西方國家概況課后美國key1UnderstandingtheUnitedStatesKeytoChapter1GeneralSurveyI.Gap-filling1.TheUnitedStatescoversthecentralpartofNorthAmerica.2.Washington,D.C.isthecapitalandeconomiccenteroftheUnitedStates.3.ThelowestpointoftheUSisDeathValley.4.RoseisthenationalfloweroftheUS.5.WyomingistheleastpopulousstateoftheUS.6.TheUnitedStatesisafederalrepublicconsistingof50states.7.In1776,theUnitedStatesdeclareditsindependencefromGreatBritain.8.TheofficiallanguageoftheUSisEnglish,andthesecondmostspokenlanguageisSpanish.HawaiianisanofficiallanguageinthestateofHawaii.9.Religiously,mostAmericansareChristian;amongthem52%areProtestantand24%2RomanCatholic.10.TheWhiteHouseistheresidenceofthePresidentoftheUnitedStates,andtheCapitolHillishometoAmericanCongress.Ⅱ.TermsExplanation11.UncleSamItisthenicknameoftheUS,usuallyacartoonfiguredressedinstripedpants,alongtailcoat,atallhatcoveredwithstarsandstripes,andabeard.ThisimagecamefromameatprovidernamedSamuelWilsonduringthewarof1812.TheAmericanCongressofficiallyrecognizedUncleSamasanationalsymbolin1961.12.StarsandStripesItisthenationalflagoftheUS.Ithas13stripes—7redstripesand6whitestripes.Abluesquareintheuppercornercontains50whitestars.Thestripesrepresentthe13originalAmericancolonies.The50starsstand3forthe50U.S.states.13.IndependenceDayItisthenationaldayoftheUS(onJuly4).OnJuly4,1776,TheDeclarationofIndependenceannouncedthatthethirteenNorthAmericancolonieswouldbethethirteenUnitedStatesofAmerica,freeandindependentofGreatBritain.14.NationalBirdoftheUSThebaldeagleisthenationalbirdoftheUS.Itwaschosenin1782astheemblemoftheUS,becauseofitslonglife,greatstrengthandmajesticlooks,andalsobecauseitwasthenbelievedtoexistonlyonthiscontinent.15.TheGreatSealItisthesealoftheUnitedStates,whichdepictsabaldeaglewithashieldof13stripesrepresentingthe13originalStatesonitsbreast.Acrossthetopoftheshieldisablue4fieldthatunitesallthestripesintoone.ThebluechiefrepresentstheUnitedStatesCongress.Theeaglegraspsanolivebranchrepresentingpeace,and13arrowsrepresentingwar.Abovetheeaglearethirteenstarsinsideacirculardesign,representinga"NewConstellation".InhisbeaktheeaglegraspsaflowingribbonbearingthefirstMOTTOoftheUnitedStates:EPluribusUnum.TheseLatinwordsaretranslated"Outofmany,One".Ⅲ.AnswertheFollowingQuestions16.HowdoestheUnitedStatesofAmericagethernamein1776?OnJuly4,1776,TheDeclarationofIndependenceannouncedthatthethirteenNorthAmericancolonieswouldbethethirteenUnitedStatesofAmerica,freeandindependentofGreatBritain.517.HowdidtheUnitedStatesdollarcomeintobeing?In1792thenewlyindependentUnitedStateschosetheSpanishdollar,subdividedinto100cents,astheunitofAmericancurrencyinpreferencetotheBritishpound.18.WhatisthenameofthenationalanthemoftheUnitedStates?Howwasitadopted?“TheStar-SpangledBanner”isthenationalanthemoftheUnitedStates.ItwascomposedbyFrancisScottKeyin1814.TheUnitedStatesCongressmadethe“Star-SpangledBanner”thenationalanthemoftheUnitedStatesin1931.19.WhywasRosetakenasthenationalfloweroftheUS?TheAmericanpeopleholdtherosedearasthesymboloflifeandloveanddevotion,ofbeautyandeternity,soPresidentReagansignedProclamationin1986thattheRoseisnamed6astheNationalFloralEmblemoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.20.WhydidAmericanschoosebaldeagleastheirnationalbird?Thebaldeaglewaschosenin1782astheemblemoftheUS,becauseofitslonglife,greatstrengthandmajesticlooks,andalsobecauseitwasthenbelievedtoexistonlyonthiscontinent.7KeytoChapter2Geography&History◆KeytoSectionExercisesA．GeographyI.1.F(third,afterChinaandIndia)2.TII.3.B)4.C)III.5.TheMississippiRiver6.ChicagoIV.ShortAnswerQuestions7.ItstartsinnorthwesternMinnesota.8.ItflowsintotheGulfofMexico.9.Louisiana10.Northtosouth11.TheRioGrandeRiver.12.TheSt.Laurence13.LakeSuperior,LakeMichigan,LakeHuron,LakeErieandLakeOntario.14.LakeMichigan.15.8meters8B．HistorySection1TheFirstInhabitant(Noexercise)Section2ColonialAmerica1.T2.F(1621)3.F(RogerWilliams)4.C5.B6.C7.C8.D9.B10.1)-d2)-b3)-c4)-aSection3StruggleforIndependence1.F(SevenYear’sWar)2.T3.T4.F(TheDeclaratoryAc5.B6.A7.A8.C9.C10.1)-b2)-a3)-cSection4WestwardMovement1.T2.T3.F(Oklahoma)4.T5.B6.B7.D8.C9.B10.ASection5TheAmericanCivilWar1.F2.T3.T4.T5.B6.B7.D8.B9.A10.1)-c2)-d3)-bSection6AmericainWorldWarI1.T2.T3.T4.T5.C6.A7.B8.C9.A10.1)-a2)-c3)-d9Section7GreatDepression&NewDeal1.F(aquarter)2.T3.F4.T5.B6.B7.C8.C9.A10.1)-d2)-c3)-aSection8AmericaninWorldWarII1.F2.T3.T4.T5.C6.A7.C8.A9.C10.1)-d2)-c3)-aSection9ColdWar1.T2.T3.T4.C5.B6.C7.D8.A9.B10.1)-b2)-c3)-a10◆KeytoChapterExercises(History)Ⅰ.GapFilling1.ChristopherColumbusisregardedasthediscovererofAmerica.2.In13colonies,Georgiaisthefarthestsouth.3.In1620agroupofPuritansleftPlymouth,England,andmovedtoAmericaintheshipnamedMayflower.4.12years’ofconflictsbetweentheBritishgovernmentandthecolonistscausedtheoutbreakoftheIndependentWar.5.InFebruary1778,theContinentalCongressenteredintoaformalalliancewithFrance.6.OnMay14,1804,PresidentThomasJeffersonsentMerewetherLewisandWilliamClarktoexplorethewest.7.TheteamoftheLewisandClarkexpeditionwasknownastheCorpsofDiscovery.8.September17,1862wasthebloodiest11dayinAmericanmilitaryhistory.9.PresidentLincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclamationaftertheUnionvictoryatAntietam.10.TheassassinationofanAustriaprince,ArchDukeFedinand,servedasthedirectfusefortheoutbreakofWWI.Ⅱ.TermExplanation11.TheMayflowerCompactIn1620,asmallgroupofthePilgrimssetsailfromEnglandforAmericaonashipnamedMayflower.Onboardship,theydraftedanagreementcalledtheMayflowerCompact.TheCompactcontainedthebasicidealsofAmericandemocracyandservedastheofficialConstitutionofthePlymouthColonyformanyyears.12.TheDeclarationofIndependenceOnJuly4,1776,theSecondContinentalCongressissuedtheDeclarationofIndependence.Thedocument’sprincipalpoint12wastoprovidealegalbasisforindependence.ItstatedthevoiceofthecoloniestocutallpoliticaltieswithGreatBritain.Thedocumentwasamasterpieceofbourgeoispoliticalphilosophy.13.Roosevelt’sNewDealIn1930s,AmericasufferedGreatDepression.WhenRooseveltwaselectedPresident,inordertodealwiththeDepression,hepresentedtoCongressmorethan70billswhichweregenerallyknownasRoosevelt’s“NewDeal”.Itsolvedtheproblemoftheshortageofcurrency;enlargedemploymentraisedthepurchasingpower,andincreasedthefarmers’income.TheNewDealincreasedgovernmentinterferenceinthenation’seconomiclife,strengthenedcooperationbetweengovernmentandfarmers,andprovidedhelptotheunemployed,theold,thesickandthehomelessthroughredistributionofsocialwealth.Ithasproducedfar-reaching13influenceonAmerica’ssocialwelfareprogram.14.Forty-NinersForty-NinerswerethefortuneseekerswhorushedtoCaliforniatolookforgoldin1849.15.TheTrumanDoctrineTheTrumanDoctrineisasetofprinciplesofU.S.inlandpolicycreatedonMarch12,1947byPresidentHarrySTruman.InhisspeechtoCongress,TrumandeclaredthattheUnitedStates,as"leaderofthefreeworld",mustsupportdemocracyworldwideandfightagainstcommunism.ThedeclarationoftheTrumanDoctrineservedtoinhibittheformationofcoalitiongovernmentsthatincludedcommunistelements.Ⅲ.AnswertheFollowingQuestions16.WhatweretheprovisionsoftheCompromiseof1850?TheCompromiseof1850wasdesignedbySenatorHenryClaytosettletheslavery14questionarisingfromthenewwesternlandsacquiredaftertheMexicanWar.Hisproposalswereasfollows:1)CaliforniaenterstheUnionasafreestate;2)TheremainingMexicanlandsweretobedividedintotheterritoriesofNewMexicoandUtah,leavingtheslaveryquestiontothesettlers;3)Theslavetrade(butnotslavery)isabolishedinWashingtonD.C.;4)AstrongerfugitiveslavelawwouldbeenactedthatrequiredNorthernerstoreturnescapedslavestotheirowners17.WhatisthesignificanceoftheGoldRush?Thegoldrushbroughtmorethan80,000peopletoCalifornia.ThesesettlershelpedchangeCaliforniafromafrontierareaintoastate.ThegoldrushalsopouredbillionsofdollarsintotheUnitedStateseconomicdevelopmentandestablishedAmericaasanationofindustry.1518.WhatcausedtheAmericanCivilWar?SectionaldifferencesbetweentheNorthandtheSouth,slaveryissueandtheelectionofAbrahamLincolnaspresidentin1860.19.DuringtheWorldWarI,whydidAmericaadoptneutralpolicybeforeApril1917?Americaadoptedneutralpolicybecauseitwantedtomakeaprofitbycontinuingitstradewiththewarringcountries.AmericabelievedthebestwaytosolveitseconomicdepressionwasapolicybasedonimperialismofgoodsratherthanaEuropeanexpedition.20.WhatmethodsdidtheUnitedStatesusetoacquireterritory?Between1845and1848theUnitedStatesrapidlypushedthenationalbordertothePacificOcean,increasingitsterritorybymorethan3.1millionsquarekilometers.Itacquiredtheselandsinthreegreatchunks,throughannexation,diplomacy,andawar.16KeytoChapter3PoliticalSystem&NationalEconomy◆KeytoSectionExercisesA.PoliticalSystemSection1BriefIntroduction1.F2.T3.F4.T5.D6.A7.C8.c9.a10.bSection2Constitution1.T2.F3.T4.F(Two-thirds)5.A6.D7.C8.b9.c10.aSection3Government1.T2.T3.T4.T5.A6.D7.A8.c9.a10.bSection4MajorPoliticalParties1.F2.T3.F4.T5.B6.B7.C8.c9.a10.bSection5PresidentsoftheUnitedStates1.F2.T3.T4.F5.C6.B7.C8.b9.a10.c17B.NationalEconomySection1Overview1.F2.T3.F4.T5.A6.C7.C8.e9.b10.aSection2Agriculture1.T2.T3.F4.T5.C6.B7.A8.b9.a10.eSection3Mining&Manufacturing1.T2.F3.T4.F5.A6.B7.B8.e9.b10.aSection4Finance&Insurance1.T2.F3.F4.T5.C6.B7.A8.c9.a10.bSection5Transportation,Tourism&Commerce1.F2.F3.T4.T5.C6.C7.B8.d9.f10.a18◆KeytoChapterExercisesⅠ.Gap-filling1.Withinthenationalgovernment,powerisdividedamongthreebranches:thelegislativebranch,theexecutivebranch,andthejudicialbranch.2.TwooverallideasshapetheConstitution.First,Americaisademocracy.Second,nogovernmentofficialisabovethelaw.3.Therearemainlyfourpartsoftheconstitutionspirit:theauthoritypowerofthelaw,theseparationofthepowerandthecheckandbalanceofeachbranchandtherightofthepeople.4.DemocracyinAmericaisbasedonsixessentialideals:1)Peoplemustaccepttheprincipleofmajorityrule.2)Thepoliticalrightsofminoritiesmustbeprotected.3)Citizensmustagreetoasystemofrulebylaw.4)Thefreeexchangeofopinionsandideas19mustnotberestricted.5)Allcitizensmustbeequalbeforethelaw.6)Governmentexiststoservethepeople,becauseitderivesitspowerfromthepeople.5.FourElementstoBuildtheGovernmenton:1)thedoctrineofpopularsovereignty;2)representativegovernment;3)thesystemofchecksandbalances;4)federalism.6.InJanuary1863,PresidentAbrahamLincolnissuedtheEmancipationProclamationwhichofficiallyfreedallslavesinthe“rebelliousstates”oftheConfederacy.7.MostbusinessesintheUnitedStatesoperateunderoneofthreedifferentlegalforms:soleproprietorships,partnerships,orcorporations.8.TheUnitedStatesistheworld’slargestproducerofcorn,soybeans,andsorghum.9.TheNortheast,includingtheGreatLakesregionandNewEngland,wasthenation’s20industrialcoreafterindependence.IntheNorth,manufacturingclustersintheMiddleAtlanticandNortheastCentralstates.IntheSouth,thegreatestgainsinmanufacturinghavebeeninTexas.Inthewest,Californiawastheleadingmanufacturingstateinthelate