考研外語命題預(yù)測(cè)試卷8

一、UseofEnglish

1、Theearliestcontroversiesabouttherelationshipbetween

photographyandartcenteredonwhetherphotographer，s

fidelitytoappearancesanddependenceonamachineallowedit

tobeafineart(1)distinctivefrommerelyapractical

art.Throughoutthenineteenthcentury,thedefenseof

photographywasidenticalwiththe(2)toestablishitas

afineart.(3)thechargethatphotographerswasa

soullessmechanicalduplicationof(4),photographers

(5)thatitwasinsteadaprivileged(6)ofseeing,

arevoltagainstcommonplacevision,and(7)worthyanart

thanpainting.

Ironically,(8)photographyissecurelyestablishedasa

fineart,manyphotographersfinditpretentiousor(9)

tolabelitassuch.Seriousphotographersarenolongerwilling

to(10)whetherphotographyisnotinvolvedwithart,

(11)toproclaimthattheirownworkisnotinvolvedwith

it.Thisshowstheextent(12)whichtheysimplytakefor

grantedtheconceptofartimposedbythe(13)ofModernism.

thebettertheart,themoresubversiveitisofthetraditional

aimsofart.

Photographers，disclaimersofanyinterestinmakingarttell

usmoreaboutthetroubledstatusofthecontemporary(14)

ofart(15)aboutwhetherphotographyisorisnotart.

Photography,(16)Poppainting,reassuresviewersthat

artisnothard;photographyseemstobemoreaboutitssubjects

thanaboutart.

Photography,(17),hasdevelopedallthe(18)and

self-consciousnessofaclassicModernistart.Many

professionalsprivatelyhavebeguntoworrythatthe(19)

ofphotographyasanactivitysubversiveofthetraditional

pretensionsofarthasgonesofarthatthepublicwillforget

thatphotographyisadistinctiveandexalted

activity—(20),anart.

A.for

B.apart

C.as

D.beside

2、(2)

A.intend

B.wish

C.plea

D.struggle

3、⑶

A.Against

B.Above

C.With

D.Upon

4、(4)

A.idea

B.reality

C.illusion

D.truth

5、(5)

A.consented

B.asserted

C.complained

D.assumed

6、(6)

A.means

B.style

C.medium

D.way

7、(7)

A.noless

B.muchmore

C.nomore

D.anymore

8、(8)

A.ifonly

B.eventhough

C.nowthat

D.onlyif

9、(9)

A.illogical

B.improbable

C.improper

D.irrelevant

10、(10)

A.rally

B.debate

C.estimate

D.revision

11、(11)

A.but

B.except

C.only

D.besides

12、(12)

A.with

B.at

C.to

D.from

13、(13)

A.preach

B.defeat

C.return

D.triumph

14、(14)

A.fashion

B.swing

C.motion

D.image

15、(15)

A.than

B.that

C.which

D.as

16、(16)

A.like

B.suchas

C.excluding

D.asidefrom

17、(17)

A.hence

B.however

C.therefore

D.somewhat

18、(18)

A.agonies

B.grievances

C.passions

D.anxieties

19、(19)

A.popularity

B.assignment

C.promotion

D.transfer

20、(20)

A.inshort

B.forexample

C.ineffect,

D.inasense

二、ReadingComprehension

1PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Itisthestaffofdreamsandnightmares.WhereTonyBlair"s

attemptstomakeBritainlovetheeurohavefallenondeafears,

itsincarnationasnotesandcoinswillsucceed.Thesewillbe

usednotjustintheeuroareabutinBritain.AstheBritish

becomeaccustomedtotheeuroasacashcurrency,theywillwarm

toit—pavingthewayforayesnoteinareferendum.

Theideaofeurocreepappealstobothsidesoftheeuroargument.

Accordingtothepros,asBritonsbecomefamiliarwiththeeuro,

membershipwillstarttolookinevitable,sothoseinfavorare

boundtowin.Accordingtotheantis,asBritonsbecomefamiliar

withtheeuro,membershipwillstarttolookinevitable,so

thoseopposedmustmobilizeforthefight.

Dreamornightmare,eurocreepenvisagesthesinglecurrency

wormingitswayfirstintotheBritisheconomyandtheninto

theaffectionsofvoters.Britishtouristswillcomebackfrom

theirEuropeanholidaysladenwitheuros,whichtheywillspend

notjustatairportsbutinhighstreetshops.So,too,will

foreignvisitors.Astheeurobecomesaparallelcurrency,

thosewhomakeupthecurrenttwo-to-onemajoritywillchange

theirminds.Fromthere,itwillbeashortsteptodecideto

dispensewiththepound.

Nei1Kinnock,aEuropeancommissionerandformerleaderofthe

LaborParty,predictsthattheeurowillsoonbecomeBritain，s

secondcurrency.HansEichel,theGermanfinanceminister,also

saysthatitwillbecomeaparallelcurrencyincountrieslike

SwitzerlandandBritain.PeterHain,theEuropeanministerwho

isactingasacheerleaderformembership,saystheeurowill

become"apracticalday-to-dayrealityandthatwillenable

peopletomakeasensibledecisionaboutit”.Asmanyasathird

ofBritain;sbiggestretailers,suchasMarksandSpencer,have

saidtheywilltakeeurosinsomeoftheirshops.BPhasalso

announcedthatitwillaccepteurosatsomeofitsgarages.

Butthereislesstothisthanmeettheeye.Britishtourists

cannowwithdrawmoneyfromcashpointfromEuropeanholiday

destinations,sotheyarelesslikelythaninthepasttoend

upwithexcessforeignmoney.Eveniftheydo,theygenerally

getridofitattheendoftheirholidays,saysDavidSouthwell,

aspokesmanfortheBritishRetai1Consortium(BRC).

Thewriterseems

A.tobeover-enthusiasticaboutthesuccessoftheeuro.

B.tolaunchavigorouscampaignagainsttheeurocreep.

C.totakeamatter-of-factattitudetowardstheissue.

D.toholdahostileattitudetowardseuroexpansions.

2、

Towardseuro'screepintoBritisheconomy,theviewsofNeil

KinnockandDavidSouthwellare

A.homogeneous.

B.similar.

C.overlapping.

D.opposite.

3、

WhatdoesthewriterintendtoillustratewithMarksand

Spencer?

A.Britishaffectionsforeuro.

B.ThesuccessofeuroinBritain.

C.Europe，ssupportforeuro.

D.Thegreatinfluenceofretailers.

4、

Theword“cheerleader”(Paragraph4)canbestbereplacedby

A.voter.

B.advocator.

C.critic.

D.prophet.

5、

ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatinBritaineurohasbeen

accepted

A.graduallyandsubstantially.

B.noticeablyandspiritually.

C.inevitablyandsensibly.

D.verballyandmomentarily.

6、ScienceFictioncanprovidestudentsinterestedinthe

futurewithabasicintroductiontotheconceptofthinking

aboutpossiblefuturesinaseriousway,asenseofthe

emotionalforcesintheirownculturethatareaffectingthe

shapethefuturemaytake,andamultitudeofpredictions

regardingtheresultsofpresenttrends.

AlthoughSFseemstotakeasitsfuturesocialsettingsnothing

moreambiguousthanthecurrentstatusquooritstotallyevil

variant,SFisactuallyamoreimportantvehiclefor

speculativevisionsaboutmacroscopicsocialchange.Atthis

level,itishardtodealwithanyprecisionastowhengeneral

valuechangesorevolvingsocialinstitutionsmightappear,but

itismostimportanttothinkaboutthekindsofsocietiesthat

couldresultfromtheriseofnewformsofinteraction,even

ifonecannotpredictexactlywhentheymightoccur.

Inperformingthis"whatif…"function,SFcanactasasocial

laboratoryasauthorsruminateupontheformssocial

relationshipscouldtakeifkeyvariablesintheirown

societiesweredifferent,anduponwhatnewbeliefsystemsor

mythologiescouldariseinthefuturetoprovidethebasic

rationalizationsforhumanactivities.Ifitistruethatmost

peoplefinditdifficulttoconceiveofthewaysinwhichtheir

society,orhumannatureitself,couldundergofundamental

changes,thenSFofthistypemayprovokeone'simagination—to

considerthediversityofpathspotentiallyopentosociety.

Moreover,ifSFisthelaboratoryoftheimagination,its

experimentsareoftenofthekindthatmaysignificantlyalter

thesubjectmatterevenastheyarebeingcarriedout.Thatis,

SFhasalwayshadacertaincyberneticeffectonsociety,as

itsvisionsemotionallyengagethefuture—consciousnessof

themasspublicregardingespeciallydesirableandundesirable

possibilities.Theshapeasocietytakesinthepresentisin

partinfluencedbyitsimageofthefuture;inthisway

particularlypowerfulSFimagesmaybecomeself-fulfillingor

self-avoidingpropheciesforsociety.Forthatmatter,some

individualsinrecentyearshaveevenshapedtheirownlife

stylesafterappealingmodelsprovidedbySFstories.The

reincarnationanddiffusionofSFfuturisticimagesof

alternativesocietiesthroughthemediaofmoviesand

televisionmayhavespeededupandaugmentedSF'ssocial

feedbackeffects.ThusSFisnotonlychangespeculatorbut

changeagent,sendanechofromthefuturethatisbecominginto

thepresentthatissculptingit.Thisfactalonemakes

imperativeinanyeducationsystemthestudyofthekindsof

worksdiscussedinthissection.

IndiscussingthesubjectmatterofSF,theauthorfocuseson

A.itsmainfunctions.

B.itsgreatdiversity.

C.itsboldassumptions.

D.itssocialimpact.

7、

FromParagraph2,wecaninferthat

A.SFisonlytoopowerfultospeedupsocialchanges.

B.SF'smodelsaffectthelifestylesofsomeindividuals.

C.SFservesasasociallaboratoryforvividimagination.

D.SF'spredictionsmaynotsoaccurateasanticipated.

8、

Accordingtothelastparagraph,“self-fulfilling"isto

“self-avoiding”as

A.artisticto“functional”.

B.materialto"imaginary”.

C.desirableto“undesirable”.

D.rationalto"emotional”.

9、

Thistextismostlikelytobe

A.anexcerptofabook.

B.abookreview.

C.apartofanaddress.

D.amagazinefeature.

10、

Theoveralltoneofthepieceofwritingcanbestbedescribed

as

A.sarcastic.

B.persuasive.

C.humorous.

D.informative.

11、EINinoisthetermusedfortheperiodwhenseasurface

temperaturesareabovenormalofftheSouthAmericancoast

alongtheequatorialPacific,sometimescalledtheEarth's

heartbeat,andisadramaticbutmysteriousclimatesystemthat

periodicallyragesacrossthePacific.

EINinomeans"thelittleboy"or"theChristchild“inSpanish,

andissocalledbecauseitswarmcurrentisfeltalongcoastal

PeruandEcuadoraroundChristmas.Butthelocalwarmingisjust

partofanintricatesetofchangesintheoceanandatmosphere

acrossthetropicalPacific,whichcoversathirdoftheEarth's

circumference.Itsintensityissuchthatitaffects

temperatures,stormtracksandrainfallaroundtheworld.

DroughtsinAfricaandAustralia,tropicalstormsinthe

Pacific,torrentialrainsalongtheCaliforniancoastandlush

greeningofPeruviandesertshaveallbeenascribedtothewhim

ofEINino.Untilrecentlyithasbeenreturningaboutevery

threetofiveyears.Butrecentlyithasbecomemore

frequent—forthefirsttimeonrecordithasreturnedfora

fourthconsecutiveyear一andatthesametimeagiantpoolof

unusuallywarmwaterhassettledclowninthemiddleofthe

Pacificandisshowingnosignsofmoving.

Climatologistsdon'tyetknowwhy,thoughsomearesayingthese

aberrationsmaysignalaworldwidechangeinclimate.The

problemisthatnobodyreallyseemssurewhatcausestheEINino

tostartup,andwhatmakessomestrongerthanothers.Andthis

makesitparticularlyhardtoexplainwhyithassuddenly

startedbehavingsodifferently.

IntheabsenceofEINinoanditscoldcounterpart,LaNina,

conditionsinthetropicaleasternPacificaretheoppositeof

thoseinthewest:theeastiscoolanddry,whilethewestis

hotandwet.Intheeast,it'sthewindsandcurrentsthatkeep

thingscool.Itworkslikethis.Strong,steadywinds,called

tradewinds,blowingwestacrossthePacificdragthesurface

wateralongwiththem.ThevaryinginfluenceoftheEarth's

rotationatdifferentlatitudes,knownastheCorioliseffect,

causesthesesurfacewindsandwatertoveertowardsthepoles,

northinthenorthernhemisphereandsouthinthesouthern

hemisphere.Thesurfacewaterisreplacedbycolderwaterfrom

deeperintheoceaninaprocessknownasupwelling.

Thecoldsurfacewaterinturnchillstheairaboveit.This

colddenseaircannotrisehighenoughforwatervaporto

condenseintoclouds.Thedenseaircreatesanareaofhigh

pressuresothattheatmosphereovertheequatorialeastern

Pacificisessentiallydevoidofrainfall.

Thewriterbeginsthetextwith

A.adescriptionofascene.

B.arootcauseofEINino.

C.anarrativeofanevent.

D.adefinitionofEINino.

12、

Paragraphs2and3arewrittento

A.discussthecausesofclimaticirregularities.

B.exemplifytheabnormaleffectsofEINino.

C.explainthewayinwhichEINinodevelops.

D.showtherecentobservationsofscientists.

13、

Theword“aberrations”(Paragraph4)canbestbereplacedby

A.irregularities.

B.destructions.

C.frequencies.

D.intensities.

14、

Itcanbeinferredthat?henEINinoandLaNinaoccurs

simultaneously,

A.theCorioliseffectmaybringtradewindstothepoles.

B.theatmosphereinthePacificwillbecoolanddry.

C.theconditionsintheeasternPacificwouldbehotandwet.

D.thecoldvaporwillrisehighenoughtomakeforrainfall.

15、

InexploringtheeffectofElNino,theauthormainlyfocuses

on

A.itsviolence.

B.itsconditions.

C.itsregularity

D.itsfeatures.

16、TheU.S.SupremeCourt'sdecisionMondaytoletstanda

rulinginanonlinedefamationcasewillmakeitmoredifficult

todeterminecorrectlegaljurisdictionsinotherInternet

eases,legalexpertssaid.

Byoptingnottotakethecase,thehighcourteffectively

endorseda1owercourt'sdecisionthataColoradocompanythat

postsratingsofhealthplansontheInternetcouldbesuedfor

defamationinaWashingtoncourt.Thelowercourtrulingisone

ofseveralthatmakesiteasierforplaintiffstosueWebsite

operatorsintheirownjurisdictions,ratherthanwherethe

operatorsmaintainaphysicalpresence.

ThecaseinvolvedadefamationsuitfiledbyChehalis,

Wash-basedNorthwestHealthcareAllianceagainstLakewood,

Colo-basedHealthgrades,com.TheAlliancesuedinWashington

federalcourtafterHealthgrades,compostedanegativeranking

ofNorthwestHealthcare，shomehealthservicesontheInternet.

Healthgrades,comarguedthatitshouldnotbesubjecttothe

jurisdictionofacourtinWashingtonbecauseitspublishing

operationisinColorado.

ObserverssaidthefactthattheSupremeCourtoptednottohear

thecaseonlycloudsthelegalsituationforWebsiteoperators.

GeoffStewart,apartneratJonesDayinWashington,D.C.,said

thattheSupremeCourteventuallymustactontheissue,as

Internetsitesthatrateeverythingfromautomobile

dealershipstocreditofferscouldscalebacktheirofferings

toavoidlawsuitsoriginatingnumerousjurisdictions.

Onlinepublishersalsomighthavetoworryaboutbeingdragged

intolawsuitsinforeigncourts,saidDowLohnes&Albertson

attorneyJonHart,whohasrepresentedtheOnlineNews

Association.

“ThemuchmoredifficultproblemsforU.S.mediacompanies

arisewhenclaimsarebroughtinforeigncountriesovercontent

publishedintheUnitedStates”,Hartsaid.Hartcitedarecent

caseinwhichanAustraliancourtruledthatDowJonesmust

appearinaVictoria,Australiacourttodefenditspublication

ofanarticleontheU.S.-basedWattStreetJournalWebsite.

AccordingtoHart,thepotentialchillingeffectofthosesorts

ofjurisdictionaldecisionsissubstantial."Ihavenotyet

seenpublishersholdingbackonwhattheyotherwisepublish

becausethey;reafraidthey'regoingtogetsuedinanother

country,butthatdoesn'tmeanitWon'thappenifweseearash

ofU.S.libelcasesagainstU.S.mediacompaniesbeingbrought

inforeigncountries”,hesaid.

Untilthehighcourtdecidestoweighindirectlyonthisissue,

Websiteoperatorsthatofferinformationandservicestousers

locatedoutsideoftheirhomestatesmustdealwithathorny

legallandscape,saidJohnMorgan,apartneratPerkinsCoie

LLPandanexpertinInternetlaw.

TheauthorseemstobelievethattheSupremeCourt'sdecision

A.cancauseoperatorstoissuebalancedhealthplanratings.

B.renderscorrectlegaldecisionsinothercasesimpossible.

C.mightputWebsiteoperatorsatalegaldisadvantage.

D.bringsaboutaseriesofdebatesonInternetoperations.

17、

WhatdoesthecaseHartcitedinanAustraliacourtillustrate?

A.TheSupremeCourtwillweighimmediatelyontheissue.

B.Americanonlinepublishersareconfrontedwithmorelegal

difficulties.

C.Internetdefamationhasbeencondemnedandmadeillegal.

D.Americancompaniesarerelievedoftheirliabilityinother

countries.

18、

Whichofthefollowingbestdefinestheword“l(fā)ibel”

(Paragraph8)?

A.Slander.

B.Publicity.

C.Option.

D.Generosity.

19、

GeoffStewardmaintainsthattheSupremeCourt,sdecisionwill

makeInternetcompanies

A.moreliabletomakenegativeratings.

B.moredubiousaboutjurisdictions.

C.moreencouragedtolaunchdefamations.

D.morecautiousintheirofferings.

20、

Theauthorwritesthispassagemainlytoshowthat

A.uncertaintiesexistaboutvalidityofWebsites.

B.solutionstolegalproblemsarefarfromclear.

C.theSupremeCourt,sdecisionisambiguous.

D.Internetlegalbordersarestillleftunmarked.

21、PartB(10points)

Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextabout

happiness.Choosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistfor

eachnumberedparagraph.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthe

textarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudo

notneedtouse.

A.Extensiveapplicationsofhaptictechnology.

B.Possibilitiesrenderedbyhapticmechanisms.

C.Thefeasibilityofextendingoursensesandexploring

abstractuniverses.

D.Anexampleoftheprogressinscienceofhaptics.

E.Bringingthepotentialofoursensesintofullplay.

F.Willhapticsstepintoabrightfuture?

“000F!〃Usingyourmouse,youheaveadatafileacrossthe

screen—acoupleofgigabytesofdataweighalot.Itsrough

surfacetellsyouthatitisagraphicsfile.Havingtippedthis

hugepileofdataintoahopperthatsendsittotheright

program,youexamineascreenimageoftheforesttrailyou'11

behikingonyourVacation.Then,usingaglovedhand,you

masteritsdetailsbyrunningyourfingersoveritsforksand

bends,itssharprisesandfalls.LateryousendanE-mailto

yourbeloved,bendingtothedeskpadtoattachakiss.

(41).

Thescienceofhaptics(fromtheGreekhaptesthai,“totouch")

ismakingthesefantasiesreal.Afewprimitivedevicesare

extendinghuman-machinecommunicationbeyondvisionandsound.

Hapticjoysticksandsteeringwheelsforcomputergamesare

alreadygivinghappyplayerssomeofthesensationsofpiloting

aspaceship,drivingaracingcarorfiringweapons.Intime,

hapticinterfacesmayallowustomanipulatesinglemolecules,

feelcloudsandgalaxies,evenreachintohigherdimensionsto

graspthesubtlestructuresofmathematics.

(42).

Mostofoursensesarepassive.Inhearingandvision,for

example,thesoundorlightissimplyreceivedandanalyzed.

Buttouchisdifferent:weactivelyexploreandalterreality

withourhands,sothesameactionthatgathersinformationcan

alsochangetheworld—tomodelapieceofclayorpressabutton,

forexample.Inprovidingdirectcontactbetweenpeople,touch

carriesemotionalimpact.Andinprovidingdirectcontactwith

theworld,itisthesuresignofreality,asin"pinchme一am

Idreaming?”

Somesmal1stepshaveevenbeentakentowardswhole-body

haptics.TouchTechnologyofNovaScotia,Canada,hasbuilta

hapticchair.Itlookslikeafulllengthloungechairina

familyden,butitssurfaceisstuddedwith72

“factors”—pneumaticpistonrods,coveredwithroundedbuttons,

thatcanextendaboutaninch,andcanbedrivenundercomputer

controlinanydesiredsequenceandpattern.Itcouldbe

programmedtoimitatearealmassageortofunctionintimeto

music.Accordingtothemanufacturer,thatprovidesapowerful

blendingofsensations—along-termgoalofvirtualreality.

(44).

Evenatitspresentcrudelevel,however,hapticscanmake

tangiblewhatoncecouldnotbetouchedorevenpictured.To

investigatetheworldoftheverysmall,researchersatthe

UniversityofNorthCarolina,ChapelHill,havedevelopedthe

nanoManipu1ator.Thisaddstouchtothetechniqueofscanning

probemicroscopy,whichcanimageasingleatombymonitoring

eithertheelectricalcurrentflowingbetweenanextremelyfine

probeandasurfaceortheforcebetweenthem.Withthe

nanoManipu1ator,researcherscanseeandmanipulateauniverse

amilliontimessmallerthantheirown,tostudyvirusesand

tinysemiconductingdevices.Iftheforcefeedbackcanbemade

sensitiveenough,itmaybepossibletopushmolecularkeysinto

specificmolecularlocks,tocustom-designdrugsorassemble

siliconpartsintointricatenanomachines.Withother

interfaces,thereisnoreasonweshouldn，talsobeableto

touchtheverylarge-clouds,oceancurrents,mant

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

AllU.S.nuclearweaponsproductionfacilitiesarepresently

closeddown,andifthevariousagreementsareadheredto,those

facilitieswillneverberequiredexceptforonecritical

capability.Allmodernnuclearweaponsuseuranium(鈾)，

plutonium(^5),andtritium(M).Uraniumandplutoniumhave

verylonghalf-lives,