醫學論文摘要撰寫和英語表達

暨南方醫科大學學報簡介南方醫科大學學報編輯部王征愛整理ppt一、論文摘要概述

從論文內容中摘出來的要點，是概括而不加注釋或評論的簡短陳述，應簡煉、準確、完整而能獨立成文，可以作為獨立的資料來使用和保存。1）類型――評論；提示/指示；資料；指示-資料；結構2）形式――內容決定形式3）內容――摘/提取要點，故又稱摘要或提要：主要方法（含分組）、重要數據、本質現象，核心論點，結論建議4）特點――短；精；完整：全文濃縮，同等價值

整理ppt摘要特點

短—因容量限制、儲存需要；精—全文的高度濃縮，集中體現文章的精華；完整—反映全文的信息量，能獨立成章，相當于一篇完整的短文，具有與文章同等的閱讀、儲存、評價和使用價值。摘要中不用圖、表、公式、化學結構式和非公知非公用的符號或術語，一般不分段，不標引參考文獻，避免直接使用略語，但可直接用公認的縮略詞。整理ppt摘要的寫作如果作者對所寫的內容胸中有數，可以先寫好摘要，再以摘要為基礎鋪開來寫全文，但一般是先寫完全文，再從文中抽提要點，即所謂“提要”。寫好以后要回過頭來再對照正文核對幾次，看看內容濃縮得如何。然后再看看結構是否符合IM（M）RD要求。寫成以后要反復加工、潤色文字。防止摘而不要、要而不全、全而不簡、簡而不明整理ppt對摘要的要求（1）內容完整；（2）分組明了;（3）數據一致；（4）結論新穎，與目的對應。整理ppt二、英文摘要與中文摘要的區別

主體內容、基本數據和結論應一致，但細節可略有差異：中文摘要詳細介紹國外新知（如新技術、新方法）；英文摘要重點描述國內特色（如中醫名詞解釋、某些國內公知簡略術語的細化）。英文摘要是給外國人看的，外國人不懂中文，也就是說看不懂正文，對他們而言，無論在何種場合，摘要都具有獨立性，因此就要求英文摘要比中文摘要更全面地反映全文主旨。整理ppt三、英文摘要國家標準1997年版5.7.2“報告、論文一般均應有摘要，為了國際交流，還應有外文（多用英文）摘要。”現實:一般學術期刊都有英文摘要，數量各異，但付出與目的并非一致（對外而未達外）。副功：鍛煉寫作能力、增長知識；供人模仿學習，但常誤人子弟。難度:3000－5000詞匯＋基本語感＋英語思維→修改基礎；非易事,但非不能，只要有追求＋精神。

整理ppt終審之一

洋洋灑灑二十萬，字字句句過我篩。正體斜體需審定，大寫小寫亦仲裁。之二

常遇新語需釋義，遍翻辭書哪有跡？光盤檢索千百次，頭腦析分定無歧！

成都會議

蓉城十月是金秋，百萬客房一無留，車水馬龍奔九寨，孤家寡人回廣州。

整理ppt國慶長假賦

長假又七天，人皆議景點；友人頻來電，問可來游園？“學報十期在編，寫作課次層迭，保先自評三千，交稿近在眼前?！笨萍既招略庐?，新語屢見不鮮，英文修改何其難，長詞短句須慎選。終日埋頭電腦前，常為一詞覓三天。鼠標手，職業頸，熒屏眼。蟻影游動，字里行間，困睡沙發，饑餐素面。一旦模棱定一可，喝口涼水嘴也甜。諸君疑問何所求？我為名刊當總編！

（雖苦尤榮，樂在其中，成果初現）2005－10－06

整理ppt垂釣忙里偷閑應郊游①，臨置漁具釣花都②。

人在池旁心系刊，一疊文稿不離手③。

【注釋】①郊游非本意，盛情難卻，應邀出游。②不是釣魚人，不備釣魚竿，既然應邀去了，只好臨時購買釣魚工具；花都，地名，廣州市郊。③邀請推不掉，付印又在即，只好帶著稿件去。雖在魚塘邊，卻是釣竿插地，稿件在手，愿者上鉤吧。出于職業習慣，常常是在辦公室外看稿效率反倒更高。

20041211于花都臺灣花果園

整理ppt英文摘要撰寫授課提綱1.摘要的類型2.摘要常用詞和句型3.摘要的語態和人稱4.摘要的時態5.摘要常用表達和幾個/組高頻詞辨析6.虛詞的用法7.副詞的用法8.關于Chinglish9.修辭10.分詞、合成詞有關問題11.名詞的特殊用法及名詞的數12.字體與標點符號整理ppt1、摘要的類型1.1評論性摘要(Criticalabstract)1.2說明性摘要(Descriptiveabstract)1.3資料性摘要(Informativeabstract)1.4資料-指示性摘要(Informative-indicativeabstract)1.5結構式摘要(Structuredabstract)整理ppt1.1Criticalabstract不常用，可見于綜述，內容上側重于評價/論理。Acutetubulointerstitialnephritis(ATIN)isacommondisordercharacterizedbyaspectrumofclinicalmanifestationsrangingfromasymptomaticurinaryabnormalitiestoacuteoliguricrenalfailure.Tubulardysfunctionoutofproportiontothedegreeofrenalfailureisanimportantcluetothediagnosis.Thisreviewdescribesitspathogenesis,pathophysiology,diagnosis,differentialdiagnosisandtherapy,emphasizingthedrug-inducedformofATIN.整理ppt1.2Descriptiveabstract又稱指示性或通報性摘要(Indicativeabstract)：說明文章的內容范圍，只是簡單地報道研究主題，泛泛而談，不涉及具體內容。一般只一到三句話，多見于臨床醫學論文。ExampleThesurvivalratesofaseriesofpatientswithunstableanginatreatedsurgicallyandmedicallyarecompared.整理ppt1.3Informativeabstract詳細、具體，重要觀點和數據Postoperativebleedingisusuallyattributedtostressulcer;however,occultpreoperativelesionscouldalsoberesponsible.To

determinetheirfrequencyandnature,

weprospectivelyexamined72patientsendoscopicallypriortomajorelectiveoperations.EntrycriteriaincludedaplannedstayintheSurgicalIntensiveCareUnit,>2days,andanegativehistory,physicalexamination,andstoolguaiac.Gastricandduodenalmucosaewerescoredseparately,usinga0-to7-pointscale.Scoresweregradednegative(0),hyperemia(1),

整理pptgastroduodenitis(2-5),mucosalerosions(6),andulcers(7).

Erosionsorulcerswerefoundin14%ofpatientsandgastroduodenitiswasanadditional10%.Wefoundthatnoneofthe27riskfactorsoranycombinationoffactorstestedcorrelatedwithulcers,erosions,orgastroduodenitis.Thus,patientswithasymptomaticgastroduodenalerosionsorulcerationscouldnotbeidentifiedpreoperatively,exceptbyendoscopy.Untilthesignificanceoftheselesionsascauseofpostoperativebleedingisdetermined,werecommendroutinepostoperativegastricpHtitrationwithantacidsforpatientsundergoingmajorelectiveoperations.

整理ppt1.4Informative-indicativeabstract

內容更完整,多了一條提示（概括或提示性語言，相當于目的）Therelationshipbetweendepressionandstressorsandtherelationshipbetweendepressioninchildrenanddepressionintheirparentswereinvestigated.

研究了抑郁癥與應激因子和兒童抑郁與父母抑郁之間的關系整理ppt資料性摘要的資料性內容Depressedchildrenaged7-11years(n=20)werecompared

withclinicalnon-depressedchildren(n=88)andnormalchildren(n=55).Children,mothersandfathersinthethreegroupsweretested.MeasuresincludedtheChildren‘sDepressionInventory(調查表),RecentLifeEventsScale(量表),StressorScaleandBeckDepressionInventory.Thefindings

showedthatchildrenandmothersinthedepressedgroupreportedmorestressorsthanotherchildrenandothermotherswhilefathersofchildreninthedepressedgroupdidnotreportmorestressors.Thefindingsalsoshowedthatmothersofdepressedchildrenweremoredepressedthanmothersofnormalchildrenwhiletherewerenodifferencesbetweenthescoresoffathersinthethreegroups.整理ppt1.5structuredabstract近年來產生和發展起來的一種新型摘要。優點：內容完整，從目的、設計到結果、結論，一應俱全；形式特別，層次清楚，一目了然，便于閱讀時選擇性查找；提供了固定的格式，便于作者書寫，免于費時構思，易于成文，也不致遺漏重要內容；另外，也利于計算機系統的貯存和檢索。缺點是文字多，占篇幅。整理pptBACKGROUND:Hypothyroidismisacommonconditionthatisfrequentlyirreversibleandrequireslifelongthyroidreplacementtherapy.OBJECTIVE:ToassesstheincidenceandfactorsthatcanpredictreversibilityofhypothyroidismcausedbyHashimoto'sthyroiditis.METHODS:Westudied79patientsinwhomHashimoto’sthyroiditiswasdiagnosedaccordingtosuggestivecytologicalfeaturesand/orthepresenceofthyroidantibodies(antimicrosomalantibodytiter,>or=1:1600;antiglobulinantibodytiter,>or=1:400)….RESULTS:Afterwithdrawaloflevothyroxinetreatment,thyroidbloodtestsshowedthatthedegreeofhypothyroidismworsenedin20patients,remainedunchangedin40,andimprovedin19.Ninepatients(11.4%)didshownormalizationofthethyroidbloodtest....CONCLUSIONS:OurresultsconfirmthathypothyroidismcausedbyHashimoto'sthyroiditisisnotalwayspermanent.Thepresenceofalargergoiterandhighthyrotropinlevelsatthetimeofdiagnosis,associatedwithafamilialincidenceofthyroiddisease,mayberelatedtoanincreasedincidenceofhypothyroidismremission.整理ppt2、摘要常用詞和句型3．1表達目的的常用詞、句型或結構3．2表達方法的句型3．3表達結果的句型3．4表達結論的句型

整理ppt2．1表達目的的常用詞和句型或結構

2.1.1摘要中表示“目的”常用詞的用法常用名詞（字順）①

aim

A名詞用法：目的Theaimofthisinvestigation/study/thepresentstudywasto....Ouraimistodeterminewhetheraclinicallyrelevantpositiveinotropiceffect（增強收縮力作用）canbedemonstratedinhumans./establishanobjective,easy-to-usetechniquetoevaluate….

Theaimsofthisstudywere:1)to...；and2)to....整理pptB動詞用法：目的是，旨在a.主動態后接動詞不定式Thisstudyaimedto.…/Weaimedto.…/Thisarticleaimsto.…b.主動態后接介詞at＋動名詞Thisresearchaimedatidentifying....

c.被動態后接介詞at＋動名詞

Thisstudywas

aimedatdocument-ing....

整理ppt②Attempt嘗試

A名詞用法

Anattemptwasmadeto..../Anattempthasbeenmadeto..../Anattemptwasundertakento.…

Thepresentstudyisanattempttoreplicateearlierevidencethat....

Forthisreason,anattemptwasundertakenfor....嘗試干….

整理pptInanattempttoextendthisfinding,threeexperimentswereconducted....

Inafirstattempttoelucidateitsfunction,weexamined....

B動詞用法：試圖Inthisstudyweattemptto....Theauthorsattempttoevaluatethedegree....

整理ppt

③Goal目的，目標

Amajorgoalispreventionofacceleration-inducedlossofconsciousness.

Thegoalofthisinvestigationwasto....

Ourgoalwastodescribecommonstrategiesinclinicaldatacollection….

Goal一詞的含義、用法及其句式跟名詞aim完全一樣，例句從略。

整理ppt④Intend想要，旨在(人作主語用主動態，事物作主語用被動態)

Inthisstudy,weintendedtotestthehypothesisthat,....Thisreport/paperisintendedto.…Inbriefthearticleisintendedto.…Thisthree-groupdesign/Thisstudywasintendedto....Itisintendedtoremindthereader….整理ppt⑤Intent意圖，目的

Theintentofthestudywasto....(相對其他詞而言，不太常用于文摘中目的句場合)Itisourintent目的toprovideabriefuser'sexplanationofthesevariouscomponentsandpresentthecommonlyusedmethods.⑥Objective

Theobjectiveofthisstudywastoevaluate….

在結構式摘要里常用作標題或項目詞：ObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusion(s)整理ppt⑦Purpose

Purpose的用法同aim。如：

Thepurposeofthisstudywastoinves-tigatetheinfluenceofsinteringtemperatureoninvivoandinvitrobioactivitiesofsinteredtricalciumphosphate(TCP)sheetspreparedbythetapecastingtechnique.

但在forthepurpose(of)這一固定結構中，一般不用aim替換其中的purpose。如：...isdescribedforthepurposeof....整理ppt（2）目的句中的常用動詞(多用被動態)①Carryout執行，實行，進行

Theretrospectivestudy/Anexperimentalstudy/Aninvestigationwascarriedout

to

evaluate....Wecarriedoutthisstudytodetermine....②Conduct引導，實施，進行

A(...)study/survey/Anexperimentwasconductedtoestablish/investigate....整理ppt③Perform做，進行；施行；執行

Thisstudywasperformedtodetermine....Thisanalysiswasperformed

toexamine④Undertake

從事，著手做

Humanstudieshavebeenundertakentotestthisthesis.⑤Design設計

Thisstudy/Thepresentstudy/Ourstudywasdesignedto....Wealsodesignedaninvitrostudyto....整理ppt⑥Develop研制，創立/建立(establish,construct,create)…method(s)...was(were)developedto(動詞不定式)/for(名詞或動名詞)....Twomethods

weredevelopedtodisplace….

Wehavealsodevelopedamethodforanalyzing….formulation/drug/strategy/protocol/recipe/modelToestablishanappropriatein-vivo

modeltoevaluatenewtherapeuticstrategies….Toconstructastate-transition(Markov)model/Tocreateananimalmodel

還有一個常用的詞execute=carryout,perform,conduct。注意英美人幾乎不用它來“處死”動物。整理ppt2.1.2結構式摘要中表示目的常見不定式結構

ToanalyzewhetherpatientswithRAhaveanintrinsicdefect（先天性缺陷）inTcellproliferation....Toascertain確定/assess評價/characterize表現、描繪特征，給定性/clarify澄清，弄清/compare比較、對比/construct構建/create創建/describe敘述、介紹/determine決定、測定/develop研制、發展/distinguish區別/elaborate詳盡闡述/elucidate闡明/establish建立/Estimate估計/evaluate評價/examine檢查/explore探討/expose暴露/help幫助/identify鑒定/investigate調查/isolate分離/provide提供/quantify定量/report報道/study研究/test測試/understand理解、了解….Tovalidatecriteriapredicting….為了驗證預測…的標準整理ppt2.2表達方法的句型2.2.1using/byusing分句+主動態主句Usingarabbitmodelofpneumococcalmeningitis,wecompared...and....2.2.2using/byusing分句+被動態主句Byusingamultivariateriskalgorithm,Downsyndromecaseswereanalyzed.

（3.2.2不常用）整理ppt2.2.3被動態＋using/byusing/by/with引出的狀語ThediagnoseswereestablishedusingAmericanCollegeofRheumatology

criteria.Themechanismof...wasstudiedbyusingasetof....PCRproductsweredetectedbygelelectrophoresisanddot-blothybridization.Inthisprospectivestudy,142patientswithearlyRAweretreatedactivelywith....整理ppt2.2.4敘述方法最常涉及的幾個動詞(carryout、conduct、perform、do、make、execute、develop;receive、undergo;had等)及其句型Hyperthermiawascarriedoutusinganovelwater-filtered,infrared-Aradiationtechnique.Aprospectivestudywasdonein76subjectswhounderwent....Clinicalevaluationsweremadeinthe14patientsincluding4withpharyngitis,7withtonsillitis,.…整理ppt

Allthepatientsreceived

satis-factoryanesthesiaforoperation....patientsunderwentopera-tionsandtherewerenooperativedeaths.Amongthe62survivors,18hadanotheroperation.整理ppt2.2.5表達分組的句型…be(randomly)divided/allocated/assignedcategorized/classified/grouped/separated/clust-ered

(in)to...groups....berandomizedinto....groups...be(randomly)…into...groups,basedon...Thegroupswereasfollows….(例句見《第一軍醫大學學報》2002，11：669－70)

equallydivided=evenlydivided=equalgroups整理ppt2.2.6有關各種檢查的句型

Bloodsugar（項目）wasexaminedin50patients（對象）.Fiftypatients（對象）wereexaminedforbloodsugar…（項目）by（手段）at2and24hafteradmission.

寫“檢查”句的時候，注意for的用法：檢查病人的x可以說：Thex（項目）wasexaminedin…patientsby（方法），也可以說：Thepatientwasexaminedforx

（項目）by（方法）

“評價”一類詞也可如此用：Patientswereevaluatedforocularinflammationdegree,visualacuity,numberofocularattacksandincidenceofadverseevents.整理ppt2.2.6有關各種檢查的句型2

在描述用顯微鏡觀察或檢查什么的時候，很多人常常用錯microscope和microscopy這兩個詞，作者來稿中常常見到這樣的句子：...wasobservedwith/underelectronmicroscopy或...wasobservedbyelectronmicroscope.

（后一種不算太錯，但不嚴謹，by換成under或with更好。）正確的用法是：undermicroscope;bymicroscopy;withmicroscopeEachtoothwassectionedandexaminedfordyepenetrationunderastereomicroscope(×60magnification).整理ppt2.3表達結果的句型2.3.1敘述觀察或發現了什么(1)主動態句：Wefound(observed,noted,saw,recorded...)that...

(2)被動態句：Itwasfound(observed,noted,seen,recorded...)that.…整理ppt2.3.2量的

或

泛言

或

Theprevalenceincreasedwithage.//CyclicAMPlevelswereincreasedbyNECA乙基羧化腺苷.Estrogenreplacementtherapyreducedexcretionofzinc,.......levelsrapidlydeclinedinHL-60cellsfollowinginductionofapoptosisby…,butweretransientlyelevatedbytwootherapoptosis-inducingagents....levelsof…greatlydeclinedwithasubsequentincreaseintheconcentrationof....整理ppt(2)

或

了多少

一般地說，應該用by引出實際增加或減少的數目：

Cellnumberincreased

byalmost50%duringthefirst24-hafterthebeginningoftreatment.

Zincexcretiondecreased

by35%after3monthsand26%after1yearoftreatment.

2.3.2量的

或

整理ppt

(3)從多少

或

到多少

Urinemaximumflowrateandaverageflowrateincreased

significantly

from...to...andfrom...to...,respectively.Residualurinevolumedecreased

significantly

from...tolessthan....significantly在這里當“有意義地”講。

By60minofreperfusion,levelsof6-ketowerereducedtothoseintheIVC.2.3.2量的

或

整理ppt(4)跟B相比，A

或

了

Healingtimesofthedonorsitesweresignificantlydecreased(as)comparedwithpatients.......showedasignificantincrease

incomparisonwithpreviousdeterminations.Inconclusion,duringthefirstposttransplantyeartheserumleptinlevelsdecreasedsignificantlyinrelationtopretransplantperiod.2.3.2量的

或

整理pptAssociation與associated

Therewasa/an...association

of

A

with

B/between

A

and

B.//...didnotdemonstratean

associationofA

with

B.//...suggestthatAappearstohaveno

association

with

B.//A...associationwasobserved*between

AandB.//Associations

between

A

and

Bwereassessedwith/by....//Awasassociated

withB.

同、與、跟：…ofAwithB；之間：betweenAandB.2.3.3表示關系的句型整理pptA...correlationwasfound*forA

andB/between

A

andB.//No(statisticallysignificant)correlationwasfound*between

A

and

B.//Therewasa(no)...correlation

betweenA

andB/amongthefour....//Correlation

betweenconcentrationsinA

andB

serumwaspoor

....//Correlationswerehighest

betweenmeasureswithsimilarresponseformats.*found可以是noted、seen、observed、obtained等。Correlation與correlated整理ppt

Acorrelated(well**)with/toB.//Abe...**correlated

with

B.//

Abenotcorrelatedto

B.A

didnot

correlatewith

B.//A...**correlates

with

B.**此處副詞可以據意使用closely、directly、highly、positively、negatively、inversely、roughly、significantly或strongly之類詞。TheplasmasIL-2Rwaspositivelycorrelatedto/withtheplasmaMDA丙二醛.Correlated（續）整理ppt跟relation搭配的介詞用to、between…AandB及with（少見），如：Intralymphocyticsodiumandfreecalciumconcentrationsinrelation

tosaltsensitivityinpatientswithessentialhypertension.這里to可以換成with，但不常用with。Inaddition,therewasasignificantrelation

between

A

and

B.AmorelikelytoberelatedtoB.//Amaybe...**relatedto

B....//Awerenotrelated

to

B.Relation與related整理pptRelation與relatedTherelationship

betweenA

and

Bhasbeenwellestablishedinhistopathologicalstudies.//Norelationshipwasnoted*between

A

and

B.//Regressionanalysisshowednorelationship

betweenA

and

B.//Incontrast,therewerehighlysignificantrelationships

between

A

and

B.A與B和C兩者的關系怎么表達?

TherelationshipbetweenAandbothBandC

整理ppt2．3．4表示比較的句型2．3．4．1相同比較用as...as...等表示Ourdatasupportpreviousuncontrolledobservationsthatmedium-doseUVA1iscomparably

aseffectiveas

high-dosetreatmentforpatientswithseveregeneralizedatopicdermatitis.全身特異反應性皮炎/有可比性，同等Theincidenceinmiddleagedgroupisalmostashighasthatinoldpeople.Low-dosecyclosporinAwasaseffectiveas

traditionaldisease-modifyingantirheumaticdrugs緩解疾病的抗風濕性藥物incontrollingclinicalsymptoms.

asquickaslightning

迅如閃電；aslightasafeather輕如鴻毛整理ppt

（1）A+比較級+than

B：Generally,menarehigherthanwomen.

（2）動詞＋比較級＋than：AsecretedandexpressedhigheramountsthandidB.

（3）比較級主句＋comparedwith：A

waslower

inOAchondrocytes(as)comparedwithB.

（4）Incomparisonwith…，＋比較級主句：

Incomparisonwith

B,Aoccurredearlier,butdisplayedaclearlylowermagnitudeofexpression.（5）Themore…themore

越是…就越…

2．3．4．2不同比較整理ppt1）省略

①從句中某些成分（謂語）Thewarmerwater(is),thefasteritevaporates.水越熱，蒸發越快。

Thesmallertheparticles(are),themorefreelydotheymove.粒子越小，運動越自由。

（do為倒裝助動詞）

②主、從句中主語、謂語全部省略，如：Themore,thebetter.多多益善。

Thesooner,thebetter.越快越好。

2）詞序

①倒裝詞序：The+比較級(從句)，the+比較級（主句）

從句在前，主句在后，主從句的比較級都在謂語之前，并且不能把more和后面的形容詞、副詞及名詞分開：

整理pptThemoreheworkedonthearithmeticproblem,themoreconfusedhebecame.

這道算術題他越做越糊涂。

②正常詞序+比較級（主句），the+比較級＋被比較成分或從句。主句在前，從句在后，主句的比較級在謂語之后：Thereforeacompoundisconsideredthemorestable,thesmalleritspotentialenergy.因此勢能越小，化合物就被認為越穩定。3）語序大多數情況是前者為從屬分句（相當于程度狀語分句），后者為主句：AccordingtoKeynes,thegreaterthetotalincomeofanationis,theless(the)peoplewanttoinvest,becauseitisnotprofitabletoinvestwhenproductionishighlydeveloped.結論是：主句若用正常語序，則前置；換言之，若主句前置，則主句為常序。整理ppt4）翻譯

英譯漢，先從后主，即“順句倒譯，倒句順譯”；漢譯英，正序翻譯主句在前，倒序翻譯主句在后。

（6）notso...as

不如(或沒有)…那樣（醫論文不多見）

notas...as

和...不一樣

（提法不一；手冊強調區別）

TheincidenceofacuteDVisnotascommonamongwomenvisitinganEDaspreviouslyreported,althoughthecumulativeprevalenceofDVisstrikinglyhigh.

The

lineABisnotaslongasthelineCD,butalittlelonger/shorter.AB線和CD線的長度不一樣，AB線長一些（短一些）。（手27）

HeadacheofpatientAwasnotso/assevereasthatofpatientB.

甲病人頭痛沒有/不如乙病人重。

(指南88)整理ppt就是多用了指示代詞that或those，如：SDHactivityinthecochleawasloweringroupAthan(that)ingroupB.比較狀語（同等結構里多了個詞；找不到這個that所替代的對象，無由存在）把that去掉就對了。要用that的結構應該是：

SDHactivityinthecochleaingroupAwaslowerthanthatingroupB.比較主語（必需兩個主語出現，且位置相當；這個that替代的是畫線部分，有理由存在不可或缺）

就如漢語里講：個子你比我（的個子－講不通）高；你的個子比我的個子（不可缺）高。比較級句中一個最常見的錯誤整理ppt2.4表達結論的句型2.4.1由結果引出結論

The/These/Ourresult(s)/finding(s)/study(ies)/data/observation/analysis...(主語)show(s)/showed/suggest(s/ed)/indicate(s/d)/reveal(s/ed)/confirm(s/ed)

/demonstrate(s/d)//illustrate(s/d)point(s/ed)out/support(s/ed)/provide(s/d)evidence/accord(s/ed)with/agree(s/d)wellwith...

(謂語)that(賓語從句)....整理ppt

show(s)/showedsuggest(s)/-edindicate(s)/-dresultsreveal(s)/-edfindingsconfirm(s)/-edThe/Our→study/iesdemonstrate(s)/-d→thatdataillustrate(s)/-dobservationpoint(s)/-edoutanalysissupport(s)/-edprovide(s)/-devidenceaccord(s)/-edwithagree(s)/-dwellwith整理ppt2.4.2直接表達結論Itisconcludedthattheantiplateletactionofgingerol姜酚ismainlyduetotheinhibitionofthromboxaneformation.

Itwasconcludedthatflumazenil氟馬澤尼10micrograms?kg-1doesnotinfluencerecoveryfrompropofolanesthesia.

Onthebasisoftheobtainedresultsithasbeenconcludedthat….

（得出的）結論是；可以下這樣的結論；已經得出結論整理ppt

Theconclusionwasthat….結論是……

Ourprincipalconclusionisthat….我們的主要結論是

Weconcludedthat

Theyconcludedthat

(1)….;(2)….;....

Theauthorsconcludedthat….…下的結論是

Inconclusion,wethinkthattheleukemictrans-formationmighthavebeendevelopedinthenaturalcourseofessentialthrombocythemia（血小板增多）inthepresentcase.However,wecannotexclude....

最后；總之；綜上所述整理ppt2.4.3在conclusion標題后直接描述CONCLUSION:Color-flowDopplerultrasonographyisasensitiveandnoninvasivetechniqueforevaluatingvasculardamageofthekidneyinpatientswithsystemicsclerosis.CONCLUSIONS:ParentsandchildrentendtoreportcomparablechildHRQLoutcomes,andthisisparticularlytrueinoncologypopulations.Incasesinwhichthechildiseithertooyoungortooilltoprovideaself-report,parent-reportedHRQLcanbeviewedasareliablesubstitute.

整理ppt3摘要的語態和人稱

醫學科技論文大多數情況不需強調動作執行者，而是要突出動作承受者，而強調動作承受者，則要用被動語態，故被動態多見。除非采用第一人稱可避免語句結構繁瑣、累贅從而更易于理解，一般應采用第三人稱。Thestudywasperformed/patientswerestudied/operatedon/animalsweredivided.整理ppt

注意目的句的語態

狀語句首，主動態：為了什么，我們做了什么。

Toexaminethepotentialcooperation協同作用betweenPARandinflammatorystimuli,weinvestigatedtheeffectsof…onendothelialcells.

PAR:perennialallergicrhinitis常年性變應性鼻炎,全年性過敏性鼻炎狀語后置時，被動態：什么被做，以便于….Theeffectof…on…wasinvestigatedtoexaminethepotentialcooperationbetween….整理ppt4、摘要的時態4.1時態概述－目的部分表示研究目的用一般過去時，而表示本文目的則用一般現在時，前者是指著手研究前確定的研究目的、行為或狀態已成過去；后者是介紹本文的中心意圖，與文同存。

Thepurposeofthisarticle

istodiscuss....

Thepurposeofthisstudy

was

totestthesafetyandeffectivenessof....整理ppt4.2時態概述－方法部分摘要或正文的方法部分敘述的內容都是實驗或研究過程中發生的事，因而都用一般過去時態。如：

Inthisprospectivestudy,142patientswithearlyRAweretreatedactivelywithslow-actingantirheumaticdrugsforanaverageof6.2years,andwerecloselymonitoredclinically.Severaloutcomemeasureswereapplied,andtheresults

werecomparedwithfindingsinpreviouslydescribedcohorts.

outcome是要測量的項目，result是通過測量取得的結果。

整理ppt4.3時態概述－結果部分

（含由結果引出結論）Weconfirm/foundthatthelevelofplasmaobeseproteinintheNIDDMpatientsis/wassignificantlylowerthanthatofthenormalsubjectsandtheobesitypatients,andis/wascloselycorrelatedtothesymptomofpolyphagia.Thesefindings

suggestthattheobeseproteiniscloselyrelatedtothedevelopmentofNIDDM.NIDDM:noninsulin-dependentdiabetesmellitus

過去式只反映當時情況；現在時表示具有真理性，很確定，可用作參照標準。整理ppt4.4時態概述－結論部分結論是作者對所得結果的評語，是寫文章當時(既不是過去也不是將來)的觀點，而且科學的結論往往具有普遍真理的性質。因此，寫一般結論時，謂語動詞多用一般現在時。

Inconclusion,patientsinfectedwithinfluenzaAsubtypeH5NIareatriskofmajorcomplications,especiallysevereprimaryviralpneumonia.….Rapidviraldiagnosisisfeasibleandusefulinclinicalmanagement.

整理ppt4.5時態概述—綜合

值得指出的是，用結果來引出結論的句子，其謂語用什么時態，要視下面兩種情況定（1）前面不敘述具體結果，只是告訴讀者從研究或測得的結果里，能得出什么結論，主句的謂語動詞要用過去時態?！?Epidemiologicalevidenceandthefindingsofthisstudysuggestedthattherespiratorytractistheprimetargetorganinthesuddeninfantsyndrome.整理ppt（2）前面介紹了具體結果，接著說“這些結果表明/提示/揭示……”，主句的謂語就得用一般現在時。

GSD（骨質溶解）serummarkedlyincreasedthenumberofMNC（多核細胞)formedintheseculturescomparedtothatinnormalserum.GSDserum,collectedafterfurthertherapy,didnotenhancethenumberofMNCformedinmarrowculturescomparedtothatinnormalserum.Elevatedlevelsofinterleukin-6(IL-6)weredetectedintheearlierGSDserumthatwere7timestheupperlimitofthenormalrange,andafterfurthertreatment,IL-6levelsfelltoonequarterthepretreatmentvalue.ThelevelsofIL-1beta,tumornecrosisfactor-alpha,

整理ppttransforminggrowthfactor-alpha,PTH（甲狀旁腺激素）,andPTH-relatedpeptideinpretreatmentGSDserumwerenotincreased.Moreover,theadditionofneutralizingantibodiestoIL-6tothenormalhumanbonemarrowcultureseffectivelyblockedtheincreaseinMNCformationinducedbyactiveGSDserum.Thesedata

suggestthatboneresorptioninGSDpatientsisduetoenhancedosteoclastactivity,andthatIL-6mayplayaroleintheincreasedboneresorptioninGSD.Seealsoppt66整理ppt時態概述—綜合2

★注意：這里強調的是主句，那么，從句用什么時態？請看下面的例子：White’sfindingsdemonstratedthatXYZcellsgrowatpH6.8.Airwasremovedfromthechamberandthemicedied,whichprovesthatmicerequireair.Thevalues