprotection.

Theothersideofastatelegalapparatusisastatemilitary

apparatus.(20)theoneprotectstheindividualform,

violence,theothersacrificestheindividualtoviolencein

theinterestsofthestate.

A.impulse

B.whim

C.tendency

D.spur

2、⑵

A.in

B.through

C.to

D.under

3、(3)

A.reckon

B.cope

C.part

D.share

4、(4)

A.delicate

B.complex

C.innate

D.vivid

5、(5)

A.limits

B.allows

C.restricts

D.entitles

6、(6)

A.offers

B.marks

3

C.shows

D.reports

7、⑺

A.separately

B.simply

C.generally

D.broadly

8、(8)

A.guide

B.form

C.model

D.shape

9、(9)

A.nurture

B.gesture

C.function

D.objective

10、(10)

A.creating

B.adjusting

C.producing

D.reigning

4

IK(H)

A.coordinated

B.designed

C.released

D.directed

12、(12)

A.institutions

B.proposals

C.academies

D.enforcements

13、(13)

A.liable

B.loyal

C.legal

D.logical

14、(14)

A.source

B.means

C.origin

D.power

15、(15)

A.toward

5

B.against

C.off

D.upon

16、(16)

A.diluted

B.dissolved

C.diffused

D.dispersed

17、(17)

A.shielding

B.shifting

C.sheltering

D.shattering

18、(18)

A.justifying

B.aggravating

C.imposing

D.observing

19、(19)

A.enhanced

B.confided

C.prompted

6

D.motivated

20、(20)

A.Exceptthat

B.While

C.Onlyif

D.Because

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

ThetitleofthebiographyTheAmericanCivilWarFightingfor

theLadycouldhardlybemoreprovocative.ThomasKeneally,an

Australianwriter,isunapologetic.Inlabelingaheroofthe

Americancivilwaranotoriousscoundrelheswitchesthe

spotlightfromthebraveactionsofDanSicklesatthebattle

ofGettysburgtohisearlierpremeditatedmurder,ofthelover

ofhisyoungandprettyItalian-Americanwife,Teresa.Itis

notthemurderitselfthatdisgustsMr.KeneallybutSickles's

treatmentofhiswifeafterwards,andhowhisbehavior,

mirroredthehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica.

Themurdervictim,PhilipBartonKey,TeresaSickles'slover,

camefromafamousoldsouthernfamily.Hewasthenephewof

thethenchiefjusticeoftheAmericanSupremeCourtandthe

sonofthewriterofthecountry，snationalanthem.Sickles,

aTammanyHallpoliticianinNewYorkturnedDemocratic

congressmaninWashington,shotKeydeadin1859atacorner

ofLafayetteSquare,withinshoutingdistanceoftheWhite

House.Butthemurdertrialwasmelodramatic,evenbythe

standardsoftheday.Withthehelpofeightlawyers,Sickles

wasfoundnotguiltyafterusingthenovelpleaof"temporary

insanity”.Thecountryatlargewasjustasforgiving,viewing

Key'smurderasagallantcrimeofpassion.Withinthreeyears,

SickleswasageneralontheUnionistsideintheAmerican

civil'Warand,asanewfriendofAbrahamandMaryLincoln,

afrequentsleepoverguestattheWhiteHouse.

Mrs.Sickleswaslessfortunate.Shewasshunnedbyfriendsshe

hadmadeasthewifeofarisingpolitician.Herhusband,a

serialadultererwhosemanymistressesincluded;Queen

IsabellaIIofSpainandthemadamofanindustrializedNewYork

whorehouse,refusedtobeseeninhercompany.Laura,the

Sickles'sdaughter,wasaninnocentvictimofherfather's

vindictivenessandeventuallydiedofdrinkintheBowery

districtofNewYork.

Sickles5sboldactionsatGettysburgare,intheirownway,just

ascontroversial.Argumentcontinuestorageamongscholars,

astowhetherhehelpedtheUniontovictoryornearlycaused

itsdefeatwhenhemovedhisforcesoutoflinetooccupywhat

hethoughtwasbetterground.JamesLongstreet,theConfederate

generalwholedtheattackagainstthenewposition,wasinno

doubtaboutthebrillianceofthemove.

Mr.Keneallyisbetterknownasanovelist.Hereheshows

himselfjustasadeptatbiography,andachievesbothhismain

aims.HerestoresthereputationofTeresaSickles,“this

beautiful,pleasantandintelligentgirl”,andbreathesfull

andcontroversiallifeintoafamousmilitaryengagement.

Keneally'sbiographyisintendedmainlyto.

A.launchasurpriseattackonDemocraticcongressman.

B.showsympathyforanabusedbutreputedlady,Teresa.

C.cursebitterlyatthehypocrisyofnotoriousheroes.

D.exposethetruecharacterofageneralincivilwar.

2、

TheauthorisoftheopinionthatKeneally，sperspectivesare

A.insightful.

B.superficial.

C.biased.

D.skeptical.

3、

ThecaseofMrs.Sickles'unfortunatestoryismentionedto

illustrate

A.Key'smurdersolelyasagallantcrimeofpassion.

B.thecontroversyraisedoveranotorioushero.

C.thebrillianceofstrategiesasdisplayedbySickles.

D.thehypocriticalmisogynyof19th-centuryAmerica.

4、

ItisgenerallybelievedthatSicklesshotKey,theloverof

hiswife,

A.topromotehispopularity.

B.outofanuncontrollableimpulse.

C.torevengehisopponents.

D.inviewofthelady'sreputation.

5、

Thistextappearstobeadigestof

A.ahistorytextbook.

B.amagazinefeature.

C.abookreview.

D.anewspapereditorial.

6、TheTuscantownofVinci,birthplaceofLeonardoandhome

toamuseumofhismachines,shouldfittinglyputonashowof

thetelevision-robotsculpturesofNamJunPaik.This

Korean-bornAmericanartistandtheRenaissancemasterare

kindredspirits:Leonardosawhumanisticpotentialinhis

scientificexperiments,Mr.Paikendeavorstoharnessmedia

technologyforartisticpurposes.Apioneerofvideoartinthe

late1960s,hetreatstelevisionasaspaceforartimagesand

asmaterialforrobotsandinteractivesculptures.

Mr.Paikwasnotalone.Heandfellowartistspickedonthevideo

camerasbecausetheyofferedaneasywaytorecordtheir

performanceart.Now,tomarkvideoart'scomingofage,New

York'sMuseumofModernArtislookingbackattheirefforts

inafilmseriescalled"TheFirstDecade”.Itcelebratesthe

earlydaysofvideobyscreeningthearchivesofElectronicArts

Intermix(EAI),oneoftheworld'sleadingdistributorsof

videoandnewmediaart,founded30yearsago.

OneofEAI'smostfamousalumniisBillViola.Partofthesecond

generationofvideoartists,whoemergedinthe1970s,Mr.Viola

experimentedwithvideo'sexpressivepotentialHiscamera

exploresreligiousritualanduniversalideas.TheViolashow

attheDeutscheGuggenheiminBerlinshowsusmoving-image

frescoesthatcoverthegallerywallsandenveloptheviewer

inall-embracingcyclesoflifeanddeath.

OnenewstarisaCalifornian,DougAitken,whotookover

London，sSerpentineGallerylastOctoberwithaninstallation

called“NewOcean”.SomesayMr.AitkenistovideowhatJackson

Pollockwastopainting.Hedripshisimagesfromfloorto

ceiling,creatingsequencesofroomsinwhichthespace

surroundstheviewerinhallucinatoryimages,ofsoundand

light.

AttheSerpentine,Mr.Aitkencreatedacollageofmovingimages,

onthethemeofwater'sflowaroundtheplanetasaforceof

life."Iwantedtocreateanewtopographyinthiswork,aliquid

image,toshowaworldthatneverstandsstill,“hesays.The

boundarybetweenthephysicalworldandtheworldofimagesand

information,hethinks,isblurring.

Theinterplayofillusionandreality,soundandimage,

referencestoarthistory,politics,filmandtelevisionin

thisartform,thatisbarely30yearsoldcanmakevideoart

difficulttodefine.Manycallitfilm-basedormoving-image

arttoincludeartistswhoworkwithothercinematicmedia.At

itsbest,theappealofvideoartliesinitsversatility,its

powertocapturethepassingoftimeandonitsabilityto

communicatebothinsideandoutsidegallerywalls.

ThebirthplaceofLeonardoismentionedinthetext

A.tointroducethetopicofvideoarttechnology.

B.topaytributetothisRenaissancemaster.

C.tohonorhiscontributiontoscientificdiscoveries.

D.tooutlinethedevelopmentofarttelevision.

7、

Towardthenovelliteraryidea,theauthor;sattitudeseems

tobethatof

A.Disapproval.

B.Neutrality.

C.Appreciation.

D.Suspicion.

8、

Aspointedoutinthetext,thevideoarttechnologyis

characterizedbyits

A.humaningenuity

B.complexdefinition.

C.strongappeal.

D.amazinginteractivity.

9、

ThevideoscreatedbyDoughAitkenisusedtoshowa

combinationof

A.televisionandrobotics.

B.illusionandreality.

C.sculpturesandpaintings.

D.spaceandplanets.

10、

Whichofthefollowingwouldthebesttitleforthetext?

A.ANewGenerationOfArtists.

B.VideoArtisGoingNowhere.

C.ACradleofFamousArtists.

D.NewArtfortheMTVGeneration.

11Itmayturnoutthatthe“digitaldivide”—oneofthemost

fashionablepoliticalslogansofrecentyears—islargely

fiction.Asyouwillrecall,theargumentwentwellbeyondthe

unsurprisingnotionthattherichwouldownmorecomputersthan

thepoor.Thedisturbingpartofthetheorywasthatsociety

wasdividingitselfintogroupsoftechnology“haves”and

“have-nots“andthatthissegregationwould,inturn,worsen

alreadylargeeconomicinequalities.Itisthisargumentthat

iseitheruntrueorwildlyexaggerated.

Weshouldalwayshavebeensuspicious.Afterall,computers

havespreadquicklybecausetheyhavebecomecheapertobuyand

easiertouse.Fallingpricesandskillrequirementssuggest

thatthedigitaldividewouldspontaneouslyshrink一andsoit

has.

Now,anewstudyfurtherdiscreditsthedigitaldivide.The

study,byeconomistDavidCardoftheUniversityofCalifornia,

Berkeley,challengesthenotionthatcomputershave

significantlyworsenedwageinequality.Thelogicofhowthis

supposedlyhappensisstraightforward:computersraisethe

demandforhigh-skilledworkers,increasingtheirwages.

Meanwhile,computerization—byautomatingmanyroutine

tasks一reducesthedemandforlow-skilledworkersand,thereby,

theirwages.Thegapbetweenthetwowidens.

Superficially,wagestatisticssupportthetheory.Consider

theratiobetweenworkersnearthetopofthewagedistribution

andthosenearthebottom.Computerizationincreased;sodid

thewagegap.

Butwait,pointoutCardandDiNardo.Thetroublewithblaming

computersisthattheworseningofinequalityoccurred

primarilyintheearly1980s.Withcomputerusegrowing,the

wagegapshouldhavecontinuedtoexpand,ifitwasbeingdriven

byashiftingdemandforskills.Indeed,CardandDiNardofind

muchdetailedevidencethatcontradictsthetheory.They

concludethatcomputerizationdoesnotexplain"theriseinU.S.

wageinequalityinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury”.

不_____Q

qis

Thepopularperceptionofcomputers，impactonwagesishugely

overblown.Lotsofotherinfluencescountforasmuch,ormore.

Theworseningofwageinequalityintheearly1980s,forexample,

almostcertainlyreflectedthedeep1981—1982recessionand

thefallofinflation.Companiesfoundithardertoraiseprices.

Tosurvive,theyconcludedthattheyhadtoholddownthewages

oftheirleastskilled,leastmobileandyoungestworkers.

The“digitaldivide“suggestedasimplesolution(computers)

foracomplexproblem(poverty).Withmorecomputeraccess,the

poorcouldescapetheirlot.Butcomputersneverwerethesource

ofanyone'spovertyand,asforescaping,whatpeopledofor

themselvesmattersmorethanwhattechnologycandoforthem.

Itisgenerallybelievedthatthedigitaldivideissomething

A.thatisresponsibleforeconomicinequalities.

B.deemedtobepositiveinpoverty-relief.

C.thatresultsfromfallingcomputerprices.

D.gettingworsebecauseoftheInternet.

12、

Accordingtotheauthor,thenotionthatcomputersaretoblame

forthewagegapis

A.quiteinsightful.

B.verycontradictory.

C.rathershallow.

D.fairlyilluminating.

13、

Theauthor，sattitudetowardtheopinionheldbyCardand

DiNardoisoneof

A.reservedconsent.

B.strongdisapproval.

C.slightcontempt.

D.enthusiasticsupport.

14、

Theauthorseemstobelievethatwidenedwagegapcanbe

attributedto

A.theimpactofcomputersonroutinework.

B.thedelayedeffectsintheearly1980s.

C.thecomplexityofpovertyproblem.

D.thenarrowingofthedigitaldivide.

15、

Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextis

A.toadvocatetheeliminationofpoverty.

B.tojustifytheinfluenceofthedigitaldivide.

C.todemocratizecomputeraccesstoday.

D.toexposethemythsofthedigitaldivide.

16^Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWall

Street,buthereinSiliconValley,itwasablessing.Itwas

thewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearly

destroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.Yousee,the

secrettotheValley'sastoundingmultiple-decadeboomis

failure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failure

isthefoundationforinnovation.

Thevalley'sbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesameway

thetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire—itwipesout

theoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhas

alwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewaste

productsofsuccess一toomanypeople,tooexpensivehouses,too

muchtraffic,toolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasing

toofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalve,thedestructive

renewingforcethatfreesuppeople,ideasandcapitaland

recombinesthem,creatingnewrevolutions.

ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfa

decadeofstart-upstruggles,forexample,hundredsofmillions

ofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlike

aterriblewaste,butnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftone

veryimportantbyproduct,acommunityoflaid-offCT

programmerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesign,andout

不______Q

q18

onthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing.

Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.

TheyweretheWeb'sbusinesspioneers,applyingtheirnewfound

mediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.

Mostofthesestart-upsfailed,buteveninfailurethey

advancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.Afewgeeks,likeSilicon

GraphicsfounderJimClark,succeededandutterlychangedour

lives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompany

befounded,doggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TV

concept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessen,theco-developerof

Mosaic,thefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowser,inhopeof

persuadingAndreessentohelphimdesignhisnewsystem.

Instead,AndreessenopenedClark'seyestotheWeb'spotential.

ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrash,andthetwo

co-foundedNetscape,thecornerstoneoftheconsumerWeb

revolution.

Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovators

beforethem,thedotcomersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.

Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe'90s,while

othersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappy

chaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetan

establishment,asitdeliverslife-changingwonderstotherest

ofus.Butthisisjustthestart,forrevolutionsgivebirth

torevolutions.Solet'shopeformoreofSiliconValley's

successfulfailures.

Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence?

A.TheSiliconValleyblameditsfailureonthesuccessofWall

Street.

B.TheSiliconValleyisalsonotedforitscomplexecological

web.

C.TheSiliconValleytakesavainprideinitsoverabundant

successes.

D.TheSiliconValleywouldbenefitfromthecollapsein

certainways.

17、

ThemostfavorablebusinessecologyinSiliconValleyis

characterizedby

A.itswasteproductsofsuccess.

B.itsabundanceinconstructivefailures.

C.itssolidfoundationforinnovations.

D.itslaid-offdot-comprogrammers.

18、

Itcanbelearnedfromthetextthatnewstart-ups

A.usuallyendupwithafailure.

B.aresubjectedtorigidsupervision.

C.tendtocollapseasawhole.

D.nevertakeintoaccountfailures.

19、

TheauthorwritesoftheexperiencesofJimClarkto

demonstrate

A.thehardshipsawebpioneermustgothrough.

B.thetroubleinwhichClarkwascaught.

C.therolefailurespositivelyplayinrevolutions.

D.thecooperationamongdot-comers.

20、

Whattheauthoristryingtosuggestmaybebestinterpreted

as

A.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.

B.Hewholaughslastlaughsbest.

C.Successfulfailuresisthebestremedy.

D.Morehaste,lessspeed.

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutthestateofcollege

students'mentalhealth,followedbyalistofexamples.Choose

thebestexamplefromthelistA一Fforeachnumberedsubheading

(41—45).Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedto

use.

Thestateofcollegestudents'mentalhealthcontinuesto

decline.What'sthesolution?

InthemonthsbeforeMassachusettsInstituteoftechnology

sophomoreElizabethShindied,shespokewithseven

psychiatristsandonesocialworker.Thepsychiatrists

diagnosedmajordepression;thetherapistrecommended

hospitalization.Shintoldadeanthatshewascuttingherself

andletaprofessorknowthatshewantedtocommitsuicide.The

housemasterofherdormandtwoofherfriendsstayedupnights

towatchher.Butitwasn，tenough.OnApril10,2000,Elizabeth

Shinlockedherdormroomdoorandsetherclothesonfire.Four

dayslater,shewasdead.

(41)Manycollegesarerunningintothornysituation.

Herparents,KisukandChoHyunShin,filedsuitagainstMIT,

chargingitsemployeeswithgrossnegligenceandwrongfuldeath.

It'sanextremecase,butitillustratesaproblemfacingmany

otherschools,asmoreandmorestudentslineupatcounseling

centersrequiringincreasinglyintensivetherapyormedication

orboth.

(42)Studentswithsubstantialpersonalityproblems.

Thenumberoffreshmenreportinglessthanaverageemotional

healthhasbeensteadilyrisingsince1985,accordingtothe

newestdatafromanannualnationwidesurveybytheUniversity

ofCalifornia-LosAngeles.

Reasonsforthedeclineofcollegestudents'mentalhealth

Collegetherapistsciteseveralreasonsfortheapparent

deteriorationinstudentmentalhealth.Notonlyhasthis

generationgrownupinthemuch-malignederaofthe

disintegratingAmericanfamily,itisalsomoreusedtotherapy

andsomorelikelytoseekhelp.Ascompetitiontogetinto

collegegetstougher,studentsburnoutbeforetheyevenget

there.Andkidswithseverepsychologicalproblems,whointhe

pastwouldn，tevenhavemadeit.tocollege,nowtake

psychotropicdrugsthathelpthemsucceed.

(43)Thesoaringnumberofvisitorstocollegepsychiatrists.

Collegesfirstcreatedcounselingcentersforstudentswho

neededcareerandacademicadvice,saysRobertGallagher,

authorofthecounselingcentersurveyandformerdirectorof

theUniversityofPittsburghs，services.Aspsychological

counselingtookover,thecenters，otheradvisingfunctions

werepackedofftootherpartsofthecampus.

(44)Inadequaciesofcollegetherapyservices.

Theballooningcaseloadsmeanthereisn'tthetimeorthestaff

toofferlong-termtherapytoanybutthemosttroubled."You

can,tjustloadupwiththefirst100studentsandseethem

regularlywithouthavingopeningsfornewpeople”,says

Gallagher.Instead,collegesfocusongettingstudentsover

immediatecrises.

(45)What'sthesolution?

Someschoolshavetriedfillingthegapbygettingmoreinvolved

instudents'lives.TheUniversityofSouthCarolina,the

UniversityofNevada-Reno,andTexasAMofferin-depthseminars

onthetransitiontoCollegethathelpstudentsgettoknowone

professorreallywell.

Sowheredoparentsfitinallthis?Inmanycases,theydon,t.

Federalprivacylawsreinforcetheseparationbyforbiddingthe

releaseofeducationalrecordstoanyonebutthestudent.So

despitethoseheftytuitionchecks,parentsliketheShinoften

don'tgetafullypictureofwhattheirchildren's1ivesare

reallylike.

Shi