RespiratorySystemLi-qinwu

SecondaffiliatedhospitalWehavetwopurposesinthislesson:LearnandlistenmedicalEnglish,understandsomemedicaltermsandsomeexpression

ReviewwhatwehavelearnedbeforeWehavetwopassagestotally:Passageone

TheorganstructureandfunctionofRespiratorysystemPassageTwoRespiratoryDisordersandDiseasesPassageone

1Theorgansoftherespiratorysystem2Thestructureandfunctionoftheseorgans3Themechanismofbreathing4ThegastransportandcleaningsystemVertebrate

animalwithbackboneIrritant

somethingthatisstimulatingAmphibian

animallivingbothinwaterandonlandReptile

anyoftheclassofcold-blooded,egg-layinganimalsSinus

aircontainingspaceintheskullLabyrinththewaywithmanyturns

whichisdifficulttofindwayout.Lubricatemakemachineworksmoothlyreducetherubbetweenparts

adenoidssoftgrowthonbackofnasalcavity

NewwordsandmedicaltermsPharynx

backofmouththatleadstonoseandthroat.Tonsils

smallroundsoftgrowthonthethroatHilum

entrancetolungLarynx

voicebox

Mediastinum

partbetweentwolungsEpithelium

somecellsonthesurfaceoforgansAcidity

thequalityofbeingacid

Alkalinity

thequalityofbeingAlkaliPollutant

somethingthatispolluting

Newwordsandmedicalterms

Alllivinganimalsmusttakeinoxygen

andgetridof

carbondioxide.Inthevertebrates——

animalswithbackbones

——thatgettheiroxygenfromtheair,bothtasksareperformedbyspecialgas-exchangeorganscalledlungs.

carbondioxide二氧化碳

Di-doubletwiceoxide氧化物

Theyareequippedwith

tubesandabellowssystemfordrawinginairfromtheoutside,whilethepulmonaryveinsandarteriescirculatebloodthroughfrominside.beequippedwith：裝備著Bellows：

amechanicaldevicethatblowsastrongcurrentofair;usedtomakeafireburnmorefiercelyortosoundamusicalinstrumentdrawin：takein,inhaledrawinadeepbreathTubes:fromnostriltoalveolus

Thelungsalsohaveacleaningsystemthattraps,ejects,ordestroysirritantsandotherharmfulsubstancesthattravelinwiththeair.trap陷阱、捕捉ejecteliminate(substances)fromthebody

gas-exchangeorganstubesandabellowssystemacleaningsystem

Airentersthebodythroughthenoseandpassesthroughthenasalcavity,whichislinedwithamucousmembraneandfinehairs(cilia)tohelpfilteroutforeignbodies,aswellastowarmandmoistentheair.

noseandnasalcavitynosenasalnostrilFinehairciliaParanasalsinuses

Paranasalsinusesarehollow,air-containingspaceswithintheskullthatcommunicatewiththenasalcavity.They,too,haveamucousmembraneliningandfunctiontoprovidethelubricatingfluidmucus,aswellastolightenthebonesoftheskullandhelpproducesound.lubricatingfluid:Mucus:粘液mucousa.

分泌粘液的；

~membrane

Paranasalsinuseslightning

pharynx

Afterpassingthroughthenasalcavity,theairnextreachesthepharynxTherearethreedivisionsofthepharynx

Thenasopharynxisthefirstdivision,anditisnearesttothenasalcavitiesItcontainstheadenoids,whicharemassesoflymphatictissue.

(pharyngealtonsils)

Theoropharynxistheseconddivisionofthepharynx

Thepalatinetonsils,tworoundedmassedoflymphatictissue,arelocatedintheoropharynx.

Thethirddivisionofthepharynxisthehypopharynx

laryngopharynx

Actually,attherootofthetongue,thereisanotheradenoids-likemasseswhicharetoosmallTofindeasily,theyarealsolymphatictissue.butit’slessclinicsignificant,seldommentionedintextbook.

tonguetonsiloropharynxnasopharynx

nearesttothenasalcavitiesoropharynxclosertothemouth

hypopharynx

laryngopharynxhypopharyngeal

Itisinthehypopharyngealregionthatthepharynx,servingasacommonpassagewayforfoodfromthemouthandairfromthenose,dividesintotwobranches,thelarynx(voicebox)andtheesophagus.Crossingway

Theesophagusleadsintothestomachandcarriesfoodtobedigested.Thelarynxcontainsthevocalcordsandissurroundedbypiecesofcartilageforsupport.Soundsareproducedasairisexpelledpastthevocalcords,andthecordsvibrate.Thetensionofthevocalcordsdeterminesthehighorlowpitchofthevoice.

Sincefoodenteringfromthemouthandairenteringfromthenosemixinthepharynx,whatpreventsthepassingoffoodordrinkintothelarynxandrespiratorysystemafterithasbeenswallowed?

Aspecialdeterrenttothiseventisprovidedforbyaflapofcartilageattachedtotherootofthetonguethatactslikealidoverthelarynx.Thisflapofcartilageiscalledtheepiglottis.epiglottis

Onitswaytothelungs,airpassesfromthelarynxtothetrachea(windpipe),averticaltubeabout4?incheslongand1inchindiameter.Thetracheaiskeptopenby16-20C-shapedringsofcartilageseparatedbyfibrousconnectivetissuethatstiffensthefrontandsidesofthetube.Backsideissoft

Intheregionofthemediastinum,thetracheadividesintotwobranchescalledbronchi.Eachbronchusleadstoaseparatelunganddividesandsubdividesintosmallerandfinertubes,somewhatlikethebranchesofatreeLeftprincipalbronchusRightprincipalbronchus

TheBronchialtree:SecondarybronchusTertiarybronchusQuartusbronchus……totally23-24thgrades

Thesmallestofthebronchialbranchesarecalledbronchioles.Attheendofthebronchiolesareclustersofairsacscalledalveoli.

Eachalveolusismadeofaone-celllayerofepithelium.Theverythinwallallowsfortheexchangeofgasesbetweenthealveolusandthecapillariesthatsurroundandcomeinclosecontactwithit.Oxygeniscombinedwithahemoglobininerythrocytesandcarriedtoallpartsofthebody.

Eachlungisenvelopedinadouble-foldedmembranecalledthepleura.Theouterlayerofthepleura,nearesttheribs,istheparietalpleura,andtheinnerlayer,closesttothelung,isthevisceralpleura.Thepleuraismoistenedwithaseroussecretionthatfacilitatesthemovementsofthelungswithinthethorax.

trachea(windpipe)bronchus

bronchi

bronchial(adj)

bronchioles

alveolusalveoli

epitheliumcapillary

hemoglobinerythrocytes

pleuraparietalpleuravisceralpleura

Thetwolungsarenotquitemirrorimagesofeachother.Therightlung,whichistheslightlylargerofthetwo,isdividedintothreelobes,andtheleftlungisdividedintotwolobes.obliquefissure

horizontalfissure

Theuppermostpartofthelungiscalledtheapex,andthelowerareaisthebase.Thehilumofthelungisthemidlineregionwherebloodvessels,nerves,andbronchialtubesenterandexittheorgan.apexbase

hilum

Thelungsextendfromthecollarbonetothediaphragminthethoraciccavity.Thediaphragmisamuscularpartitionthatseparatesthethoracicfromtheabdominalcavityandaidsintheprocessofbreathing.Collarbone鎖骨Diaphragm橫膈縱隔？thoraciccavity胸腔thorax（n)abdominalcavity腹腔

Thediaphragmcontractsanddescendswitheachinhalation(inspiration).Thedownwardmovementofthediaphragmenlargestheareainthethoraciccavityandreducestheinternalairpressure,sothatairflowsintothelungstoequalizethepressure.Inhalationn.theactofbreathingin同義詞：inspiration反義詞exhalation動詞：inhale

Whenthelungsarefull,thediaphragmrelaxesandelevates,makingtheareainthethoraciccavitysmaller,andthusincreasingtheairpressureinthethorax.Airthenisexpelledoutofthelungstoequalizethepressure;thisiscalledexhalation(expiration)Exhalation

theactofbreathingout同義詞：expiration動詞：exhalemediastinumdiaphragmThemechanismofbreathingRespiratorycenter

Breathingisregulatedunconsciouslybycenterinthebrainstem.Thesecentersadjusttherateandrhythmofbreathingaccordingtochangesinthecompositionoftheblood,especiallytheconcentrationofcarbondioxide.Brainstem腦干accordingto依照Respiratorymusclesintercostal

muscles,diaphragmaticmuscles

Themusclescontractsandrelaxestoprovidethepowerandmakethoraciccavitylargerandsmaller.inthiswaythegastravelintoandoutfromlungsThecycleofrespirationreallybeginswhenthephrenicnervestimulatesthediaphragmtocontractandflatten.

Themeasureofhoweasilythelungsexpandunderpressureiscompliance.

phrenicnerve膈神經Compliance順應性

GasTransport

Oxygeniscarriedinthebloodboundtohemoglobininredbloodcells.

Carbondioxideiscarriedinseveralways,butismostlyconvertedtoanacidcalledcarbonicacid.boundto結合convertedto轉化carbonicacid碳酸carbon

Theamountofcarbondioxidethatisexhaledisimportantinregulatingtheacidityoralkalinityoftheblood.

Iftoomuchcarbondioxideisexhaledbyhyperventilation,bodyfluidstendtoemorealkaline,aconditiontermedalkalosis.Iftoolittlecarbondioxideisexhaledasaresultofhypoventilation,bodyfluidstendtoemoreacid,aconditiontermedacidosis.

bodyfluids

acidacidityacidosis

alka

alkalinityalkalinealkalosis

hyperventilationhypoventilation

Theclea